基于有机硼酸的共价键有机框架研究进展

共价键有机框架(Covalent Organic Frameworks,COFs)是具有明确孔径分布的多孔晶体材料,在气体贮藏、催化、分离、光学器件和化学传感等方面均有应用前景。有机硼酸中硼原子最外层空的p轨道能与π键产生特殊的轨道作用,也可与路易斯碱发生配位作用。上述特点使其能够作为结构和功能导向的基元而用于构筑共价键有机框架。本文从合成、结构以及性质等方面对有机硼酸构筑的共价键有机框架进行了介绍。     

基于多重动态共价键的环氧类玻璃网络的制备与性能

以三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚(TTE)为基体, 2,2′-(1,4-亚苯基)-双[4-硫醇1,3,2-二氧杂戊烷](BDB)和3,3-二硫代二丙酸(DTDPA)为交联剂, 通过环氧-巯基“点击”反应和环氧-羧酸酯化反应, 制备了基于多重动态共价键(硼酸酯键、 二硫键和酯键)的环氧类玻璃网络. 利用红外光谱和拉曼光谱对其结构进行了表征, 结果表明, 环氧类玻璃中不仅存在硼酸酯键、 二硫键和酯键, 还存在可逆氢键, 并且大量氢键的存在能提高环氧类玻璃的交联度. 对所得环氧网络的热稳定性、 热机械性能和力学性能进行了测试, 并对基于多重动态共价键环氧网络进行了自修复、 焊接、 形状记忆和再加工能力测试. 结果表明, 在80 ℃下可实现网络的完全自修复、 再加工与焊接, 且焊接后样品的力学性能(拉伸强度)恢复率在80%以上, 具有优异的功能性.     

热适性形状记忆聚合物

动态共价交联聚合物的研究具有悠久的历史,其早期的工作着眼于如何解决应力松弛带来的聚合物材料力学性能降低的问题.20世纪90年代以来,利用动态共价键来主动设计聚合物网络的特殊可适性逐渐成为研究主流,其中包括自修复和重加工性.然而,受到动态共价键的种类、通用性及所实现功能的特异性等限制,对于动态共价交联聚合物网络的研究尚停留在基础阶段.本文以本课题组近期在动态共价交联形状记忆聚合物的研究为基础,结合其他相关工作,展示了通用共价键(酯键及氨酯键)的动态可逆性,并利用其设计了具有特殊性能和潜在商业化价值的形状记忆聚合物.在此基础上,我们提出分子结构设计及宏观性能均不同于传统热塑性和热固性形状记忆聚合物的第3类形状记忆聚合物,即热适性形状记忆聚合物.     

碳碳键链接的二维共价有机框架研究进展

二维共价有机框架(Two-dimensional Covalent-Organic Frameworks, 2D COFs)是指一类由π-共轭构筑单元通过共价键连接形成的具有二维拓扑结构的晶态多孔材料.由于其独特的周期性多孔结构、高比表面积、优异的稳定性等特点在离子传输、光电材料、催化等领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力.其中,碳碳键链接的共价有机框架因兼具优异的稳定性和良好的结晶性,被认为是最具有前景的二维聚合物材料之一.近年来,基于不同的设计原则和合成策略涌现出了许多具有不同结构和优异性能的碳碳键链接共价有机框架.在这篇综述中,按照构筑单元的拓扑结构对碳碳键链接共价有机框架进行分类,并归纳总结了迄今为止C=C和C—C键链接的二维共价有机框架在合成方法、结构创新、性能提升以及实际应用领域的研究进展.该综述旨在为相关领域的研究人员更好地设计和合成具有多种功能的多孔结晶材料提供参考,从而促进碳碳键链接共价有机框架材料在光电领域的进一步发展和应用.     

反应性模板剂诱导原位超交联法制备层次孔聚合物和碳材料

首先设计合成出新颖反应性SiO₂模板剂(即表面含苄基氯化学官能团的SiO₂纳米球), 然后利用1,4-对二氯苄(DCX)作为自交联功能单体, 成功地发展了一种“反应性模板剂诱导原位超交联法”制备层次孔聚合物(HPP)及其层次孔碳材料(HPC)的新思路: 一方面, DCX作为有机单体分子, 可与SiO₂纳米球表面的苄基氯化学官能团原位反应形成共价键, 极大地增强了聚合物前驱体和模板剂的相互作用力, 有利于模板剂的高度单分散和表面均匀包覆共价有机聚合物; 另一方面, DCX分子可以发生自交联反应, 免去交联剂的额外添加, 简化了制备流程. 利用该法所得HPP具有独特的微孔-中孔-大孔呈层次化分布的孔结构特征: 微孔壳-大孔腔空心纳米球之间相互交联堆叠形成丰富的中孔和大孔, 各层次纳米孔道紧密相连. 进一步地, HPP的共价有机骨架具有超交联化学结构, 可确保这类层次孔纳米结构在高温碳化过程中的稳定继承, 由此制得HPC, 其BET比表面积为756 m²·g^-1.     

含硫/硒动态共价键强弱的测定

含硫、硒元素的化学键是重要的光响应动态共价键,本文试图从分子作用力的角度研究它们为何具有不同灵敏度的动态特征,采用基于原子力显微镜的单分子力谱(AFM-SMFS)对含硫、硒元素的动态共价键进行研究,揭示了其兼具稳定性与响应性的内在原因.用化学方法在石英基底上修饰了二硫键或二硒键,通过前述3种化学键的光控动态交换过程,分别得到了含有单个二硫键、硒硫键或二硒键的高分子修饰的石英基底.利用单分子力谱测量了这3组动态共价键的断裂力值,在200 nm/s的拉伸速度下,二硒键的断裂力为(1100±300) pN,硒硫键的断裂力为(1320±330) pN,二硫键的断裂力值为(1450±300) pN,它们的强度从大到小依次为SS SSe SeSe.单分子力谱结果表明动态共价键的强度介于非共价相互作用与传统意义上的稳定共价键(如C―C键)之间,这是它们兼具响应性和稳定性的原因之一.     

多孔有机骨架材料对顺式二醇化合物富集分离的研究进展

基于在碱性环境下硼酸能与顺式二醇化合物可逆共价结合形成稳定的五元或六元环酯,而在酸性环境下环酯开环释放顺式二醇化合物这一特性,设计合成高效、高选择性、高富集性能的硼亲和材料的研究备受关注。近年来,许多研究工作者合成了各种类型的硼亲和材料,应用于高选择性富集顺式二醇化合物。金属有机骨架(MOFs)和共价有机骨架(COFs)由于具有孔径可调、高孔隙率、高比表面积、骨架结构可调和化学及热稳定性良好等特点,被广泛应用于色谱分离和样品前处理领域。为赋予MOFs和COFs材料对顺式二醇化合物的富集选择性,各种不同结构和不同种类的硼酸修饰的MOFs和COFs被合成出来。该综述主要是对近几年来80余篇源于科学引文索引关于硼酸功能化MOFs和COFs的种类、合成方法及其应用文章的总结,包括“金属配体-片段共组装”“合成后修饰”和“自下而上”的硼酸功能化多孔材料的修饰策略,以及硼酸功能化MOFs和COFs的种类,介绍了其在化学分析和生物分析领域的发展概况和应用前景,客观评价了硼酸功能化MOFs和COFs的区别和优缺点。该文旨在让研究人员能够充分了解近几年硼酸功能化多孔有机骨架材料的研究现状、掌握合成思路和方法,为其应用提供一定的理论指导和技术支撑,为加快硼酸功能化多孔有机骨架材料的商业化脚步贡献绵薄之力。     

硝酸镨苯并-12-冠-4配合物的电子结构研究

用INDO方法计算了硼酸镨苯并-12-冠-4配合物的电子结构、键级以及配位前后净电荷的分布。结果表明,配位时有0.6e的负电荷从冠醚氧迁移到镨上,形成的化学键具有相当程度的共价性。镨的5d轨道对共价性有主要贡献,4f电子则基本上是定域的。冠醚环上存在苯环使配合物的前线轨道具有π键性质。     

硼酸酯键在药物传递体系中的应用

刺激响应性药物载体由于其优异的控释性能,在生物医药领域引发了广泛的关注并得到了极为快速的发展.硼酸酯键因构筑条件简单、生物相容性好以及能够响应生物体内pH、葡萄糖、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)等多种微环境变化的优势被广泛用于刺激响应性药物载体的构筑.基于硼酸酯键的药物载体类型有药物-聚合物偶联、聚合物胶束、线性-超支化聚合物和介孔二氧化硅等,它们既能负载抗癌药物,又能递送胰岛素和基因.药物通过共价或非共价作用负载到载体上,并利用硼酸酯键在不同环境下的形成与断裂实现药物的可控释放.从药物类型、载体类型、药物与载体的结合方式以及硼酸酯键的断裂机制四个方面综述了硼酸酯键在药物传递体系中的应用,并对其当前面临的主要挑战和未来的发展趋势进行了总结和展望.     

中国有机氟化合物卤键研究

综述了中国学者在有机碘代和溴代氟化物的卤键研究方面的进展.从1987至1993年,陈庆云等发现全氟碘代烷作为Lewis酸可以和胺、醚和六甲基磷酰胺等Lewis碱形成供体-受体相互作用,代表了早期研究现在被称为卤键的非共价键作用力的重要进展.2001年以来,多个研究组利用卤键开展晶体工程研究.朱士正等首次证实,全氟-α,■-二碘烷烃可以和胺、醚和六甲基磷酰胺等通过卤键形成一维扩展阵列结构,晋卫军等研究了卤键驱动的全氟碘代芳烃与氮杂芳环的共晶结构,张丹维和黎占亭等利用卤键诱导产生了双螺旋及四螺旋超分子聚合物.晋卫军等研究了C-I…p卤键在晶体工程中的应用.利用卤键诱导,王栋和万立骏等在表面实现了三角型芳香分子共组装形成二维蜂窝型阵列结构,王力彦等从两个聚合物或有机分子构筑了单层膜结构和实现了层-层自组装控制.赵新和黎占亭等合成了并入三个二氟碘甲基的三臂分子,基于氢键诱导的折叠型受体,建立了溶液相多位点卤键结合的识别模式.胡文平、龚和贵、廖良生等利用卤键提高了若干共轭有机分子的不同的材料性能.多个研究组利用卤键成功控制或提高不同类型的有机反应的选择性.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.