Ti-HMS和TS-1分子筛结构和催化性能的对比研究

 采用长链十二烷基胺为模板剂,成功合成出含钛中孔分子筛Ti-HMS, 并针对其晶化过程、结构特征以及催化性能与修正经典法制备的微孔分子筛TS-1进行了对比. 结果表明,中孔分子筛Ti-HMS的晶化机理不同于微孔分子筛TS-1的晶化机理. 随着晶化温度的提高, Ti-HMS分子筛的相对结晶度降低,且晶化过程中母液的pH值变化不大. TEM照片显示, Ti-HMS分子筛的孔壁整体上呈无定形,在局部区域可能存在晶态或者类晶态物种. 与TS-1分子筛相比, Ti-HMS分子筛的活性中心(骨架钛)处在畸变的四面体环境中. 中孔分子筛Ti-HMS可以满足大分子硫化物(如苯并噻吩)氧化反应的要求; 对于小分子硫化物(如噻吩)的氧化反应,微孔分子筛TS-1催化剂效果更好.     

介孔分子筛V-MCM-41的水热法制备与合成机理

 以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂,廉价的工业级高模数比(3.3)的硅酸钠为硅源,通过水热法合成了V-MCM-41介孔分子筛. 考察了合成条件对产物织构的影响,并采用低温氮吸附法分析探讨了介孔分子筛V-MCM-41的合成机理. 结果表明,模板剂用量、 pH值、加料方式、晶化温度、晶化时间、陈化时间和焙烧气氛等合成条件对介孔分子筛的制备均有影响,其中晶化温度、 pH值和模板剂用量的影响最为明显. X射线衍射谱表明合成的介孔分子筛具有六方晶体结构. 红外光谱和紫外可见光谱表明V进入了介孔分子筛的骨架结构.     

高硅ZSM-5分子筛和二次合成Ti-ZSM-5分子筛的结构

运用度角旋转（MAS）和交叉极化（CP）等核磁共振波谱和红外光谱技术，分别对采用不同模板剂制备的高硅ZSM－5分子筛和以此为母体，经气固同晶取代法得到Ti－ZSM－5分子筛的结构特性进行了研究．结果表明：在水热法合成高硅ZSM-5分子筛过程中，模板剂明显制约着所制得的分子筛的结构特性．通过选用合适的模板剂，可直接获得具有正交晶系结构的高硅ZSM－5分子筛．在随后的气固相同晶取代过程中，钛原子通过占据分子筛骨架中的缺陷位进入骨架，形成具有一定Ti／Si比例的钛硅分子筛（Ti－ZSM－5）。骨架结构中缺陷位的含量直接影响分子筛的载钛量。     

系列硅铝比纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛的合成和表征

以自制不对称双子季铵盐表面活性剂为模板, 在水热合成体系中控制合成系列硅铝比纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、扫描电镜(SEM)和²⁷Al魔角旋转核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS-NMR)对合成的样品进行了表征. 详细研究了晶化温度、晶化时间、结构导向剂(SDA)用量、碱度等对合成的影响和纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛的形成过程. 结果表明: 分子筛硅铝比越高, 结构导向剂用量越大, 所需的晶化时间越短; 晶化温度越高, 晶化时间越短; 且不同硅铝比纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛的形貌规整度、比表面积和介孔/微孔孔容比例随着硅铝比而变化.     

ZSM—11型Zr—Si分子筛的合成研究

分别以硅溶胶为硅源、氧氯化锆为锆源、四丁基溴化铵的模板剂,采用水热晶化法合成了ZSM-11型的锆硅分子筛。用XRD和SEM等表征了分子筛的结构;考察了硅锆比、晶体温度、碱度、晶化时间、模板剂的用量等对分子筛形成过程的影响。结果表明,ZSM-11型的锆硅分子筛的形成受很多因素的影响,一般晶化温度为120-140℃、硅锆比高于20、碱度控制在4.7左右有利于分子筛晶体的生成,晶化时间一般为约48h,SEM照片显示所合成的Zr-ZSM-11分子筛为结晶完好的棒状晶体;EDX证实了Zr原子在分子筛中的存在。     

Ti-HMS催化氧化脱除模拟燃料中的硫化物

 将噻吩、苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(DMDBT)分别溶于正辛烷配成模拟燃料,以Ti-HMS为催化剂,以H2O2为氧化剂,对模拟燃料的氧化脱硫进行了研究,考察了Ti-HMS的催化活性及硅/钛比和结晶度对催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明,在Ti-HMS上硫化物氧化的难易顺序是由噻吩环上硫原子的电子云密度和硫化物分子的空间位阻共同决定的; 氧化反应发生在分子筛孔道内,骨架钛原子为活性中心; DMDBT在Ti-HMS上的氧化脱除效果比在TS-1,Ti-β或Ti-MCM-41上好. 随着Ti-HMS中硅/钛比的增大,DMDBT的脱除率降低; 随着Ti-HMS分子筛结晶度的升高,DMDBT的脱除率升高.     

直链烷烃对Ti-HMS分子筛合成的影响

以十二胺为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,钛酸四丁酯为钛源,直链烷烃正己烷或正辛烷为有机添加剂,在室温下合成出具有较大孔径的Ti-HMS分子筛.研究了烷烃对Ti-HMS分子筛的扩孔作用及对分子筛结晶度和催化性能的影响.结果表明,加入的烷烃越多,分子筛的孔径越大;烷烃链长越长,对Ti-HMS的扩孔作用越显著.与不加烷烃的Ti-HMS相比,加入烷烃后,分子筛的结晶度及四配位骨架钛的含量均有所降低,而且加入的烷烃量越多,影响越明显.将加入烷烃所得的Ti-HMS用于模拟燃料中4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩的氧化脱除反应,结果发现,Ti-HMS的催化氧化活性有所提高,对4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩的脱除速率增大.     

超声老化对MCM-49分子筛合成的影响

 以六亚甲基亚胺为模板剂,在静态水热合成条件下,考察了超声老化对MCM-49分子筛合成的影响. 结果表明,凝胶经超声老化处理后,即使使用比表面积小的硅源(硅胶或白碳黑)也能合成出不含杂晶且结晶良好的MCM-49分子筛. 超声老化处理缩短了MCM-49分子筛的晶化时间,扩大了分子筛的晶化范围,同时降低了模板剂的用量. 合成的MCM-49分子筛结晶度高,颗粒度小.     

胆碱和*BEA分子筛在硅锗铝IWR分子筛制备中的协同导向效应

分子筛的制备过程一般需要结构导向剂的参与.结构导向剂主要包括碱(土)金属离子、有机胺或季铵盐为代表的有机模板剂和固体晶种等三类.研究合成凝胶中不同结构导向剂之间的作用对于理解分子筛晶化机理意义重大.以往的研究大都集中在模板剂-模板剂、模板剂-碱(土)金属离子和模板剂-同晶之间的相互作用,迄今尚未有模板剂-异晶之间相互作用研究的报道.我们研究组首次发现模板剂和异晶在分子筛制备中存在协同导向效应.在硅锗铝IWR分子筛的合成中,我们考察了不同的季铵碱模板剂和铝源,发现只有使用胆碱作模板剂、*BEA分子筛作铝源才可以成功制得目标分子筛,相同条件下不加入*BEA分子筛或换用MOR、ZSM-5、MCM-22、USY分子筛及异丙醇铝等铝源都无法合成得到IWR分子筛.这说明*BEA分子筛在IWR分子筛的制备中起到了其他铝源所不具备的结构导向作用,因此我们称之为合成IWR分子筛的"异晶".为了研究胆碱和*BEA分子筛之间的相互作用,进而揭示模板剂-异晶协同导向制备分子筛的一般规律与反应机理,我们制备了不同晶化时间的IWR分子筛样品,使用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-拉曼光谱(UV-Raman)、固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)和N2物理吸附等手段对这些样品进行了表征.结果显示,加热过程中*BEA分子筛首先发生溶解解离, 72 h后该分子筛相完全消失;12 h开始出现CDO分子筛相,随着晶化时间延长, CDO分子筛先增多后减少,在24 h时达到最大值, 120 h时消失,说明该分子筛是晶化过程的一个中间相;IWR分子筛在12 h开始出现,此后结晶度不断升高,至168 h晶化完全.在上述表征的基础上,我们提出了模板剂-异晶协同导向制备IWR分子筛的晶化机理.IWR分子筛的晶化分为以下5个步骤:(1)*BEA分子筛溶解解离得到硅铝4元环、5元环和6元环等结构单元;(2)胆碱诱导形成硅锗5元环结构单元;(3)硅锗5元环组装生成CDO分子筛;(4)CDO分子筛溶解解离形成硅锗5元环;(5)*BEA分子筛导向的结构单元与胆碱导向的结构单元重组生成IWR分子筛.其中,步骤3和4是一对可逆反应,且可与步骤5同时进行;随着反应物原料的不断消耗,步骤5占据主导,从而导致CDO分子筛完全消失和IWR分子筛的结晶完成.由于胆碱只导向生成5元环结构单元,而构成IWR分子筛骨架结构的4元环和6元环只能由*BEA分子筛提供,因而模板剂和异晶在反应中都不可或缺,二者起到协同导向的作用.分析发现,*BEA分子筛与IWR分子筛具有共同的结构单元(4、5、6元环)和一定的结构相似性是其可以成为异晶、发挥协同导向作用的关键.上述协同导向法的关键在于模板剂和异晶分别导向生成部分结构单元,再经重组得到目标分子筛.这种方法有望用于合成通过传统水热法难以得到的分子筛,并且为新结构分子筛的开发提供新思路.使用协同导向法制备更多种类分子筛的研究正在进行中.     

无机SiO2-TiO2前驱体体系合成高性能TS-1分子筛

 在热处理条件下,使Ti(SO4)2在多孔硅胶表面自发分散形成具有类似于钛硅分子筛催化活性中心结构单元的Si-O-Ti键的SiO2 -TiO2前驱体,将该前驱体在模板剂四丙基氢氧化铵的作用下水热晶化得到了钛硅分子筛TS-1. X射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜表征表明, TS-1分子筛晶化完全,钛原子已进入TS-1分子筛骨架. 苯酚羟基化反应测试结果表明,前驱体的热处理温度对合成的TS-1分子筛的催化性能影响很大,处理温度以450 ℃为宜.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.