Sound propagation in a street

The propagation of sound in a street has previously been treated almost exclusively by the use of ray-tracing techniques. As a result, the effects of scattering from objects and protrusions in the street have not been taken adequately into account. In this paper, the sound field is analysed in terms of its propagating modes. The use of this technique allows the effect of scattering to be calculated, assuming a rather simplified model of a scattering surface. Although a number of important assumptions are made, the predicted attenuations at points down a street are in good agreement with results obtained from model studies. These attenuation curves are also similar in form to ihose obtained in full-scale tests.     

Sound scattering by a potential vortex

The scattering of a monopole wavefield by the flow of a potential vortex is considered by using a scheme due to Lighthill. The problem is two-dimensional, the monopole being a line source adjacent to a parallel line vortex. The cases of large and small separation of vortex and source are examined in detail. The far field density is asymptotically estimated in both limits. A quadrupole type radiation field is calculated in each case.     

Irregular scattering of acoustic rays by vortices

The scattering of high-frequency sound wave, under geometrical acoustic approximation, by three stationary vortices in two dimensions is investigated. For a sufficiently high Mach number of the vortex flow, the scattering of sound rays becomes irregular, displaying a new example of chaotic scattering for a time-reversal breaking system. The fractal dimension, as well as the unstable and stable manifolds of the scattering dynamics, is presented.     

Structure of vortices in a karman street behind a heated cylinder

The velocity and temperature fields in a wake behind a heated cylinder are investigated for Reynolds numbers in the interval 65相似文献   

Aharonov-Bohm scattering by vortices of dimensionally-reduced Yang-Mills field

If two dimensions of six-dimensional space-time are compactified, a topological configuration of Yang-Mills gauge field appears as a cosmic string in four dimensions, whose thickness is of the same order as the size of the compact space. We consider scattering of low-energy fermions by this object.     

Sound scattering by a body in a planar layered waveguide

In the framework of the theory of integral equations, the problem of sound diffraction by pressure-release and acoustically stiff inhomogeneities of an oceanic waveguide is considered. The iteration method is used to obtain recurrent relations for the surface currents. The relations describe the diffraction process as a sequence of interactions between the body and the waveguide boundaries (multiple reflections). The validity condition for the zero-order approximation, which ignores multiple reflections, is formulated and physically justified.     

拉盖尔-高斯模叠加而成的部分相干光的相干涡旋

对Bogatyryova等人近来提出的一种可分离位相的部分相干光的相干涡旋作了详细研究.这类新的光束由相同角向指数的拉盖尔-高斯(LG)模非相干叠加而成.研究表明，叠加LG模式的模指数，权重因子和参考点位置的选择都会影响圆刃型位错出现的位置，使得涡旋消失或出现多个相干涡旋.而且，LG模叠加而成的位相不可分离的部分相干光也存在相干涡旋. 关键词： 奇点光学 一类新的部分相干光束 相干涡旋 圆刃型位错     

Sound generated by vortices in the presence of a porous half-cylinder mounted on a rigid plane

The sound generated by a single vortex and by two identical vortices in the presence of a half-cylinder made of porous material mounted on a rigid horizontal plane is studied theoretically using the acoustic analogy and the matched asymptotic expansion method. Both longitudinal and transverse dipoles are observed upon the introduction of the porous cylinder, but the former is considerably stronger than the latter in all the cases studied. Results suggest that the amplitudes of the dipoles and the overall acoustical energy radiated can be higher than that in the rigid cylinder case under some suitable combinations of flow parameters, especially when the flow resistance inside the porous material seen by the vortices is very small.     

Electromagnetic wave scattering by large-scale inhomogeneities in a bragg cavity

We study the single scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by random inhomogeneities in a plane periodically nonuniform layer with a reflecting rear boundary. It is shown that when the incident wave satisfies the condition of excitation of the fundamental Bragg cavity mode and its field is large in the layer depth, the average angular spectrum of the backscattered wave field at the cavity output has a narrow maximum proportional to the exponent of the quadruple optical thickness of the periodic structure. This maximum corresponds to the condition of excitation of the fundamental Bragg cavity mode by the scattered field. The other spectral maxima have small amplitudes and intensities. Such scattering takes place if the characteristic size of random inhomogeneities in the direction perpendicular to the layer boundary exceeds the scale of multiple scattering on a periodic structure. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 1342–1354, November, 1997.     

Sound scattering by a resistive and axially symmetric object in a two-layer ocean

An acoustically resistive and axially symmetric object is placed in a two-layer ocean very far from a point source of acoustic waves. The object is either floating in the water layer or buried in the sediment layer. Both layers are homogenous. The size of the object is small when compared to the depth of the water channel. The free surface of the sea is assumed to be soft and the bottom is assumed to be hard. Between the two layers the classical diffraction boundary conditions are taken. An extension of the Deep Water Approximation method [Ergatis P. Radiation, propagation and scattering of acoustic waves in an underwater environment. PhD thesis, University of Patras; 1997 (in Greek)] is being provided to cover the case of resistive scatterers [Colton, D., Kress, R. Integral equation methods in scattering theory. New York: Wiley; 1983].     

Sound wave scattering by a spherical scatterer located near an ice surface

An echo signal is simulated, which is reflected from a spherical scatterer located near an ice surface. The homogeneous water medium in which the scatterer is located is assumed semi-infinite. For the scattering coefficients of the sphere, asymptotic formulas are obtained by the saddle point method, which can be used for sufficiently large distances between the source emitting a spherical wave and the scatterer. For the occurring branch cut integrals using the steepest descent method, asymptotic expressions are also obtained. Numerical results are obtained for an acoustically rigid sphere and an ice sphere. The density of the ice medium and speed of longitudinal waves in it coincide with the analogous parameters of the ice cover. In a wide frequency range of 8–12 kHz, echo signals are compared that have been calculated for two models of media: a water half-space bordering an ice half-space and an ice-covered homogeneous waveguide with a fluid bottom under the assumption that the source placed in the water layer is directional. It is shown that in a large distance interval between the source and the spherical scatterer, the half-space model sufficiently accurately describes the echo signal while substantially reducing calculation time (by approximately a factor of 10 for the waveguide with a depth of 200 m and a sandy bottom considered in the paper).     

Sound scattering by bubble clouds near the sea surface

The classical exact formulation required to evaluate the form function (or the scattering cross-section, SCS) of a single, ideal, air bubble in a boundless liquid is briefly recalled. It is then immediately generalized to the case of a round cloud of many possibly interacting such bubbles of known volume concentration, contained within the same boundless medium. This is further generalized to the case when the bubble cloud is near a free surface. The presence of the nearby pressure release surface, assumed flat, substantially alters the cloud's scattering cross-section relative to its value in the absence of boundaries. We then use an earlier technique of ours [i.e., see I.E.E.E. J. Ocean. Eng. 20, 285-293 (1995)] based on the method of images that uses the addition theorem for the spherical wave functions, to relate all the scattered sound fields to a common origin and thus obtain the (modified) SCS of the cloud now near the boundary. This formulation accounts for all orders of multiple scattering and yields an infinite set of coupled algebraic equations for the coupling coefficients. This set is then solved for the coupling coefficients in terms of infinite sums of products of pairs of Wigner 3-j symbols, which are then used to construct and evaluate the form function. We display numerical results in four cases that correspond to geographical sites in which the bubble concentrations within the cloud have been measured along a couple of oblique upward directions, or have been assumed to have increasing (and in a few instances, purposely unrealistically high) values. In all cases considered here the bubble clouds are only a few meters beneath the sea surface and consist of ideal bubbles. The results are also compared to those found in the absence of a boundary in all the cases considered.     

Sound scattering by random fractal inhomogeneities in the ocean

Sound scattering by random volume inhomogeneities (fluctuations of the refraction index in a medium) with an arbitrary anisotropy is considered using the small perturbation method (Born’s approximation). Surfaces (boundaries) of the inhomogeneities are deemed to be fractal ones: the energy spectra of the refraction index fluctuations follow the power law with a nonintegral exponent. Formulas are obtained for the volume scattering coefficient. Frequency and angular dependences of the scattering coefficient and their relations to the fractal dimension of inhomogeneities with different kinds of anisotropy and different sizes (on the sound wavelength scale) are presented. The fractal dimension of the inhomogeneities is estimated.     

Spatially selective bragg scattering: a signature for vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates

We demonstrate that Bragg scattering from a condensate can be sensitive to the spatial phase distribution of the initial state. This allows preferential scattering from a selected spatial region, and provides a robust signature for a vortex state. We develop an analytic model which accurately describes this phenomenon, and we give quantitative predictions for current experimental conditions.     

横向各向同性柱状复合结构对超声波的散射

首先描述了横向各向同性复合圆柱结构的入射声场、散射声场及内部的驻波声场,然后利用转移矩阵方法导出了求解散射声场的方程组,计算了铝/各向异性界面层/纤维复合结构对斜入射声波的背向散射谱和散射截面积。将柱状复合结构中各向异性界面薄层相应的转移矩阵作渐近展开,建立了模拟这种界面薄层的弹簧模型及界面处广义边界条件。结果表明,模型中劲度常数仅依赖于界面薄层厚度及界面层媒质的弹性常数c_ll,c₁₂和c₄₄,而振子质量与c_ll,c₄₄,c₁₃和c₃₃有关。