Efficient Lewis Acids Catalyzed Aza-Michael Reactions of Enones with Carbamates

The β-amino carbonyl functionality is not only a segment of biologically important natural products but also a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds.1 The development of novel synthetic methods leading to β-amino ketone, β-amino acids or their derivatives has attracted much attention in organic synthesis.2 Among the traditional methods for generating β-amino carbonyl compounds, Mannich-type reaction is one of the classical and powerful methods.3 However,…     

Diels-Alder反应轨道作用情况研究

根据三轨道作用法重点讨论了Diels-Alder反应中反应物轨道演变成产物轨道的过程, 演变结果与轨道对称守恒原理的结果基本相同. 量子化学计算证实了演变过程的合理性, 这表明在解释D-A反应方面轨道对称守恒原理比前线轨道理论更加合理可靠.     

Lewis酸催化下苯乙酮型苯并吡喃的合成

以2,4-二羟基苯乙酮(1a)为原料,通过O-异戊烯基化和Lewis酸催化分子内关环反应,合成了苯乙酮型苯并吡喃化合物3a.产物结构经UV,IR,1HNMR,13CNMR和元素分析表征,并对反应条件进行了初步探讨.     

Regiospecific Phenyl Esterification to Some Organic Acids Catalyzed by Combined Lewis Acids

A new and efficient method for the preparation of various phenyl esters has been achieved by a simple reaction of an acid with phenol in the presence of anhyd. ZnCl₂ and a catalytic amount of AlCl₃. This combined Lewis acid also catalyzes the selective phenyl esterification to different dioic acids and is very simple and high yielding.     

Reaction of Peracylated Sugars with Nitriles Catalyzed by Lewis Acids

Abstract

The reaction of acetylaminoacetonitrile with penta-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranose in dichloromethane-nitromethane, in a 1:1 stoichiometric proportion, catalysed by stannic chloride, gave a nitrilium salt that, after hydrolysis, afforded the corresponding N-acyl glycosylamine and a mixture of several compounds originating from different competitive reactions. Among these compounds, N-benzoyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucofuranosyl amine, tetra-O-benzoyl-D-glucopyranose, and octa-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (octa-O-benzoyl-α,β-trehalose) were identified.     

Use of Lewis Acids in Free Radical Reactions

The neglect of free radicals over the past few years has been overcome, and they are no longer only considered as interesting reactive intermediates with limited synthetic potential. New opportunities are opened up by performing radical reactions in the presence of Lewis acids. Rate enhancement of radical addition to olefins as well as stereochemical control of such reactions can be achieved in a unique manner. Recent examples of enantioselective radical reactions and perspectives for applications in catalysis are discussed.     

Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions: Reactivity Trends across the Periodic Table

The catalytic effect of various weakly interacting Lewis acids (LAs) across the periodic table, based on hydrogen (Group 1), pnictogen (Group 15), chalcogen (Group 16), and halogen (Group 17) bonds, on the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between 1,3-butadiene and methyl acrylate was studied quantum chemically by using relativistic density functional theory. Weakly interacting LAs accelerate the Diels-Alder reaction by lowering the reaction barrier up to 3 kcal mol⁻¹ compared to the uncatalyzed reaction. The reaction barriers systematically increase from halogen<hydrogen<chalcogen<pnictogen-bonded LAs, i. e., the latter have the least catalytic effect. Our detailed activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that these LAs lower the Diels-Alder reaction barrier by increasing the asynchronicity of the reaction to relieve the otherwise destabilizing Pauli repulsion between the closed-shell filled π-orbitals of diene and dienophile. Notably, the reactivity can be further enhanced on going from a Period 3 to a Period 5 LA, as these species amplify the asynchronicity of the Diels-Alder reaction due to a stronger binding to the dienophile. These findings again demonstrate the generality of the Pauli repulsion-lowering catalysis concept.     

Preparation of Enamines Catalyzed by Lewis Acids in the Presence of Solid Supports

A simple and effective preparation of enamines from bulky ketones and secondary amines has been achieved with the aid of Lewis acid on various solid supports. The optimized yields were higher than those obtained without the solid support. Factors affecting the yield and regioselectivity of these reactions were also studied. Evidence showed that the reaction proceeded simultaneously in solution and on the solid support.     

Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions of Cyclopentadiene with N-Crotonoyl- and N-Acryloyl-4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-Oxazolidin-2-one,Mediated by Chiral Lewis Acids

One-pot Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with 3-crotonoyl- ( 2 ) and 3-acryloyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one ( 3 ), Mediated by chiral Lewis acids, are described. AlCl₃, EtAlCl₂, Et₂AlCl, TiCl₄, ZrCl₄, SnCl₄, SiCl₄, and BBr₃, modified with derivatives of D -mannitol, L -tartaric acid, and (R)-binaphthol, were applied as chiral promotors. The reaction with dienophile 2 , carried out in CH₂Cl₂ at ?78° with high yield, was characterized by excellent π-face selectivity. In case of the reaction with dienophile 3 , the efficiency of the chirality transfer was much lower.     

金属路易斯酸催化纤维素降解为5-羟甲基糠醛

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是一种重要的化学平台物质,由纤维素直接转化为HMF具有良好的应用前景。本文旨在研究金属氯化物(MClx)催化纤维素转化为HMF过程中的效率与选择性问题。以咪唑型离子液体为溶剂,通过对纤维素降解反应的时间、温度、催化剂等因素的考察和优化,发现以CrCl3.6H2O(5(mol)%)和FeCl3(5(mol)%)为复合催化剂时,120℃下反应8 h,HMF的产率可以达到55%。     

Stereoselective Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Acyclic Amino Acids in Aqueous Micelles

The catalytic properties of all proteinogenic, acyclic amino acids for direct aldol reaction in H₂O, assisted by various surfactants, were investigated. The basic and neutral amino acids were shown to be efficient catalysts, giving rise to good‐to‐excellent yields of adducts (up to 95%), with moderate‐to‐good diastereoselectivities (up to 86%), L ‐arginine being the most‐effective catalyst. The syn/anti diastereoisomer ratio could be readily tuned by proper choice of the amino acid used. Also, the range of substrates that underwent the reaction was extended to less‐reactive aldehydes carrying electron‐donating Br substituents.     

Trans-2-Diethylphosphoryloxy-1,3-Pentadiene in The Lewis acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction

Under stannic chloride catalysis, trans-2-diethylphosphoryloxy-1,3-pentadiene (1) undergoes Diels-Alder reaction regio- and stereoselectively with a variety of α,β-unsaturated ketones at low temperature.     

Lewis碱稳定的硼代苯与亲二烯体的Diels-Alder反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上研究了Lewis碱稳定的硼代苯与一些亲二烯体的两种可能的Diels-Alder反应的微观机理和势能剖面, 并研究了反应的溶剂效应和取代基效应. 计算结果表明, 一部分反应以直接的近同步的协同方式进行, 而在另一部分反应中, 两个反应物分子先形成分子间复合物, 然后再经过协同的过渡态生成产物. 与气相中相比, 二氯甲烷溶剂使所研究的大部分反应的活化能垒有所增加. 在乙炔或乙烯分子中分别引入吸电子基团CO2Me或CN能显著降低反应的活化能垒. 形成一个C—B键的杂Diels-Alder反应都比相应的Diels-Alder反应在热力学和动力学上容易进行, 这与实验结果一致.     

Amino Acids Catalyzed Direct Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Micelles

Since the discovery of its roles as a good small-organic-molecule catalyst in intramolecular aldol reactions, pro line has drawn considerable attention in synthetic chemistry due to its similarity to the type-Ⅰ aldolases. Recently,List and others have reported some new direct asymmetric intermolecular reactions catalyzed by proline, including aldol, Mannich, Michael, and other analogous reactions. Except for two recent examples, [1,2] proline catalyzed aldol reactions in aqueous micelles have not been reported, nor have other amino acids as organocatalysts in directly catalyzing aldol reaction been reported. Herein we wish to present our recent results regarding environmentally be nign direct aldol reactions catalyzed by amino acids including proline, histidine and arginine in aqueous media.     

Friedel–Crafts Acylation and Related Reactions Catalyzed by Heteropoly Acids

The Friedel–Crafts acylation of anisole (AN) with acetic anhydride (AA) and the Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate in the liquid phase catalyzed by bulk and silica-supported heteropoly acids (HPA), mainly H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (PW), have been studied. In anisole acylation, PW exhibits very high activity, yielding up to 98% para and 2–4% ortho isomer of methoxyacetophenone (MOAP) at 90-110°C and an AN/AA molar ratio of 10–20. The reaction appears to be heterogeneously catalyzed; no contribution of homogeneous catalysis by HPA was observed. PW is almost 100 times more active than the zeolite H-Beta, which is in agreement with the higher acid strength of HPA. The PW catalyst is reusable, although gradual decline of activity was observed due to the coking of the catalyst. The acylation is inhibited by the product because of adsorption of MOAP on the catalyst surface. In contrast to anisole, the acylation of toluene with HPA is far less efficient than that with H-Beta. Evidence is provided that the activity of HPA in toluene acylation is inhibited by preferential adsorption of acetic anhydride on the catalyst. It is demonstrated that PW is a very efficient and reusable catalyst for the Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate in homogeneous or heterogeneous liquid-phase systems at 100–150°C.     

Applications of Selenonium Cations as Lewis Acids in Organocatalytic Reactions

The use of trisubstituted selenonium salts as organic Lewis acids in electrophilic halogenation and aldol‐type reactions has been developed. The substrate scope is broad. The reaction conditions are mild and compatible with various functionalities. This study opens a new avenue for the development of nonmetallic Lewis acid catalysis.     

Lewis酸催化高区域选择合成对位柑菁醛的研究

Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸催化高区域选择合成对位柑菁醛的研究尹笃林，银董红，李谦和（湖南师范大学精细催化合成研究所，长沙４１００８１）关键词月桂烯，丙烯醛，对位柑菁醛，Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ反应，Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸，络合催化。１．前言可从松节油资源中制取的月桂烯（ｍｙｒ...