Nd(Gly)2Cl3·3H2O和Pr(Ala)3Cl3·3H2O的热力学性质

利用精密自动绝热热量计测定了Nd(Gly)₂Cl₃·3H₂O在80-357K和Pr(Ala)₃Cl₃·3H₂O在80-374K温区的热容. 根据两个化合物的热容计算出了相对于参考温度298.15K的热力学函数(H_T?H_298.15)和(S_T?S_298.15). 根据热重(TG)分析结果, 提出了这两个稀土化合物可能的热分解机理. 利用溶解-反应恒温热量计测定相关化合物的溶解焓并设计盖斯热化学循环, 计算出了两个化合物的标准摩尔生成焓.     

Ho(NO3)3(C2H5O2N)4·H2O的低温热容和热力学函数

合成了稀土(钬, Ho)-氨基酸(甘氨酸, C₂H₅O₂N)二元配合物Ho(NO₃)₃(C₂H₅O₂N)₄·H₂O, 并且通过化学分析、元素分析和红外(IR)光谱对配合物进行了表征. 用高精度全自动绝热量热仪, 测定了该配合物在80-390 K温度区间的定压摩尔热容(C_p,m). 利用实验测定的热容数据, 采用最小二乘法, 将热容曲线上热容峰以外的两段平滑区的摩尔热容对折合温度进行拟合, 建立了热容随折合温度变化的多项式方程. 根据热容与焓、熵的热力学关系,计算出了配合物在80-390 K温度区间内,每隔5 K,相对于298.15 K的摩尔热力学函数(H_T,m-H_298.15,m)和(S_T,m-S_298.15,m). 通过热容曲线分析, 计算出了350 K附近转变过程的焓变(Δ_trsH_m)和熵变(Δ_trsS_m). 用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定了配合物的热稳定性.     

配合物[Fe(CTS)2]·5SO4·7H2O的热分解动力学

研究了壳聚糖对Fe2+的吸附行为,并进行了条件优化,得到了较为理想的合成产物.通过红外光谱和紫外光谱进行了表征,进而用化学分析、元素分析确定了配合物的组成,并利用TG-DSC分析,采用常用的22种机理函数,对非等温动力学数据进行了线性回归拟合处理,求得了配合物主要分解阶段热动力学最可机理函数和动力学参数(E和A).     

Cl–改性对Ag/Al2O3催化剂结构及其催化C3H6-SCR和H2/C3H6-SCR反应性能的影响

以烯烃为还原剂的NOx选择性催化还原(HC-SCR)是重要的环境催化反应之一.Ag/Al2O3催化剂(SA)因在HC-SCR反应中表现高活性、高N2选择性及中等H2O和SO2耐受性等优点,而被广泛研究.SA催化剂中存在不同的Ag物种,包括孤立Ag+离子,带部分正电荷Agnδ+团簇和金属态Agn0团簇.文献研究结果表明,SA催化剂中Agnδ+团簇是催化HC-SCR反应的活性Ag物种,而Ag物种类型与Ag的负载量密切相关.因此文献中研究SA催化HC-SCR反应的结构-性能关系主要是通过改变Ag负载量来开展的,最优Ag负载量约为1％～2％.本文以Cl–改性的γ-Al2O3作为载体,采用传统的浸渍法制备了Ag/Al2O3-Cl催化剂(SA-Cl),通过XRD、TEM、H2-TPR、UV-Vis DRS以及XPS对催化剂进行了结构表征,并结合C3H6-SCR和H2/C3H6-SCR活性测试,建立催化剂结构-催化性能关系;同时利用原位傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)和在线同步辐射单光子电离质谱(SVUV-PIMS)研究了SA催化HC-SCR的反应机理.结构表征结果表明,在SA催化剂中,Ag负载量的提高主要是增加了Agn0物种,而在SA-Cl催化剂中,Ag负载量的提高主要是增加了Agnδ+物种,因此Cl?改性能促进SA催化剂中Agnδ+物种的形成.活性测试结果表明,在相同Ag负载量下,SA-Cl催化剂表现出比SA催化剂更好的HC-SCR催化性能.Cl?改性对SA催化剂中Ag物种的调控作用和HC-SCR催化性能的促进作用随Ag负载量的增加变得更为明显.原位DRIFTS结果表明,γ-Al2O3载体(Al位点)是NO氧化形成硝酸盐物种的主要活性位点;Agnδ+物种催化丙烯适度氧化主要生成乙酸盐类物种,可以还原表面硝酸盐物种;而Agn0催化丙烯过度氧化主要生成羧酸盐类物种,进而生成CO2,不能还原表面硝酸盐物种.由此可见,Agnδ+是催化HC-SCR反应的活性Ag物种,而Agn0是催化烃类完全氧化反应的活性Ag物种;Cl–改性能有效促进Agnδ+的形成,进而提高HC-SCR催化反应活性.在线SVUV-PIMS结果检测到H2/C3H6-SCR反应中存在气态中间物种丙烯腈(CH2=CHCN).–CN和–NCO物种被认为是HC-SCR反应的关键中间物种,能够直接与气相NO+O2反应生成N2.因此,CH2=CHCN的存在说明HC-SCR反应涉及到气相反应机理.基于SA和SA-Cl催化剂,进一步研究了H2对C3H6-SCR低温活性的促进作用.结果表明,H2的促进作用是通过作用于Agnδ+物种,而不是通过Agn0物种来实现的;H2的引入有利于低温下强吸附硝酸盐物种的脱附或分解以及中间体向–NCO和–CN物种的转化,从而提高HC-SCR低温催化活性.综上,基于Cl–改性的Ag/Al2O3-Cl催化剂,本文成功证实了Agnδ+物种是催化HC-SCR反应的活性Ag物种,并结合原位DRIFTS在线SVUV-PIMS谱分别鉴定了催化反应表面中间物种和气相中间物种.这些结果加深了对SA催化HC-SCR反应构-效关系和反应机理的基础理解.     

气相色谱法研究配位化合物的热稳定性IX.Fe2(C2O4)3一HZSM一5和Fe2(C2O4)3一HY的热分解

本文研究了早酸铁(III)负载在HZSM-5和HY沸石上的性质和热分解,早酸铁(III)在沸石表面发生离解吸附,C2O[2-][4]与表面的Al配位,热分解时产生β峰,草酸铁(III)与HZSM-5沸石作用较弱,在氢气中500℃时的还原产物为α-Fe,而Fe2(C2O4)3-HY体系在氢气中500℃时除得到α-Fe外,还有少量高分散的零价铁和部分难以还原的铁离子。     

森林泥炭的热解特性及热解动力学

泥炭阴燃是森林地下火的主要燃烧形式之一, 研究泥炭的热解规律对认识其阴燃机理及地下火蔓延机理有重要意义. 本文使用荧光光谱分析技术测定了我国东北林区一种典型泥炭样品的主要元素组成, 并使用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)技术研究了泥炭样品在惰性气氛中的热解规律. 实验结果表明, 泥炭样品主要由45种元素构成. 从常温到1073 K高温的升温过程中, 泥炭样品的质量损失过程可以分为三个阶段, 依次为水分损失阶段、有机质热解阶段和矿物质分解阶段. 对于泥炭阴燃密切相关的有机质热解阶段, 结合热分析动力学理论和优化计算方法, 建立了描述泥炭有机质热解动力学规律的三组分叠加反应模型.     

(C5H7N2)3(AsMo12O40)·3C5H6N2·2H2O的水热合成、晶体结构及催化性能

采用水热法合成了一种新的3-氨基吡啶砷钼多金属氧酸盐配合物(C5H7N2)3(AsMo12O40)·3C5H6N2·2H2O。 通过单晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外光谱和差热-热重对其进行了表征。 用催化消除丙酮的反应为模式反应,测试了配合物的催化性能。 研究结果表明,标题配合物是由Keggin结构[AsMo12O40]3-杂多阴离子、[C5H7N2]+阳离子、[C5H6N2]分子和结晶水分子组成。 配合物属于单斜晶系,P21/n空间群;晶胞参数a=1.33820(12) nm,b=2.2542(2) nm,c=1.9848(2) nm,β=100.27(3)°,V=5.8912(10) nm3,Z=4,Rgt(F)=0.0590,wRref(F2)=0.1882。 配合物对催化消除丙酮具有较好的的活性,催化实验结果表明,160 ℃下,0.20 g的催化剂可将初始浓度均为1.3 g/m3,流速为4.5 mL/min的丙酮完全消除。     

应用TGA-FTIR研究不同来源污泥的燃烧和热解特性

在空气气氛下，利用热重分析方法研究了三种不同来源的污泥燃烧特性。探讨水处理工艺和污泥处理工艺对污泥中有机物的分布影响和燃烧特性影响。研究发现，污水厌氧工艺和污泥厌氧工艺均导致结构复杂、燃烧温度高的有机物生成。在氮气气氛下利用热重红外联用技术，对比研究了同种污泥的热解和燃烧特性，污泥热解主要发生有机物裂解成小分子和小分子的挥发，氧气的存在加速了污泥的裂解。污泥热解温度200℃～500℃，主要气体H2O、CO2、CO以及甲烷等烃类，CO2在高温750℃还存在一个析出峰，由于无机碳酸盐的分解。     

含油污泥的热解特性研究

利用热重 傅里叶变换红外光谱联用仪与管式电阻炉对含油污泥热解特性进行了研究,分析了热解过程及影响因素（污泥性质与升温速率）,并由气体析出特性研究了热解机理。结果表明,热解过程包括水分挥发、轻质油挥发、重质油热解、半焦炭化与矿物质分解五种反应,矿物油反应集中发生在220℃～480℃。污泥性质影响因素中,产生环节最为显著,罐底泥、污水污泥失重明显而落地油泥失重不明显,矿物质组分含量越高,挥发分转化率越低;而污泥的油源基属影响较小。升温速率越大,反应进行的越快,挥发分转化率降低。热解机理包括矿物油含氧官能团裂解,链烃及侧链上的断链,环化、芳构化以及缩合脱氢。     

钾元素对生物质主要组分热解特性的影响

采用热重-红外联用仪对松木及生物质主要化学组分半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的热解特性及钾元素对其热解特性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,半纤维素、纤维素、木质素发生热解的主要温度分别为200~350 ℃、300~365 ℃和200~600 ℃;半纤维热解产物中CO、CO₂较多;纤维素热解产物中LG和醛酮类化合物最多;木质素热解主要形成固体产物,气体中CH₄相对含量较高.三种组分共热解过程中发生相互作用使热解温度提高、固体产物增加,气体中CO增加而CH₄减少.添加K₂CO₃后半纤维素和纤维素热解温度区间向低温方向移动,固体产率提高.K对纤维素作用最明显,CO、CO₂气体与固体产物产率明显增加,醛酮类和酸类物质的产率降低;木质素受K影响相对较小,热解固体产物略有增加,挥发分中H₂O和羰基物质增加;三组分共热解减弱了钾元素的催化作用.     

[Pb2(TNR)2(CHZ)2(H2O)2]4H2O的结构及热分解机理

The coordination compound of [Pb 2(TNR) 2(CHZ) 2(H 2O) 2]•4H 2O was prepared by using the aqueous solution of carbohydrazide, lead nitrate and sodium styphnate. The molecular structure of [Pb 2(TNR) 2(CHZ) 2(H 2O) 2]•4H 2O(C 7H 13 N 7O 12 Pb, Mr=594.43) was determined by using a single crystal diffraction analysis .The thermal decomposition mechanism of the title compound was studied by TGDTG, DSC and IR techniques. The crystal belongs to monoclinic with space group P2 1/n.The unit cell parameters are as follows: a=0.64700(10)nm, b=1.6074(3)nm, c=1.4883(3)nm,β=97.42(2)°,V=1.5349(5)nm3, Z=2, DC=2.572g•cm -3 ,μ(Mo, Kα)=11.080cm -1 , F(000)=1128. R=0.0422, Rw=0.0735. The binuclear lead coordination compound is bridged by two carbohydrazide molecules. The molecule has a symmetrical center. TNR 2- ,CHZ and H 2O coordinate with the central ions simultaneously.     

Structural characterisation of [Pt(NH3)4]2[W(CN)8][NO3]·2H2O donor–acceptor complex

The bimetallic [Pt(NH₃)₄]₂[W(CN)₈][NO₃]·2H₂O is characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [S.G.P2₁/m(11), a=8.0418(7), b=19.122(2), c=9.0812(6) Å, Z=2]. All platinum centres have the square-plane D_4h geometry with average dimensions Pt(1)–N 2.042(2) and Pt(2)–N 2.037(10) Å. The octacyanotungstate anion has the square-antiprismatic D_4d configuration with average dimensions W(1)–C 2.164(13), C–N 1.140(12), W(1)–N 3.303(5) Å. The structure exhibits two different mutual orientations of Pt versus W units resulting in Pt(2)–W(1), W(1)^* separations of 4.77(2), 4.55(2)^* and Pt(1)–W(1) of 6.331(8) Å. A centrosymmetric structure reveals groups of two distinct columns: the first is formed by intercalated NO₃⁻ between parallel [Pt(1)(NH₃)₄]²⁺ planes and the second consists of [W(CN)₈]³⁻ interlayered by, parallel to square faces of W-antiprisms, [Pt(2)(NH₃)₄]²⁺. The structure is stabilised through a three-dimensional hydrogen bond network via nitrogen atoms of cyanide ligands, hydrogen atoms of NH₃ ligands, water molecules and oxygen atoms of NO₃⁻ counteranions. The vibrational pattern and the range of ν(CN) frequencies attributable to the electronic environment of W(V) and W(IV) are consistent with the ground state Pt(II)↔W(V) charge transfer.     

Thermochemistry of NaRb[B4O5(OH)4]·4H2O

The enthalpies of solution of NaRb[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·4H₂O in approximately 1 mol dm⁻³ aqueous hydrochloric acid and of RbCl in aqueous (hydrochloric acid + boric acid + sodium chloride) were determined. From these results and the enthalpy of solution of H₃BO₃ in approximately 1 mol dm⁻³ HCl(aq) and of sodium chloride in aqueous (hydrochloric acid + boric acid), the standard molar enthalpy of formation of −(5128.02 ± 1.94) kJ mol⁻¹ for NaRb[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·4H₂O was obtained from the standard molar enthalpies of formation of NaCl(s), RbCl(s), H₃BO₃(s) and H₂O(l). The standard molar entropy of formation of NaRb[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·4H₂O was calculated from the Gibbs free energy of formation of NaRb[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·4H₂O computed from a group contribution method.     

Na4H3[SiW9Al3(H2O)3O37]·12H2O/H2O: a new system for selective oxidation of alcohols with H2O2 as oxidant

This work describes a catalytic system consisting of both Na₄H₃[SiW₉Al₃(H₂O)₃O₃₇]·12H₂O(SiW₉Al₃) and water as solvents (a small quantity of organic solvents were used as co-solvent for a few substrates) that can be good for selective oxidation of alcohols to ketones (aldehydes) using 30% H₂O₂ without any phase-transfer catalyst under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst system allows easy product/catalyst separation. Under the given conditions, the secondary hydroxyl group was highly chemoselectively oxidized to the corresponding ketones in good yields in the presence of primary hydroxyl group within the same molecule, and hydroxides are selectively oxidized even in the presence of alkene. Benzylic alcohols were selectively oxidized to the corresponding benzaldehydes in good yields without over oxidation products in solvent-free conditions. Nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur-based moieties, at least for the cases where these atoms are not susceptible to oxidation, do not interfere with the catalytic alcohol oxidation.     

[H3N(CH2)4NH3]2[Al4(C2O4)(H2PO4)2(PO4)4]·4[H2O]: A new layered aluminum phosphate-oxalate

A new layered inorganic-organic hybrid aluminum phosphate-oxalate [H₃N(CH₂)₄NH₃]₂[Al₄(C₂O₄)(H₂PO₄)₂(PO₄)₄]·4[H₂O](AlPO-CJ25) has been synthesized hydrothermally, by using 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB) as structure-directing agent. The structure has been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by IR, ³¹P MAS NMR, TG-DTA as well as compositional analyses. Crystal data: the triclinic space group P-1, a=8.0484(7) Å, b=8.8608(8) Å, c=13.2224(11) Å, α=80.830(6)°, β=74.965(5)°, γ=78.782(6)°, Z=2, R_1[I>2σ(I)]=0.0511 and wR_{2(all data)}=0.1423. The alternation of AlO₄ tetrahedra and PO₄ tetrahedra gives rise to the four-membered corner-sharing chains, which are interconnected through AlO₆ octahedra to form the layered structure with 4,6-net sheet. Interestingly, oxalate ions are bis-bidentately bonded by participating in the coordination of AlO₆, and bridging the adjacent AlO₆ octahedra. The layers are held with each other through strong H-bondings between the terminal oxygens. The organic ammonium cations and water molecules are located in the large cavities between the interlayer regions.     

Preparation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Decomposition Character of [Ni(CHZ)3]SO4·3H2O

A new coordination compound [Ni(CHZ)₃]SO₄·3H₂O (CHZ=carbohydrazide) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal belonged to the triclinic system, space group with a=0.85237(1) nm, b=0.90964(1) nm, c=1.22559(2) nm, β=96.731(2)°, V=0.8849(2) nm³, Z=2, D_c=1.798 g·cm⁻³. In the asymmetric unit, three carbohydrazide (CHZ) bidentate ligands were coordinated with a Ni(II) cation by carbonyl O atoms and terminal N atoms of the hydrazine groups to form three planar chelate rings which were vertical to one another. Ni(II) cations, CHZ ligand molecules, sulfate anions, and lattice water molecules were jointed to a complicated three-dimensional network structure through coordination bonds, electrostatic forces and extensive hydrogen bonds. Natural bond orbital (NBO) atomic charges of CHZ were obtained from the density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-311+G^** level to interpret the reason why the coordination sites in carbohydrazide molecule were the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group and terminal N atoms of the hydrazine group. The thermal decomposition mechanism was tested through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The kinetic parameters of the two exothermic processes of the title compound were studied applying the Kissinger's and Ozawa-Doyle's methods. The results indicated that the title complex possessed high energy and good thermal stability.     

Synthesis and crystal structure of gallosilicate- and aluminogermanate tetrahydroborate sodalites Na8[GaSiO4]6(BH4)2 and Na8[AlGeO4]6(BH4)2

Tetrahydroborate enclathrated sodalites with gallosilicate and aluminogermanate host framework were synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Crystal structures were refined in the space group P-43n from X-ray powder data using the Rietveld method. Na₈[GaSiO₄]₆(BH₄)₂: a=895.90(1) pm, V=0.71909(3)×10⁻⁶ nm³, R_P=0.074, R_B=0.022, Na₈[AlGeO₄]₆(BH₄)₂: a=905.89(2) pm, V=0.74340(6)×10⁻⁶ nm³, R_P=0.082, R_B=0.026. The tetrahedral framework T-atoms are completely ordered in each case and the boron atoms are located at the centre of the sodalite cages. The hydrogen atoms of the enclathrated anions were refined on x, x, x positions, restraining them to boron-hydrogen distances of 116.8 pm as found in NaBD₄.The IR-absorption spectra of the novel phases show the typical bands of the tetrahedral group as found in the spectrum of pure sodium boron hydride.The new sodalites are discussed as interesting -containing model compounds which could release pure hydrogen.     

Thermal decomposition of [Co(NH3)6]2(C2O4)3·4H2O: II. Identification of the gaseous products

The main goal of the presented work was to verify the previously assumed decomposition stages of [Co(NH₃)₆]₂(C₂O₄)₃·4H₂O (HACOT) [Thermochim. Acta 354 (2000) 45] under different atmospheres (inert, oxidising and reducing). The gaseous products of the decomposition were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was confirmed that the gaseous products of HACOT decomposition under studied atmospheres there were H₂O (stage I) and NH₃, CO₂ (stage II). The main gaseous products in the third stage in argon and hydrogen (20 vol.% H₂/Ar) were CO and CO₂, whereas in air (20 vol.% O₂/Ar) only CO₂ was identified. Under the oxidising as well as reducing atmospheres the influence of secondary reactions on the composition of both, solid and gaseous products was found particularly strong during the third stage of the process. The studies of the multistage decomposition of HACOT, additionally complicated by many secondary reactions, required application of the hyphenated TA-MS or TA-FT-IR techniques combined with the pulse thermal analysis PTA^® allowing quantification of the spectroscopic signals and investigation of gas-solid and gas-gas reactions in situ.     

The Glaserite-like Structure of Double Sodium and Iron Phosphate Na3Fe(PO4)2

The double sodium and iron phosphate Na₃Fe(PO₄)₂ was synthesized and studied by the XRD method, the second harmonic generation technique, and Mössbauer and IR spectroscopy. The compound crystallizes into a monoclinic system (space group C2/c) with unit cell parameters a=9.0736(2) Å, b=5.0344(1) Å, c=13.8732(3) Å, β=91.435(2)° and is found to be related to the K₃Na(SO₄)₂ structure type. The crystal structure was determined by Rietveld analysis (R_wp=5.86, R_I=2.03). Iron cations occupy the M (Na) position while sodium cations occupy the X (K) and Y (K) positions of the glaserite-like structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows the presence of high-spin Fe³⁺ in octahedral coordination.     

Characterization and structural study of lanthanum citrate trihydrate [La(C6H5O7)(H2O)2]·H2O

[La(C₆H₅O₇)(H₂O)₂]·H₂O was synthesized as precursor material for an aqueous solution-gel route to La-containing multimetal oxides. The compound was characterized by means of FTIR, TGA and pycnometry. The crystallographic structure was solved from powder diffraction data. The symmetry is monoclinic [a=17.097(3) Å, b=9.765(2) Å, c=6.3166(8) Å and β=90.42(1)°, Z_exp=3.96] with space group P2₁/n (14). Direct methods were applied and the model was subsequently least-squares refined (R_B=5.1% and R_wP=12.0%). La³⁺ is nine-fold coordinated, the LaO₉ forming a mono-capped square antiprism. The basic unit is a binuclear entity of two LaO₉ polyhedra having one edge in common. These units are connected along the c-axis through citrate molecules. The carboxylate groups of the citrate are coordinated to La³⁺ in monodentate, bidentate and bridging way. Also the alkoxide group, which carries the proton, is coordinated to La³⁺. Two water molecules complete the coordination sphere, while the third one can be found inbetween the La³⁺-citrate network.