动态光弹性方法的主应力分离的研究

本文提出了动态光弹性、动态焦散线实验方法同边界元法结合的混合法，并用这种方法解决了动态光弹性主应力分离的问题，首先对现有的多火花高速摄影系统进行了改造，在动态实验过程中，成功地得到了不同瞬时的清晰的动态光弹性的等差线条纹和动态焦散线系列图像，这样，便可提取不同瞬时的边界应力值、全场主应力差值及边界上的外载。继而提出用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换域上的边界元法来求解在冲击载荷作用下二维弹性模型全场的主应力和。最后，以受冲击载荷作用的圆盘为例，进行实验及边界元法计算，得到了分离的主应力场。     

光弹性和边界元的一种混合法

本文通过光弹性实验中的等色线直接获得边界上主应力和值,並用三次样条函数对主应力和值的列表函数进行平滑,从而由边界元法计算二维物体内部的主应力和值,再与光弹性法中得到的主应力差值结合,便可分离二主应力。同时,应用本方法对圆环对径受压问题进行计算,其结果与解析解比较令人满意。     

光弹性分析中主应力分离的新方法

本文利用极坐标形式双调和方程通解得到应力第一不变量函数,结合光弹性实验等差线,用边界配置法求得满足求解对象边界条件的主应力和函数。于是由本文方法得到的主应力和函数和光弹性中的等差线,可求得物体内部各点的主应力值。     

数值分析和光弹性实验的几种混合解法

本文采用数值分析和光弹性的几种混合法解决结构的应力分析问题。如再应用图象处理和计算机技术,必将促使光弹性实验向着自动方向发展。在上述的几种混合法中,根据结构的不同类型,可以选用光弹性与最小二乘配点的混合法,光弹性与富里哀级数展开的边界值的混合法,光弹性与边界元的混合法或光弹性与边界元、差分联合的混合法。文中还谈及主应力方向的求法,文末有具体算例。本文作者已编制出通用程序,在微机上对平面应力问题一些简例作了具体计算,其结果与解析解比较令人满意。     

光弹条纹图像的全场相移技术

本文详细分析了光弹性条纹图像的特点，利用图像处理技术，结合相移法及Ｔａｒｄｙ补偿法，实现了等倾线和等差线的全场相移，使得模型中任一点的主应力差值及第一主应力方向值可由计算机自动判读，实现了光弹性实验数据的自动处理。     

网状系杆拱连续梁桥的光弹性应力分析

采用光弹性冻结应力法对网状系杆拱连续梁桥进行了不同工况下的应力分析，给出了边界应力分布和主应力迹线，为优化工程设计提供了参考依据．     

新的动态光弹性主应力分离混合法研究

动态光弹性法是研究动态问题的一种重要方法,但要实现动态光弹性主应力的分离以及等倾线的获取和分离还存在较大的困难.针对动态光弹性法的主应力分离问题以及相关的试验技术展开研究,以相容方程作为动态光弹性试验的补充条件,将动态光弹性法与数值计算方法结合起来,提出一种用于动态光弹试验主应力分离的新方法:动态光弹性-数值计算混合法,研究并实现了动态光弹性试验中的等倾线的获取和分离.并选用了典型的圆盘试件进行动态光弹性试验及应力分析,对该混合法的可靠性和准确性进行了论证.     

光弹性—数字散斑相关混合法在光弹条纹主应力分解中的应用

光弹性法是研究结构内部应力分布问题的一个有效方法.光弹性实验中,通常可以方便地得到等色线条纹图.确定了等色线条纹级数以后,为获得平面模型中任意点的应力完全解,需要借助其它方法给出一个补充方程.本文将光弹性法与数字散斑相关法相结合,提出一种用于光弹性法分离主应力的新方法:光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法.在理论研究的基础上,设计了光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法实验系统,并通过相应的三点弯曲实验对该方法和实验系统的有效性做出分析和论证.该研究为光弹全场应力分解以及动态光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法提供了理论和实验基础.     

基于动态光弹性方法的冲击载荷作用下自由边界主应力研究

当物体在冲击载荷作用下,物体内部会产生应力波,研究应力波的传播过程及规律对研究物体受冲击载荷作用具有重大的意义.应力波在物体内传播时,在自由边界处产生的主应力状态对于理论求解和计算有着重要意义.采用动态光弹性方法,结合新型动光弹系统及相关实验设备采集物体在冲击载荷作用下的等倾线和等差线条纹图,通过分析等倾线的条纹,得出等倾线与自由边界相交所成角度不为0°或909,得出在物体自由边界处两个主应力均存在且不为零的结论.针对上述结果,采用电测方法进行验证,两试验结果相符合,方案可行且准确.     

刚构连续梁桥墩梁固节点结构的光弹性试验及有限元分析

某铁路特大桥的主桥部分采用预应力混凝土刚构连续梁桥,本文采用光弹性模型冻结应力法对该刚构连续梁桥墩梁固节点结构进行了应力分析,给出了结构边界应力分布和主应力迹线。应用ANSYS软件对墩梁固节点实际结构进行了有限元计算。将实验与有限元分析结果进行了比较,结果表明,实验应力分析法与有限元数值法吻合较好。在有限元分析中,对墩梁固节点结构梁端加载边界的影响区进行了研究,通过合理选择梁的长度可以有效减小局部应力。模型实验和有限元计算的结果为结构的优化设计提供了重要的依据。     

Separation of principal stresses in dynamic photoelasticity

A new and effective method used to separate the transient principal stresses for dynamic photoelasticity is proposed. This is a hybrid method combining the optical method of dynamic caustics and the boundary element numerical method. Firstly, a modified Cranz-Schardin spark camera is used to record simultaneously the isochromatic fringe patterns of photoelasticity and the shadow spot patterns in the dynamic process. By means of the isochromatic fringe patterns, the difference between transient principal stresses in the whole domain and the principal stresses along the free boundary can be solved. In addition, the method of caustics is a very powerful technique for measuring the concentrative load. Then, the sum of the principal stresses is calculated by the boundary integral equation obtained from the Laplace integral transform of the wave equation. So, the transient principal stresses can be determined from the experimental and numerical results. As an example, the transient principal stresses in a polycarbonate disk under an impact load are resolved. Concurrently published in the Chinese Edition of Acta Mechanica Sinica, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1994     

Phase Shifting Full-Field Interferometric Methods for Determination of In-Plane Tensorial Stress

A new method that combines phase shifting photoelasticity and transmission Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) is developed to determine the tensorial stress field in thin plates of photoelastic materials. A six step phase shifting photoelasticity method determines principal stress directions and the difference of principal stresses. The transmission CGS method utilizes a standard four step phase shifting method to measure the x and y first derivatives of the sum of principal stresses. These stress derivatives are numerically integrated using a weighted preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm, which is also used for the phase unwrapping of the photoelastic and CGS phases. With full-field measurement of the sum and difference of principal stresses, the principal stresses may be separated, followed by the Cartesian and polar coordinate stresses using the principal stress directions. The method is demonstrated for a compressed polycarbonate plate with a side V-shaped notch. The experimental stress fields compare well with theoretical stress fields derived from Williams solution for a thin plate with an angular corner.     

Effect of material compressibility on the solution of the elastoplastic plane strain problem

A model problem of plane strain of an elastoplastic material is considered. It is shown that the type of stress state in the loading plane affects the dependence of the solution on Poisson??s ratio. It is found that for the state in which the principal stresses in the loading plane are approximately equal, the effect of compressibility is significant, so that it must be taken into account. It is shown that if the principal stresses in the loading plane have different signs, the solutions for compressible and incompressible materials are almost the same.     

Contribution to the analysis of errors in photoelasticity

Photoelasticity data are expressed in terms of the direction and the differences of the principal stresses. To determine the principal stresses, separation is necessary. The author deals with some of the numerical methods of separating principal stresses, permitting evaluation of the stresses along straight sections. In the first part of this paper the author presents methods of separation and in the second part the errors involved.     

Deformable spherical devices to measure stresses within field soils

The design, calibration and use of two deformable spherical stress transducers are described. They are suitable for detecting principal stresses in deforming media such as soil and have major advantages over many rigid transducers previously used in such situations. One of the transducers is a water-filled rubber ball (WFRB) sensitive to hydrostatic and deviator stresses, the other is a mastic ball which deforms plastically and is sensitive to only deviator stresses. When the two devices are used at similar depths under a surface load, e.g. a wheel, the combined measurements of internal pressure of the WFRB and axial deformation of the mastic ball can be used to derive values for first and third principal stresses (assuming second and third principal stresses are equal). Calibration of the transducers at different temperatures is described.

Field measurements made with the transducer under loaded wheels are compared with predicted values of first principal stresses using equations developed by Söhne. Close correspondence between predicted and measured values was observed, when the existing soil strength conditions were taken into account.

The transducers promise to be useful in the measurement of stresses in field soils.     

Stress separation in the photoelastic study of centrifugal stresses

This technical note refers to the problem of stress separation in the photoelastic analysis of plane models under centrifugal stresses. Two methods are described in order to determine the sum of principal stresses. These methods, which are based on the compatibility equation, reduce the determination of the sum of principal stresses to the solution of a Laplace's or Poisson's equations. As an example of application, the separation of stresses in a rotating disk with two eccentric holes is shown and comparison with the stresses obtained by using the shear-difference method is made.     

EFFECT OF STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF MATERIAL ON SOLUTION OF PLANE-STRESS PROBLEMS WITH LARGE PLSTIC DEFORMATION

本文首先将以前所得到的关于两个轴对称塑性平面应力问题(薄圆环和旋转盘)的有关方程和计算结果作了一个简单的叙述.这些计算结果是根据两种不同硬化特性的材料和一种理想塑性材料的应力应变曲线在不同负荷下计算得到的.这些结果指出这三种不同材料的应力应变曲线和负荷对于这两个问题的主应力比值和比例应变的影响很小,而对于比例应力的影响则很大.之后,分析了二维的塑性平面应力问题的方程;这些方程考虑了大应变,但不包括体积力(body force).分析这些方程中的包括材料应力应变曲线项和载荷数项的结果,认为假若在边界上的主应力的比值和比例应变不变,则材料的应力应变曲线和载荷对于主应力比值和比例应变的分布的影响可能不大,而对于比例应力的影响则很大.这种边界条件在实际问题中的普通加减下,满足的可能想是很大的.薄圆环和旋转盘的边界条件及所得的结果和这分析的结果是完全一致的.从这些结果并可提出一个简单而相当准确的近似解,最后并将本文所得的结果和依留辛(Ильюшии)的理论——关于小应变下三维问题形变理论的应用条件——作了比较.     

主应力轴旋转对软土塑性变形影响分析

在姜洪伟所提出的软土各向异性弹塑性本构关系基础上，考虑类似于砂土的Ｒ－旋转试验条件，计算了软土由于主应力轴旋转所产生的塑性变形，对不同中主应力比情况下的变形规律进行分析，解释忽略主应力轴旋转影响将使设计偏于不安全的原因。     

Experimental analysis of rolling contact stresses in a viscoelastic strip

An experimental approach to two-dimensional, viscoelastic, steadily moving rolling contact is described. The photoviscoelastic technique is employed for the analysis of rolling contact stresses between a viscoelastic plate and a rigid rolling cylinder in which the principal axes of stress, strain and birefringence are not coincident with each other. Using an elliptically polarized white light, the distribution of isochromatic fringe order and the principal axes of birefringence at an instant are determined from a single photoviscoelastic image. The time variations of the differences of the principal stresses and strains, as well as their directions, are obtained by use of the optical constitutive equations of photoviscoelasticity. The experimental results involving the time variation of the stresses around the contact surface and their distributions are analyzed.