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1.
The idea of repulsion in random copolymers was applied to the miscibility modification between polystyrene (PS) and polyarylate (PAr) segments of PS–PAr block copolymer (PAr–PS–PAr). Acrylonitrile (AN), which has a large positive interaction parameter against styrene, was used as a miscibility modifier toward PAr segments. AN was introduced into the carboxyl terminated telechelic‐PS at AN wt % ranging from 12 to 37 wt %. Based on these telechelic acrylonitrile–styrene random copolymers (SANx's where x represents AN wt %), SANx and PAr block copolymers (PAr–SANx–PAr's) were synthesized. The miscibility of SANx and PAr segments was estimated from the results of DSC with Fox's equation and spin–spin relaxation time measured by pulsed NMR. These results evidenced that the miscibility between PS and PAr segments can be modified by introducing AN into PS segments. The estimated volume fraction of the interfacial layer between SANx and PAr segments was increased as x was increased toward 24 wt %, around which the predicted miscibility reaches a maximum. Above that AN wt %, it began to decrease. The flexural strength increased as the miscibility between SANx and PAr segments increased. In particular, when x was between 20 and 30 wt %, PAr–SANx–PAr exhibited three times larger flexural strength than PAr–PS–PAr. The fracture behavior changed from brittle to ductile, even though the telechelic SANx by themselves exhibited almost the same fracture strength as the telechelic PS. The results of dynamic mechanical measurements and the percolation model suggested that around these AN wt % the continuum matrices in PAr–SANx–PAr changed from SANx phase to a cocontinuous phase of SANx and PAr. From these results, PAr–SANx–PAr was explained to perform such a high flexural strength by this phase change in the continuum matrices. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 127–137, 2000  相似文献   

2.
Thirty‐three polystyrene (PS)/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and high impact PS/ABS polymer blends with organoclay and copolymer additives were prepared by melt processing using different mixing sequences in order to test the putative capability of clay to perform a compatibilizing role in polymer blends. In general, the addition of clay increased the tensile modulus and had little effect on tensile strength. For the blends studied in this work, the addition of organoclays caused a catastrophic reduction in impact strength, a critical property for commercial viability. The polymer‐blend nanocomposites adopted a structure similar to that for ABS/clay nanocomposites as determined by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that clay reinforcement inhibits energy absorption by craze formation and shear yielding at high strain rates. Simultaneous mixing of the three components provided nanocomposites with superior elongation and energy to failure compared to sequential mixing. The clay pre‐treated with a benzyl‐containing surfactant gave the best overall properties among the various organoclays tested and of the two clay contents studied 4 wt % was preferred over 8 wt % addition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011  相似文献   

3.
In this study, ethylene/styrene interpolymer (ESI) was used as compatibilizer for the blends of polystyrene (PS) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). The mechanical properties including impact, tensile properties, and morphology of the blends were investigated by means of uniaxial tension, instrumented falling‐weight impact measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. Impact measurements indicated that the impact strength of the blends increases slowly with LDPE content up to 40 wt %; thereafter, it increases sharply with increasing LDPE content. The impact energy of the LDPE‐rich blends exceeded that of pure LDPE, implying that the LDPE polymer can be further toughened by the incorporation of brittle PS minor phase in the presence of ESI. Tensile tests showed that the yield strength of the PS/LDPE/ESI blends decreases considerably with increasing LDPE content. However, the elongation at break of the blends tended to increase significantly with increasing LDPE content. The compatibilization efficiency of ESI and polystyrene‐hydrogenated butadiene‐polystyrene triblock copolymers (SEBS) for PS/LDPE 50/50 was further compared. Mechanical properties show that ESI is more effective to achieve a combination of LDPE toughness and PS rigidity than SEBS. The correlation between the impact property and morphology of the ESI‐compatibilized PS/LDPE blends is discussed. The excellent tensile ductility of the LDPE‐rich blends resulted from shield yielding of the matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2136–2146, 2007  相似文献   

4.
A novel bifunctional vinyl‐terminated polyurethane macromonomer was applied to the dispersion polymerization of styrene in ethanol. Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) microspheres were successfully obtained above 15 wt % of macromonomer relative to styrene. The steep slope from the reduction of the average particle size reveals that the macromonomer can efficiently stabilize higher surface area of the particles when compared with a conventional stabilizer, poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone). The stable and monodisperse PS microspheres having the weight‐average diameter of 1.2 μm and a good uniformity of 1.01 were obtained with 20 wt % polyurethane macromonomer. The grafting ratio of the PS calculated from 1H NMR spectra linearly increased up to 0.048 with 20 wt % of the macromonomer. In addition, the high molecular weights (501,300 g/mol) of PS with increased glass transition and enhanced thermal degradation temperature were obtained. Thus, these results suggest that the bifunctional vinyl‐terminated polyurethane macromonomer acts as a reactive stabilizer, which gives polyurethane‐grafted PS with a high molecular weight. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3566–3573, 2005  相似文献   

5.
在聚苯乙烯(PS)/聚烯烃弹性体(POE)/AlCl3共混物中引入苯乙烯(St)单体,增加了共混体系中的不饱和结构,AlCl3催化剂与St反应生成大量的初始碳正离子,这些初始碳正离子进攻POE链生成更多的大碳正离子,进而形成更多的PS-graft-POE共聚物,提高了接枝效率.进而,采用"两次挤出"技术,即先原位增容制成接枝母料,然后接枝母料再与PS和POE二次挤出,可以在一定程度上缓解组份的降解,使共混物的力学性能得到进一步的改善.  相似文献   

6.
Emulsion polymerization of styrene with a nonionic emulsifier (polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, E911) and potassium persulfate as initiator was carried out at different stirring rates (240–500 rpm) at 70 °C, which was started by the addition of initiator after stirring for 100 min at 70 °C. Resulting polystyrene (PS) particles at 240 rpm were 70-nm-sized, spherical particles and incorporated only 5 wt.% of total E911. On the other hand, particles at 500 rpm were 1-μm-sized, nonspherical particles, which were formed by coagulation of small particles, and incorporated above 70 wt.% of E911 in the inside. Before starting emulsion polymerization, E911 and styrene, respectively, transferred from an aqueous phase to a styrene phase and from the styrene phase to the aqueous phase (water and micelles) faster at 500 rpm than 240 rpm. At 240 rpm, there were a lot of almost empty micelles (ca. 5 nm) in the aqueous phase, on the other hand at 500 rpm, 70 wt.% of total E911 transferred to the styrene phase and the micelles were swollen with much monomer (ca. 40 nm) even if the number was smaller. Stirring prior to starting the emulsion polymerization greatly affected partitionings of monomer to the aqueous phase and the nonionic emulsifier to the styrene phase, resulting in the differences in the particle formation and the incorporation of the nonionic emulsifier inside PS particles.  相似文献   

7.
We investigate the compatibilizing performance of a random copolymer in the melt state, using transmission electron microscopy. Blends of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are chosen as a model system, and a random copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate (SMMA) with 70 wt % styrene is used as a compatibilizer. From TEM photographs it is clear that SMMA moves to the interface between PS and PMMA domains during melt mixing, and forms encapsulating layers. However, the characteristic size of the dispersed phase increases gradually with annealing time for all blend systems studied. This demonstrates that the encapsulating layer of SMMA does not provide stability against static coalescence, which calls into question the effectiveness of random copolymers as practical compatibilizers. We interpret the encapsulation by random copolymers in terms of a simple model for ternary polymer blends. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2835–2842, 1997  相似文献   

8.
A study of proton diffusion across membranes of block copolymer vesicles in dilute solution is described. The vesicles were formed by the self-assembly of a diblock copolymer of poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) (PS(310)-b-PAA(36), where the numbers represent the degree of polymerization for individual blocks). A pH gradient was created across the vesicle membrane with the interior pH (pH(in)) of ca. 2.9 and the exterior pH (pH(out)) of ca. 8.5. The permeability of the polystyrene (PS) membrane was tuned by the addition of different amounts of dioxane (0-40 wt %) to the external aqueous solution. Proton concentrations in the solution outside of the vesicles were followed by monitoring the spectrum of a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, namely 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate. After the start of the experiment, the proton concentrations increase linearly with the square root of time, while the slopes of the lines increase with dioxane content. To calculate the diffusion coefficients of the protons across the vesicular membrane, the concentration data were fitted using a model, which describes the diffusion of species across the membrane of a reservoir. The apparent diffusion coefficient (D*, which equals the true diffusion coefficient multiplied by the partition coefficient of protons between PS and water) increases from 1.1 x 10(-18) cm(2)/s at 7 wt % dioxane in the external solution to 1.2 x 10(-14) cm(2)/s at 40 wt %. The increase of D* with dioxane content is related to its plasticization of the PS membrane, which can be used as a gating mechanism.  相似文献   

9.
Bimodal networks consisting of very short and relatively long poiydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains were studied from 30 to ?52°C in an attempt to elucidate the anomalous increases in modulus [f*] exhibited by such elastomeric materials at high elongations. Temperature was found to have very little effect on (i) the elongation at which the upturn in [f*] becomes discernible, (ii) the elongation at which rupture occurs, and (iii) the total increase in [f*] up to the rupture point. The standard force-temperature (“thermoelastic”) plots were linear, but gave values of the energetic contribution to the total force which were significantly smaller than those universally obtained on unimodal, long-chain PDMS networks. Birefringence-temperature relations were also found to be linear, and yielded values of the optical-configuration parameter and its temperature coefficient which were in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding values reported for unimodal PDMS networks. These results indicate that even at very low temperatures the observed increases in modulus (and consequent improvements in ultimate strength) are due to non-Gaussian effects arising from limited chain extensibility, rather than from intermolecular reinforcing effects such as strain-induced crystallization.  相似文献   

10.
Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were used to improve hydrophilic property and permeability of polysulfone (PS) membrane. PS membrane and PS/PANI nanofibers blended membranes with different PANI–PS mass ratios (1, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) were prepared by phase inversion process. The blended membranes showed similar bovine serum albumin (BSA) and albumin egg (AE) rejections to PS membrane. The blended membranes had larger porosity and better hydrophilic property than PS membrane, which caused the improvement of their permeability. Pure water fluxes of the blended membranes with PANI–PS mass ratios of 1 and 15 wt.% were 1.6 and 2.4 times that of PS membrane, respectively. During the filtration of BSA solution, the blended membranes had slower flux decline rate than PS membrane. Moreover, stable permeate fluxes of the blended membranes with PANI–PS mass ratios of 1 and 15 wt.% were 2.0 and 2.5 times that of PS membrane, respectively. Compared with PS membrane, mechanical property and thermal stability of the blended membranes with less PANI–PS mass ratio, e.g. 1 wt.%, had no obvious change. For the blended membrane with PANI–PS mass ratio of 15 wt.%, breaking strength increased 28% and elongation at break decreased 30.6%.  相似文献   

11.
以无水AlCl3为催化剂,通过聚氯乙烯(PVC)与聚苯乙烯(PS)之间Friedel-Crafts反应,实现了PVC/PS共混体系的反应性增容,使PVC与PS熔融共混温度由160℃降为140℃;通过预碾磨和加入苯乙烯(St)的方法,提高材料韧性,制备了综合力学性能良好的PVC/PS合金材料.应用FTIR、DSC、SEM和力学性能测试等手段表征了合金材料的结构与性能.结果表明,FTIR出现了1943和838 cm-12个苯环对位被取代的特征吸收峰;DSC在89℃出现了玻璃化转变;SEM证明PVC/PS两相界面粘接性随AlCl3、St的加入越来越好.在PS、AlCl3和St的质量分数分别为6%,0.6%和9%时,实现了对PVC的增强增韧.合金拉伸强度达到60.54MPa,比PVC的49.35 MPa提高了22.7%;缺口冲击强度达到5.3 kJ/m2,比PVC的3.9 kJ/m2提高了35.9%.  相似文献   

12.
Sulfonated polystyrene (S–PS), which is of considerable scientific and technological interest, has been traditionally prepared by the sulfonation of preformed polystyrene. This report describes the preparation and properties of S–PS prepared by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate. S–PS prepared by copolymerization gave solubility, solution behavior and thermal characteristics that are consistent with an ionomeric structure. The solubility characteristics indicated some chain-to-chain sulfonate heterogeneity. Thermal analysis studies indicated that the glass transition does not increase with increasing sulfonate content. This is contrary to what has been observed for S–PS prepared by sulfonation and suggests that the S–PS prepared by copolymerization is fundamentally different in structure than S–PS prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene.  相似文献   

13.
The effect of the triblock copolymer poly[styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene] (SEBS) on the formation of the space charge of immiscible low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/polystyrene (PS) blends was investigated. Blends of 70/30 (wt %) LDPE/PS were prepared through melt blending in an internal mixer at a blend temperature of 220 °C. The amount of charge that accumulated in the 70% LDPE/30% PS blends decreased when the SEBS content increased up to 10 wt %. For compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends, no significant change in the degree of crystallinity of LDPE in the blends was observed, and so the effect of crystallization on the space charge distribution could be excluded. Morphological observations showed that the addition of SEBS resulted in a domain size reduction of the dispersed PS phase and better interfacial adhesion between the LDPE and PS phases. The location of SEBS at a domain interface enabled charges to migrate from one phase to the other via the domain interface and, therefore, resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of space charge for the LDPE/PS blends with SEBS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2813–2820, 2004  相似文献   

14.
The RITP-emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of molecular iodine has been successfully performed using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator and 1-hexadecanesulfonate as an emulsifier under argon atmosphere at 80°C for 7 hrs in the absence of light. The effects of the iodine concentration, molar ratio between KPS and iodine, and solid contents on the molecular weight of polystyrene (PS) were studied. As the iodine concentration increased from 0.05 to 0.504 mmol under the fixed [KPS]/[I(2)] ratio at 4.5, the weight-average molecular weight of PS substantially decreased from 126,120 to 35,690 g/mol, the conversion increased from 85.0% to 95.2%, and the weight-average particle diameter decreased from 159 to 103 nm. In addition, as the ratio of [KPS]/[I(2)] increased from 0.5 to 6.0 at the fixed [I(2)] of 0.504 mmol, the weight-average molecular weight of PS decreased from 72,170 to 30,640 g/mol with high conversion between 81.7% and 96.5%. Moreover, when the styrene solid content increased from 10 to 40 wt.% at the fixed [KPS]/[I(2)] ratio of 4.5, the weight-average molecular weight of PS varied between 33,500 and 37,200 g/mol, the conversion varied between 94.9% and 89.7% and the weight-average diameter varied from 122 to 205 nm. Thus, the control of molecular weight of PS less than 100,000g/mol with high conversion (95%) and particle stability of up to 40 wt.% solid content were easily achieved through the usage of iodine with suitable ratio of [KPS]/[I(2)] in the RITP-emulsion polymerization technique, which is of great industrial importance.  相似文献   

15.
The influence of inorganic filler TiO2 nanoparticles on the morphology and properties of polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes was investigated. PS/TiO2 composite membranes were prepared by a phase‐inversion method. TiO2 nanoparticles modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate were uniformly dispersed in an 18 wt % PS casting solution. The addition of TiO2 resulted in an increase in the pore density and porosity of the membrane skin layer. The pore size distribution changed from the log‐normal distribution to the bimodal distribution because of the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, and some large pores were observed when the concentration of the filler was over 3 wt %. The skin layer was gradually thickened; meanwhile, the morphology sublayer changed from macrovoids to spongelike pores, in comparison with PS membranes without the filler. The addition of TiO2 also induced increases in the hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. The ultrafiltration experiments showed when the concentration of TiO2 was less than 2 wt %, the permeability and rejection of the membrane was enhanced and then decreased drastically with a higher filler concentration (>3%). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 879–887, 2006  相似文献   

16.
The stability against the thermal annealing of a cocontinuous two‐phase morphology developed in polystyrene (PS)/low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) blends containing 80 wt % PS was investigated. Blends containing 1, 5, and 10 wt % of a tapered diblock poly(styrene‐block‐hydrogenated butadiene) (P(S‐b‐hB)) or triblock poly(styrene‐block‐hydrogenated butadiene‐block‐styrene) (P(S‐hB‐S)) copolymer were melt‐blended with roll‐mill mixing equipment. The efficiency of each of the two copolymers in stabilizing against coalescence the cocontinuous morphology was examined. The tensile properties of the resulting blends, annealed and nonannealed, were also examined in relation to the morphology induced by thermal annealing. The phase morphology was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. With computer‐aided image analysis, it was possible to obtain a measurable characteristic parameter to quantify the cocontinuous phase morphology. When it was necessary, the extraction of one phase with a selective solvent was performed. Although the observed differences were subtle, the tapered diblock exhibited a more efficient compatibilizing activity than the triblock copolymer, particularly at a low concentration of about 2 wt %. The superiority of the tapered diblock over the triblock might be due to its ability to quantitatively locate at the LDPE/PS interface and consequently form a more efficient barrier against the subsequent breakup of the elongated structures of the cocontinuous phase morphology. The tensile properties of the triblock‐modified blends were more sensitive to thermal annealing than the tapered‐modified ones. This deficiency was ascribed to the phase morphology coarsening of the dispersed polyethylene phase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 202–216, 2003  相似文献   

17.
Thermal polymerization of styrene sorbed into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) film from a toluene solution followed by sulfonation of the resulting material was performed. The kinetics of polystyrene (PS) accumulation in the PVdF film during thermal polymerization was studied. Samples with 6–30 wt % PS and ∼100% PS sulfonation were obtained. Proton-exchange membranes wsith an ion-exchange capacity of up to 2 mg-eq/g and proton conductivity of up to 0.008 S/cm at 75% relative humidity were prepared. The permeability coefficients of water, methanol, and hydrogen and their dependences on the amount of introduced PS, ion-exchange capacity, and water uptake of membranes were measured. The synthesized materials proved similar to MF-4SK membranes in their basic transport characteristics and can be used as proton-exchange membranes in hydrogen-air and alcohol fuel cells.  相似文献   

18.
Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles possessing uniform properties are attractive for various chromatographic applications. However, their preparation by dispersion polymerization is rather complicated. Our aim was to prepare monodisperse PS microspheres by dispersion polymerization of styrene with controlled addition of 1 wt % of divinyl benzene. The reaction occurs in a mixture of ethanol with 2-methoxyethanol or 2-ethoxyethanol and is stabilized and initiated by hydroxypropyl cellulose and dibenzoyl peroxide, respectively. The effects of the medium polarity based on changing of the solvent mixture ratio and several modes of divinyl benzene addition, including simple one-shot and continuous divinyl benzene post-addition, on the particle size and morphology are investigated. Slow continuous dosing of 1 wt % of divinyl benzene one hour after the start of the styrene polymerization produce monodisperse spherical PS particles 5.4 μm in size. Such microspheres might be suitable as precursor for a solid adsorbent for harmful and carcinogenic organic vapors.  相似文献   

19.
The compatibilizing effect of di‐, tri‐, penta‐, and heptablock (two types) copolymers with styrene and butadiene blocks was studied in polystyrene/polypropylene (PS/PP) 4/1 blends. The structure of PS/PP blends with the addition of 5 or 10 wt % of a block copolymer (BC) was determined on several scale levels by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). The results of the structure analysis were correlated with measured stress‐transfer properties: elongation at break, impact, and tensile strength. Despite the fact that the molar mass of the PS blocks in all the BCs used was about 10,000, that is, below the critical value M* (~18,000) necessary for the formation of entanglements of PS chains, all the BCs used were found to be good compatibilizers. According to TEM, a certain amount of a BC is localized at the interface in all the analyzed samples, and this results in a finer dispersion of the PP particles in the PS matrix, the effect being more pronounced with S‐B‐S triblock and S‐B‐S‐B‐S pentablock copolymers. The addition of these two BCs to the PS/PP blend also has the most pronounced effect on the improvement of mechanical properties of these blends. Hence, these two BCs can be assumed to be better compatibilizers for the PS/PP (4/1) blend than the S‐B diblock as well as both S‐B‐S‐B‐S‐B‐S and B‐S‐B‐S‐B‐S‐B heptablock copolymers. In both types of PS/PP/BC blends (5 or 10 wt % BC), the BC added was distributed between both the PS/PP interface and the PS phase, and, according to SAXS, it maintained a more or less ordered supermolecular structure of neat BCs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 931–942, 2001  相似文献   

20.
Processing, electrical, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding behaviors of carbon nanotube (CNT)/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) nanocomposites were studied as function of CNT concentration. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression molding. The selective and good level of dispersion of CNT in the styrene–acrylonitrile section of the ABS polymer was found to create conductive networks in the ABS matrix at a nanofiller loading of 0.75 wt %. At this nanofiller loading, the nanocomposite electrical conductivity was 10?5 S/m. This conductivity makes the nanocomposite suitable for electrostatic discharge protection applications. The EMI shielding effectiveness of the nanocomposites increased with the increase in nanofiller concentration. In the 100–1500 MHz frequency range, 1.1 mm thick plates made of ABS nanocomposite filled with 5 wt % CNT exhibit an EMI shielding effectiveness of 24 dB. At this shielding level, the nanocomposite is suitable for a broad range of applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012  相似文献   

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