Engineering implementation of a hybrid optical correlator using SLMs

Optical correlators have been widely used for such applications as automatic target identification, invariant pattern recognition and machine vision. In hybrid optical correlators, Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are used to dynamically update the input and the filter. However, implementation is difficult because of the interference of “ghost” images; rigorous requirements for filter registration, accurate and effective filter sizing and complex valued filtering functions. This paper proposes some practical approaches to handle these issues and provides engineering details of how to build a hybrid optical correlator, where a SLM serves as an updateable intensity filter for real-time pattern recognition.     

Contrast-improved joint transform correlator using spatial light modulators

When real time optical pattern recognition is carried out by means of spatial light modulators, a practical situation may arise in which the size of the Fourier transform and the intensity of the light source are fixed. Then, provided the input scene and the size of the spatial light modulator allow it, an interesting possibility for improving the overall intensity in the Fourier plane is the replication of the scene, either along a regular lattice structure or a random replication. In this work we analyse the usefulness of these methods, both to obtain diffraction images or cross-correlation between images in a joint transform correlator.     

Performance of an image-encrypted joint transform correlator for pattern recognition

An image-encrypted joint transform correlator for pattern recognition is proposed and evaluated. The correlator performs twofold correlation for recognizing the primary image and cipher, and the encrypting cipher acts to enhance or inhibit the correlation peak if the cipher is correctly input. By incorporating the original image with an appropriate cipher, the correlator achieves better pattern discrimination and is robust against distortion. Simulation results show that the pixel number and the cell size of cipher affect the characteristics of the correlator.     

菲涅尔全息滤波光强相关识别的理论与实验依据

本文对用菲涅尔全息滤波器进行无透镜光强相关识别的问题重新进行了论证,结果再次证明菲涅尔全息滤波器完全可以用作相关识别。     

Improved approach for target detection and recognition on optoelectronic hybrid joint transform correlator

A conventional joint transform correlator (JTC) often generates large correlation sidelobes as well as a large correlation peak width, strong zero-order peak, and low diffraction efficiency in target detection and recognition, which make the detection ability of JTC lower. To conquer these difficulties, firstly, a joint power spectrum (JPS) subtraction technique was proposed in Fourier plane, where power spectrum of reference image and power spectrum of object image are subtracted from the JPS before inverse Fourier-transform operation, it is evident that the improved JPS removes the zero-order term. Secondly, a fringe-adjusted filter (FAF) was presented to restrain sidelobes and noises. The revised JPS is multiplied by a FAF before the inverse Fourier-transform operation to obtain the cross-correlation peak. Computer simulations showed the improved method can markedly eliminate zero-order diffraction and effectively control the sidelobes and noises compared to traditional JTC, and then enhance the detection ability for JTC. Experimental results presented the sharp correlation peak and also demonstrated this approach effectiveness.     

改进的对数联合变换相关器在噪声条件下的模式识别

对联合变换相关器的功率谱进行对数变换可强化其高频分量,锐化相关峰,但同时也会增强其噪声成分,影响抗噪性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种改进的对数联合变换相关器模型。通过改变对数函数形式来提高对数联合变换相关器的抗噪能力。计算机仿真结果表明,在附加高斯白噪声、非重叠低频和高频有色噪声的条件下,改进的对数联合变换相关器的抗噪能力均优于传统的对数联合变换相关器。     

基于输入面形态学处理的联合变换相关器研究

为增强联合变换相关器输入面图像去噪和边缘检测的可调节性,改善相关器的识别效果,将形态学算法引入输入面图像去噪和边缘检测,提出利用形态学边缘检测的宽度可调节性来改善联合变换相关器的识别效果。计算机模拟表明,改进后的算法是有效的。     

Binary phase only filters for rotation and scale invariant pattern recognition with the joint transform correlator

The joint transform correlator (JTC) is one of the two main optical image processing architecture which provides a highly effective way of comparing images in a wide range of applications. Traditionally, an optical correlator is used to compare an unknown input scene with a pre-captured reference image library, to detect if the reference occurs within the input. Strength of the correlation signal decreases rapidly as the input object rotates or varies in scale relative to the reference object. The aim of this paper is to overcome the intolerance of the JTC to rotation and scale changes in the target image. Many JTC systems are constructed with the use of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) spatial light modulators (SLMs) as they provide fast two-dimensional binary modulation of coherent light. Due to the binary nature of the FLC SLMs used in the JTC systems, any image addressed to the device need to have some form of thresholding. Carefully thresholding the grey scale input plane and the joint power spectrum (JPS) has significant effect on the quality of correlation peaks and zero order (DC) noise. A new thresholding technique to binarise the JPS has been developed and implemented optically. This algorithm selectively enhances the desirable fringes in the JPS which provide correlation peaks of higher intensity. Zero order noise is further reduced when compared to existing thresholding techniques.Keeping in mind the architecture of the JTC and limitations of FLC SLMs, a new technique to design rotation and scale invariant binary phase only filters for the JTC architecture is presented. Filers design with this technique have limited dynamic range, higher discriminability among target and non-target objects, and convenience for implementation on FLC SLMs. Simulation and experiments shows excellent results of various rotation and scale invariant filters designed with this technique. A rotation invariant filter is needed for various machine vision applications of the JTC. By fixing the distance between camera and input object, the scale sensitivity of the correlator can be avoided. In contrast to the industrial machine vision applications, scale factor is very important factor for the applications of the JTC systems in defence and security. A security system using a scale invariant JTC will be able to detect a target object well in advance and will provide more time to take a decision.     

多目标识别的联合变换相关器的研究

提出了一种可用于多目标识别的联合变换相关器。为改善相关信号的性能,对功率谱作了优化处理。为消除相关面上的零级项和目标间的相关项,可用联合功率谱减去纯目标输入的功率谱和参考图像的功率谱;为增强和锐化相关峰,将相减的功率谱作指数函数滤波处理。分析了指数滤波参数对相关结果的影响。计算机模拟结果表明,这种相关器所输出的相关信号比经典联合变换相关器和二元联合变换相关器输出的相关信号更好,互相关得到了抑制,自相关得到了增强,具有很好的抗噪能力。     

分数相关畸变不变模式识别特性研究

本文从理论上分析了分数相关器的分数级次对相关输出面能量分布的影响,利用数值模拟方法,对基于匹配滤波结构的分数相关器畸变不变模式识别特性进行了深入的讨论,并与传统相关器进行了比较.结果表明在畸变不变模式识别中,分数相关器比传统相关器有着更强的畸变不变相关识别能力.     

Compressive optical image watermarking using joint Fresnel transform correlator architecture

A new optical image watermarking technique based on compressive sensing using joint Fresnel transform correlator architecture has been presented. A secret scene or image is first embedded into a host image to perform optical image watermarking by use of joint Fresnel transform correlator architecture. Then, the watermarked image is compressed to much smaller signal data using single-pixel compressive holographic imaging in optical domain. At the received terminal, the watermarked image is reconstructed well via compressive sensing theory and a specified holographic reconstruction algorithm. The preliminary numerical simulations show that it is effective and suitable for optical image security transmission in the coming absolutely optical network for the reason of the completely optical implementation and largely decreased holograms data volume.     

Improved target detection and recognition in complicated background with joint transform correlator

We present an effective method to enhance target detection and recognition by Canny algorithm, which can obtain the continuous and distinct image edges, also suppress back-ground noise effectively, for this reason, correlation output processed by our proposed method provides higher discrimination than the classical JTC. Computer simulations demonstrate the improved method can obviously suppress noise and sidelobes, also enhance the performance of detection and recognition for JTC. An optoelectronic hybrid JTC is constructed to verify the efficiency. Experimental results present the sharp correlation peak and also confirm the method effectiveness.     

光学相关器在自动目标识别中的应用

为使光学相关器更好地应用于自动目标识别领域,保证在较高识别速度下,具备良好的识别效果,介绍了应用于自动目标识别领域的联合变换相关器和匹配滤波相关器.针对匹配滤波相关器实现过程中的两项关键技术,在滤波器编码技术上提出了构造等相关峰综合鉴别函数以解决畸变不变识别问题.在相关峰识别技术上,针对阈值法存在的不足,提出利用BP神经网络对相关平面相关峰进行识别,采用划分感兴趣区域的方法减少了输入层神经元数目,简化了神经网络结构.借助搭建的光学相关器系统验证了该方法可对相关信号和噪声进行有效分类,提高了光学相关器的识别效果.     

CRT－LCLV and photorefractive crystl BSO based real－time joint transform correlator

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Multichannel image addition and subtraction using joint-transform correlator architecture

A simple technique for multichannel image addition and subtraction has been proposed using a basic joint-transform correlator architecture. Computer simulation and experimental results are provided. The geometry can also be modified to measure small relative displacement between objects, and to implement Hartley transform.     

Implementation of an algorithm for detecting patterns in defocused scenes using binary joint transform correlation

An original method to detect images in defocused scenes by means of a binary joint transform correlation is presented. Defocused images are described in frequency domain as the product between the Fourier transform of the in-focus scene by the optical transfer function of the imaging lens. This function, which presents positive and negative values, introduces sign errors in the joint power spectrum. The goal of this study is to detect the sign of the optical transfer function starting from the defocused image by means of a digital algorithm. Information provided by the algorithm allows to compensate the sign errors in the binary joint power spectrum and to obtain invariant correlations with respect to defocusing. Theoretical analysis and digital experiments to test the procedure are provided.     

Performances of an all-optical subtracted joint transform correlator that uses a photorefractive crystal

An all-optical subtracted joint transform correlator (JTC) was proposed and it was experimentally shown that the correlator successfully performs the pattern recognition with the number of reference patterns. In the correlator, an optical interferometer was introduced to remove the additional correlation signals between the reference patterns themselves from the output plane and a photorefractive crystal was also introduced to record the joint power spectra as volume holograms. The processing for removing the additional correlation signals was performed by the parallel computations in the interferometer in real time. In this study it has been found that the correlator yields significantly better correlation results than the classical joint transform correlator does and the recording of the volume hologram corresponds to a nonlinear processing of the joint power spectrum in the fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator. However the volume hologram has angular selectivity for matching the Bragg condition. It would restrict the shift-invariant area of the input image plane. This restriction has been investigated experimentally.     

Advanced driver assistance system: Road sign identification using VIAPIX system and a correlation technique

We present a three-step approach based on the commercial VIAPIX® module for road traffic sign recognition and identification. Firstly, detection in a scene of all objects having characteristics of traffic signs is performed. This is followed by a first-level recognition based on correlation which consists in making a comparison between each detected object with a set of reference images of a database. Finally, a second level of identification allows us to confirm or correct the previous identification. In this study, we perform a correlation-based analysis by combining and adapting the Vander Lugt correlator with the nonlinear joint transformation correlator (JTC). Of particular significance, this approach permits to make a reliable decision on road traffic sign identification. We further discuss a robust scheme allowing us to track a detected road traffic sign in a video sequence for the purpose of increasing the decision performance of our system. This approach can have broad practical applications in the maintenance and rehabilitation of transportation infrastructure, or for drive assistance.     

虹膜身份识别技术

介绍了现在最有发展前景的生物特征识别技术——虹膜身份识别技术。在整体介绍了其技术的基础上,详细介绍了当今具有代表性的虹膜识别算法,最后针对虹膜识别技术存在的主要问题分析了虹膜识别的发展方向：精度高、速度快、鲁棒性好的定位算法,高效的特征提取方法,机器学习的分类方法,虹膜图像的质量评价,不完整、不合作情况下的虹膜识别以及活体虹膜检测。     

Analysis of reflectance and modulation spectroscopic lineshapes in optoelectronic device structures

We discuss the spectral lineshapes of reflectance and modulated reflectance (MR) measurements on optoelectronic device structures such as epi-layers, quantum wells (QWs), vertical-cavity surface emitting-lasers (VCSELs) and resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs). We consider the various methods for the extraction of built-in electric fields and band-gap energies from Franz-Keldysh oscillations (FKO), using the example of a tensilely strained InGaAs QW system, whose InGaAsP barriers yield strong FKO. We describe how critical point transition energies can be easily obtained by eye from Kramers-Kronig (KK) transforms of low field or QW modulation spectra, using the example of the modulated transmittance spectra of dilute-nitrogen InGaAsN p-i-n structures. We also discuss how the ordinary reflectivity spectrum, usually acquired at the same time as the MR signal, may also be exploited to extract layer thicknesses and compositions, and information about the active QW absorption spectrum in VCSEL and RCLED structures.