NHPI, CoSPc和TBAB催化的乙苯液-液非均相绿色氧化反应研究

以水为催化剂溶剂与原料乙苯组成液-液非均相体系,以NHPI结合CoSPc组成催化体系,在TBAB为相转移催化剂的作用下,对乙苯的氧化反应条件进行了研究.研究发现乙苯在该催化体系中的最佳氧化条件依次是:水油体积比为3∶1;n(TBAB)∶n(乙苯)=1∶40;n(NHPI)∶n(乙苯)=1∶10,n(NHPI)∶n(CoSPc)=24∶1,反应温度110℃,氧气压力0.75 MPa,搅拌速率350 rpm,反应时间0.5 h.在最佳反应条件下乙苯转化率为60.6%,苯乙酮的选择性为95.2%,1-苯乙醇的选择性为4.5%,产物总选择性达到了99.7%.在此基础上延长反应时间并不能提高乙苯的转化率,苯乙酮的选择性也会下降,研究发现NHPI的分解是乙苯转化率不随反应时间的延长而提高的原因,而苯乙酮的过度氧化为苯甲酸是产物选择性下降的原因.     

N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺及其类似物催化下的分子氧氧化反应

本文综述了近年来N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺（NHPI）及其类似物催化下分子氧氧化的各种反应,并对它们的催化机理作了简要介绍。NHPI与过渡金属离子组成的催化体系能高效的催化乙烷氧化为乙酸、环烷烃氧化为二元羧酸、甲苯氧化为苯甲酸、烯烃氧化为环氧化物、炔烃氧化为炔酮、酰胺氧化为酰亚胺;NHPI单独使用能催化金刚烷发生氧化羰基化反应、催化氧化醇制取过氧化氢;NHPI与有机助催化剂如：偶氮二异丁腈、溴化季铵盐、蒽醌、醇等也能催化分子氧氧化反应。     

N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺与8-羟基喹啉氧钒(Ⅳ)配合物协同催化分子氧氧化乙苯

研究了钒化合物对N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)催化分子氧氧化乙苯反应中的调变效应.结果表明,由8-羟基喹啉及其衍生物与乙酰丙酮氧钒(Ⅳ)配位制得的8-羟基喹啉氧钒(Ⅳ)配合物的催化活性比乙酰丙酮氧钒(Ⅳ),NH4VO3和V2O5的高.在优化的反应条件下,乙苯转化率和苯乙酮选择性可分别达60％～69％和97％.基于液...     

钌配合物Ru（PA）2Cl对C—H键的选择氧化研究

合成了一种新的钌配合物Ｒｕ（ＰＡ）２Ｃｌ,以叔丁基氢化过氧化物为氧源,考察了它对甲苯,乙苯和环己烷的催化氧化反应。发现它对环己烷和乙苯有良好的催化活性。在适当的反应条件下,催化环己烷氧化成环己醇和环己酮,基于产物的催化转化数达１０２１。     

绿色氧化合成苯乙酮的研究

研究了以氧气为氧化剂、液相氧化乙苯合成苯乙酮反应的各种影响因素,在优化的反应条件(冰乙酸20mL、乙苯5mL、醋酸钴用量为乙苯的4.2%(物质的量)、Br/Co=2.5(物质的量)、氧气流速为100mL/min、常压、温度80℃和反应时间4h)下,乙苯转化率达到99.94%,苯乙酮收率达到98.49%.     

聚合物微球固载的N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺在分子氧氧化甲苯过程中的催化性能

以交联聚苯乙烯(CPS)微球为基质,经过几步大分子反应在微球表面合成与固载了N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI),形成固载有NHPI的聚合物微球CPS-NHPI。本文主要将CPS-NHPI与过渡金属盐组成共催化体系,用于分子氧氧化甲苯的反应,考察了该非均相催化剂的催化特性与催化氧化机理。结果表明,几种过渡金属盐中,Co(OAc)2的助催化效果最好;微球CPS-NHPI与Co(OAc)2所构成的共催化体系,在温和条件(80℃和常压氧气)下可有效地将甲苯深度氧化为苯甲酸,显现出高的催化活性(甲苯转化率达到57%)与优良的选择性(苯甲酸的选择性达到84%)。催化氧化反应遵循自由基链式反应机理。主催化剂CPS-NHPI固载的NHPI与助催化剂Co(OAc)2适宜的摩尔比为14∶1,主催化剂所含NHPI为底物的12(mol)%时,催化剂用量较为合适。固体催化剂CPS-NHPI具有良好的再循环使用性能。     

固载化N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺在分子氧氧化二苯甲醇为二苯甲酮反应过程中的催化特性

采用简捷高效的方法在交联聚苯乙烯(CPS)微球表面同步合成与固载了N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI),制备了非均相催化剂CPS-NHPI微球,我们将其用于分子氧对二苯甲醇的氧化过程,探索研究了其催化性能与催化氧化机理,并考察了主要因素对其催化性能的影响.研究结果表明,将固体催化剂微球CPS-NHPI与过渡金属盐组合形成复合催化剂,可有效地催化分子氧对二苯甲醇的氧化过程.在几种过渡金属盐中,助催化效果的顺序是VO(acac)2Co(OAc)2Co Cl2Mn(OAc)2.显然,乙酰丙酮氧钒盐的助催化效果最好.共催化体系CPS-NHPI+VO(acac)2可在温和条件(75℃、常压的氧气)下高效地将二苯甲醇催化氧化转变为二苯甲酮(二苯甲醇转化率为35.8%,且二苯甲酮是唯一产物),显示出良好的催化活性与优良的催化选择性,催化氧化反应遵循自由基链式反应的机理.体积比为7∶3的乙腈与乙酸乙酯的混合液为适宜的反应溶剂;VO(acac)2与固载NHPI的摩尔比为1∶15时,助催化剂的投加量较为适宜.固体催化剂CPS-NHPI还具有良好的再循环使用性能.     

离子液体中芳烃侧链分子氧催化氧化反应研究

分别以离子液体[Hex-mim]BF4, [Bmim]BF4, [Bmim]PF6和[Omim]BF4为溶剂, Co(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅱ)或Ni(Ⅱ)/NHPI(AIBN)为复合催化剂, 考察了不同离子液体-催化剂体系中常压分子氧氧化芳烃侧链烷基的反应. 在[Hex-mim]BF4中, Co(Ⅱ)或Mn(Ⅱ)/NHPI可有效地催化芳烃侧链烷基的分子氧氧化. 在优化条件下, 乙苯、正丙苯和正丁苯分别以高达90%, 94%和93%的收率得到相应的芳香酮; 甲苯和对位取代甲苯以32%~47%的收率被氧化为相应的芳香酸. 离子液体及金属催化剂体系在减压下除水后, 可循环使用.     

N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺和二氧化锰高效催化对硝基甲苯氧化

采用N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)和二氧化锰(MnO2)作为催化剂催化对硝基甲苯的氧化反应以制备对硝基苯甲酸;对反应条件进行了优化.结果表明,采用10%(与原料的摩尔比)NHPI和10%(与原料的摩尔比)MnO2作为催化剂,在110℃、氧气压力0.4 MPa下反应4 h,对硝基甲苯的转化率为97%,对硝基苯甲酸的分...     

在CPS微球表面实现N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的同步合成与固载及固体催化剂催化氧化性能初探

通过分子设计的构思,仅通过两步大分子反应,便实现了N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)在交联聚苯乙烯(CPS)微球表面的同步合成与固载,并制得了非均相催化剂微球CPS-NHPI。以氯化偏苯三酸酐(TMAC)为试剂、Lewis酸为催化剂,通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应,先将邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)基团键合在CPS微球表面,得到改性微球CPS-PA;再与盐酸羟胺进行酰亚胺反应,制备出固载有NHPI基团的非均相催化剂微球CPS-NHPI。重点研究了CPS微球表面发生Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应的影响因素。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对微球CPS-NHPI进行表征,将微球CPS-NHPI分别用于分子氧氧化乙苯及环己烷两种烃类物质的氧化过程,初步考察了该微球的催化活性。研究结果表明,对于微球CPS与TMAC之间的FriedelCrafts酰基化反应,适宜的溶剂为氯仿与N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)混合溶剂(氯仿与DMAC的体积比为7∶3),适宜的Lewis酸催化剂为SnCl4。初步探索实验表明,催化剂微球CPS-NHPI与Co(OAc)2所构成的共催化体系,在分子氧氧化乙苯及环己烷的催化氧化过程中,都表现出了良好的催化活性,温和条件下,反应35h时乙苯氧化为苯乙酮的转化率可达37%,反应30h时环己烷氧化为环己酮的转化率可达21%。     

IBX/n-Bu4NBr/CH2Cl2-H2O: a new mild system for selective oxidation of secondary alcohols

A new alternative system for the chemoselective oxidation of secondary hydroxyl group to ketone with IBX/n-Bu₄NBr in CH₂Cl₂-H₂O has been developed. Under the reaction conditions, the secondary hydroxyl group was highly chemoselectively oxidized to the corresponding ketone, in moderate to good yields at rt, in the presence of primary hydroxyl group within the same molecule.     

A metal-free approach to access ketones,amides, and nitriles employing TBAI/TBHP oxidative system in water

Hydrocarbons, benzylamines, and heteroaromatic-bearing amines have been efficiently employed as substrates in allylic and benzylic oxidations via C(sp3)–H bond activation by TBAI/TBHP in water. This operationally simple method allows access to ketones, nitriles, and amides in moderate to high yields and a regio- and chemoselective late-stage functionalization.     

甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究进展概述

目前,天然气转化为高附加值化工产品的应用越来越受到人们关注.甲烷作为天然气的主要成分,其转化和应用是天然气化工领域的重要研究方向.而甲烷直接氧化制甲醇长久以来一直是研究重点.甲烷直接氧化制甲醇与传统的甲烷二步法间接转化相比,有节能和工艺简化的突出特点.然而,甲醇直接氧化制甲醇过程所面临的主要问题有：(1)甲烷分子的活化能很高,需要苛刻的操作条件才能活化参与反应;(2)反应进行的程度难以控制,生成的甲醇会进一步被氧化生成较多副产物,大大降低甲醇收率.因此,高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化是促进该过程工业化的重要研究内容.本文主要论述了非均相、气相均相和液相体系中甲烷直接氧化制甲醇的研究进展.在甲烷非均相氧化过程中,采用过渡金属氧化物作为催化剂在高温条件下催化甲烷部分氧化反应,其中,钼系和铁系催化剂的研究最为广泛.研究表明, MoO3可作为催化剂的主要活性组分,尤以 MoO3/Ga2O3催化剂性能最好,得到甲醇收率最高.在铁系催化剂中, Fe-ZSM-5 催化反应的甲醇选择性和收率都相对较高;但是每次反应后催化剂都需要重新活化,这种间歇性操作会增加成本,不利于工业化应用.总之,甲烷的非均相氧化过程存在易形成金属聚集体、催化剂选择性低以及甲醇收率低(5%)等问题,需要深入系统地研究解决.然而,与非均相氧化过程相比,操作较为简单的甲烷气相均相氧化作为目前最有工业前景的过程受到越来越多关注.在此过程中,影响反应的主要因素有反应器、反应条件(反应压力、反应温度和反应时间等)以及添加的介质等.反应器的特殊设计需要考虑的方面有反应产物的分离与转移、反应热的移除以有效提高甲烷的转化率,比如膜反应器对物质的分离作用.反应压力对反应过程的影响较为复杂.基于动力学因素,提高反应压力可以较大幅度地增加甲醇收率,同时最佳反应温度降低,但是,当压力高于8.0 MPa时,设备成本消耗大幅增加.另外,研究表明,进料中加入 NOx作为添加介质可以提高甲烷转化率和甲醇选择性,同时降低初始反应温度.与前两个氧化体系相比,液相均匀氧化过程能够获得较高的甲烷转化率与甲醇选择性.但是液相体系中强腐蚀性介质的使用增加了设备成本,阻碍了该过程工业化的应用进程.因此,促进液相体系工业化的关键就是开发绿色高效的催化剂.     

Synthesis and analysis of aminochromes by HPLC-photodiode array. Adrenochrome evaluation in rat blood

The catecholamine oxidation process induces cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Catecholamines can oxidize to aminochromes through autoxidation or by enzymatic or non-enzymatic catalysis. Although some toxic effects seem to be related to the formation of aminochromes there is still scarce information concerning the identification and evaluation of these compounds in in vivo models. In this study five catecholamines were oxidized to their respective aminochromes: adrenaline/adrenochrome; noradrenaline/noradrenochrome; dopa/dopachrome; dopamine/dopaminochrome; and isoproterenol/isoprenochrome. The evaluation of the catecholamines oxidation profile was performed by HPLC with photodiode array detection and using either enzymatic (tyrosinase) or non-enzymatic [Ag(2)O, CuSO(4), NaIO(4) and K(3)Fe(CN)(6)] catalytic systems. The NaIO(4) was found to be the most efficient oxidant of catecholamines. An isocratic reverse-phase HPLC method was developed to analyse each pair of catecholamine-aminochrome. The analytical system was then applied to the detection of adrenochrome in rat blood at 490 nm. Thus, adrenochrome was administered i.p. to rats and its concentration in whole blood was monitored after 5, 15 and 25 min. Blood treatment for adrenochrome evaluation consists of an acidification for protein precipitation followed by a rapid neutralization. The results showed a rapid decrease of adrenochrome concentration in blood after its administration. The adrenochrome present in blood was characterized by UV and tandem mass spectrometry.     

Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Sn-palygorskite

Palygorskite-supported Sn complexes were prepared by a simple procedure. Cyclic ketones and acyclic ketones were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in a reaction catalyzed by palygorskite-supported Sn complexes, affording corresponding lactones or esters with selectivity for the product of 90-100%. The catalysts can be recycled for several times without significant decline in catalytic activity.     

Ni催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应性能与碳物种的关系

In the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas, carbon deposition on the catalyst causing catalyst deactivation or reactor plugging was reported[1～3]. Our previous work showed that methane dissociation on metallic sites to H2 and NixC is an initial step of POM over Ni/Al2O3[4]. If NixC can not be consumed immediately after its formation, it has a tendency to dissolve into the nickel crystal to form carbon whiskers. The bulk carbon and carbon whiskers are more difficult to be oxidized than NixC. Therefore, prohibiting the transformation of NixC to bulk carbon and carbon whiskers can depress the formation of carbon deposition effectively.     

Pulse radiolysis study of one-electron oxidation of thionine in aqueous solutions

One-electron oxidation of thionine has been studied using specific oxidizing radicals such as Cl⁻Tl(II) and N₃ generated by pulse radiolysis of aqueous solutions. The semioxidized thionine exhibited threepK’s indicating four conjugate acid-base forms. N₃ radicals were found to be less efficient in oxidizing thionine as compared to Cl ₂ ⁻ , Tl²⁺ and Tl(OH)⁺. The rate constants for electron abstraction from thionine by Cl ₂ ⁻ , Tl²⁺, Tl(OH)⁺, Tl(OH)₂ and N₃ were evaluated. The spectra of different protonated forms of semioxidized thionine and the extinction coefficients at λ_max are presented. Reaction of OH radicals with thionine gave transient products whose spectra and acid-base properties were different from those of semioxidized thionine. The rate constant for formation of the product transient agrees well with competition kinetic value for reaction of OH with thionine reported earlier.     

Lysozyme oxidation by singlet molecular oxygen: Peptide characterization using [18O]‐labeling oxygen and nLC‐MS/MS

Singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂) is generated in biological systems and reacts with different biomolecules. Proteins are a major target for ¹O₂, and His, Tyr, Met, Cys, and Trp are oxidized at physiological pH. In the present study, the modification of lysozyme protein by ¹O₂ was investigated using mass spectrometry approaches. The experimental findings showed methionine, histidine, and tryptophan oxidation. The experiments were achieved using [¹⁸O]‐labeled ¹O₂ released from thermolabile endoperoxides in association with nano‐scale liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The structural characterization by nLC‐MS/MS of the amino acids in the tryptic peptides of the proteins showed addition of [¹⁸O]‐labeling atoms in different amino acids.     

Transition metal-free and substrate-selective oxidation of alcohols using water as an only solvent in the presence of β-cyclodextrin

A facile, substrate-selective and transition metal-free oxidation of benzylic and allylic alcohols catalyzed by β-cyclodextrin with NaOCl oxidant using water as an only solvent was developed.