A program for the interactive analysis of positron lifetime spectra on personal computers with the aid of screen graphics

A personal computer program has been developed for use in the interactive analysis of positron lifetime spectra with the aid of a graphic display. The multi-exponential function model is used to fit a spectrum by the linear least-squares method. The spectrum displayed on the screen is altered simultaneously as the lifetime components are stripped one by one from the longest-lived to the shortest. The merit of this code is that it provides the user with a visual feedback at any stage of the analysis. Moreover, the obtained model parameters of the spectrum can be used as initial estimates for the POSITRONFIT program used for final analysis.     

基于改进非线性拟合的核磁共振T2谱多指数反演

核磁共振T₂谱多指数反演算法是开展复杂体系样品核磁共振(NMR)弛豫研究最重要的数学工具. 常用的T₂谱多指数反演算法一般都是事先给出弛豫时间T₂分布的布点, 然后转化为线性拟合问题进行求解. 在求解的T₂谱较为分散的时候, 反演得到的T₂谱精确度不高, 分辨率较低. 非线性拟合是解决这个问题的有效办法. 本文针对分散T₂谱反演利用非线性拟合时遇到的初值依赖及运算复杂问题, 利用线性回归最小二乘方法, 改进了其中的带非负约束非线性优化模型, 将搜索的反演参数从T₂, f 减少为T₂, 加快了收敛速度, 减少了对初值的依赖, 提高了反演精度, 使算法更加稳健. 通过用改进的Levenberg-Marquardt算法和差分进化算法进行计算机模拟反演及实验数据反演, 验证了改进方法在核磁共振T₂ 谱反演中的有效性.     

Modal prediction for closed-loop adaptive optics

The correction efficiency of adaptive optics is limited mainly by measurement noise and time delay. To overcome this problem, we describe a new modal linear predictive controller whose parameters are optimized by means of a recursive least-squares algorithm to minimize the residual optical phase variance. The method copes with the recursivity of the closed-loop operation. We demonstrate that the optimal rejection transfer function for adaptive optics is proportional to the frequency signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we present what we believe to be the first experimental results obtained with a predictor used to control the tip-tilt mirror of an adaptive-optics system.     

The choice of optimal parameters for measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times. III. Mathematical preliminaries for nonideal pulses

An earlier analysis for the optimization of T₁ measurements is extended to allow for an initially unknown effective flip angle. In contrast to other studies which rely on simulation, this and the following paper deal with a case in which the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently great so that a linear least-squares analysis is possible. In practice this is a minor restriction. The equations that allow for optimization are derived and discussed. The least-squares analysis not only allows an a priori optimization of T₁ measurements but also provides an a posteriori confidence interval for the T₁ estimate. Detailed results that follow from the formalism of this paper are presented and discussed in a companion paper.     

Anomalous NMR relaxation in cartilage matrix components and native cartilage: fractional-order models

We present a fractional-order extension of the Bloch equations to describe anomalous NMR relaxation phenomena (T(1) and T(2)). The model has solutions in the form of Mittag-Leffler and stretched exponential functions that generalize conventional exponential relaxation. Such functions have been shown by others to be useful for describing dielectric and viscoelastic relaxation in complex, heterogeneous materials. Here, we apply these fractional-order T(1) and T(2) relaxation models to experiments performed at 9.4 and 11.7 Tesla on type I collagen gels, chondroitin sulfate mixtures, and to bovine nasal cartilage (BNC), a largely isotropic and homogeneous form of cartilage. The results show that the fractional-order analysis captures important features of NMR relaxation that are typically described by multi-exponential decay models. We find that the T(2) relaxation of BNC can be described in a unique way by a single fractional-order parameter (α), in contrast to the lack of uniqueness of multi-exponential fits in the realistic setting of a finite signal-to-noise ratio. No anomalous behavior of T(1) was observed in BNC. In the single-component gels, for T(2) measurements, increasing the concentration of the largest components of cartilage matrix, collagen and chondroitin sulfate, results in a decrease in α, reflecting a more restricted aqueous environment. The quality of the curve fits obtained using Mittag-Leffler and stretched exponential functions are in some cases superior to those obtained using mono- and bi-exponential models. In both gels and BNC, α appears to account for micro-structural complexity in the setting of an altered distribution of relaxation times. This work suggests the utility of fractional-order models to describe T(2) NMR relaxation processes in biological tissues.     

Analysis of multi-exponential relaxation data with very short components using linear regularization

Linear regularization is a common and robust technique for fitting multi-exponential relaxation decay data to obtain a distribution of relaxation times. The regularization algorithms employed by the Uniform-Penalty inversion (UPEN) and CONTIN computer programs have been compared using simulated transverse (T2) relaxation data derived from a typical bimodal distribution observed in cartilage tissue which contain a component shorter than t(0), the time of the first decay sample. We examined the reliability of detecting sub-t(0) relaxation components and the accuracy of statistical estimates of T2 distribution parameters. When the integrated area of the sub-t(0) component relative to that of the total distribution was greater than 0.25, our results indicated a signal-to-noise threshold of about 300 for detecting the presence of the sub-t(0) component with a probability of 0.9 or greater. This threshold was obtained using both the UPEN and CONTIN algorithms. In addition, when using the second-derivative-squared regularizer, UPEN solutions provided statistical estimates of T2 distribution parameters which were substantially free of the biasing effect of the regularizer observed in analagous CONTIN solutions.     

Noise suppression and details enhancement for infrared image via novel prior

Infrared images always suffer from blurring edges, fewer details and low signal-to-noise ratio. So, sharpening edges and suppressing noise become the urgent techniques in infrared image technology field. However, they are contradictories in most cases. Hence, to depict correctly infrared image features under low signal-to-noise ratio circumstance, a novel prior, which is immune to noise, is presented in this paper. The proposed method scopes noise suppression and details enhancement. In noise suppression, the prior is introduced into Bayesian model to obtain optimal estimation through iteration. In details enhancement, based on the proposed prior, the final image is obtained by the improved unsharp mask algorithm which enhances adaptively details and edges of optimal estimation. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method is analyzed by testing the infrared images obtained from different signal-to-noise ratio conditions. Compared with other well-established methods, the proposed method shows a significant performance in terms of noise suppression, actual scene reappearance, enhancing the details and sharpening edges.     

LED-Based Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: the HD<Superscript>16</Superscript>O Absorption Spectrum in the Range of 11200–12400 cm<Superscript>−1</Superscript>

The vibrational—rotational spectrum of the HD¹⁶O molecule is studied within the range of 11200^?12400 cm^?1. The spectrum is recorded by an IFS-125M Fourier spectrometer with a resolution of 0.05 cm^?1. The measurements are performed using a multipass White cell. A light-emitting diode is used as a radiation source. The signal-to-noise ratio was about 10⁴. The centers, intensities, and half-widths of the spectral lines are determined by fitting to the experimental data by the least-squares method. A linelist containing more than 1500 lines is created. The results obtained are compared with the experimental data of other authors.     

Beam-splitting ratio impact on the SNR for the balanced heterodyne

Considered the beam-splitting ratio, the mathematical model of balanced heterodyne receiver is established, and the mathematical expression of the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the beam-splitting ratio is obtained. Based on the experiment, we got the best range of beam-splitting ratio which is 0.159–0.5. The experiment results show that, in the framework of the best beam-splitting ratio, the balanced heterodyne receiver has better signal-to-noise ratio than the common heterodyne receiver.     

Intrinsic noise of semiconductor lasers in optical communication systems

The upper limit of the achievable signal-to-noise ratio in optical communication systems is determined by the intrinsic laser noise due to quantum fluctuations inside the laser cavity. This achievable signal-to-noise ratio depends on the way in which different lasing modes are detected; wavelength filtering and material dispersion may yield a significant deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio. It is concluded from theoretical calculations and from measurements on V-groove lasers that a d.c. signal-to-noise ratio of about 70 dB may be achieved for a noise bandwidth of 10 MHz.     

紧聚焦激光束作用于电子实现单个阿秒脉冲输出

研究了电子在聚焦的圆偏振高斯激光束中的非线性汤姆孙散射过程，在此基础上提出了实现单个阿秒脉冲输出的新机理.通过计算机模拟，发现利用紧聚焦的激光脉冲可以有效地增大辐射脉冲链的最高峰和次高峰的峰值强度比即信噪比，从而将阿秒脉冲链变为单个阿秒脉冲输出.紧聚焦情形下，随着驱动激光强度的增大，辐射信号的脉宽变短，信噪比变大；同时当减小激光束腰半径时，辐射信号信噪比也能得到有效改善.研究还发现，利用几个光周期的极短激光脉冲与电子的相互作用也能实现单个阿秒脉冲输出. 关键词： 阿秒脉冲 紧聚焦 信噪比     

微光像增强器信噪比与MCP电压关系

为了揭示微通道板电压的变化对微光像增强器信噪比的影响,进一步优化像增强器的性能,分别测试出超二代和三代微光像增强器的信噪比随微通道板的电压变化曲线,前者在微通道板电压为600 V～800 V时,信噪比单调增加到25.9,在800 V～900 V时,信噪比在25上下震荡并呈下降趋势,在900 V～1 000 V时,迅速下降到21.8;而后者当MCP电压在800 V～1 000 V时,单调增加到27.87,在800 V～1 180 V时,则在26.61～28.66之间震荡.通过对微通道板噪声因子的理论分析,指出进一步降低微通道板噪声因子,改善微光像增强器信噪比的方法.     

A comparison of several practical smoothing methods applied to Auger electron energy distributions and line scans

Data-fitting routines utilizing nine-point least-squares quadratic, stiff spline, and piecewise least-squares polynomial methods have been compared on noisy Auger spectra and line scans. The spline-smoothing technique has been found to be the most useful and practical, allowing information to be extracted with excellent integrity from model Auger data having close to unity signal-to-noise ratios. Automatic determination of stiffness parameters is described. A comparison of the relative successes of these smoothing methods, using artificial data, is given. Applications of spline smoothing are presented to illustrate its effectiveness for difference spectra and for noisy Auger line scans.     

过采样∑-△A/D技术在差分吸收光谱系统中的应用

差分光学吸收光谱法(DOAS)已经成为测量大气中微量气体成分含量常用的方法,该方法基于最小二乘原理,利用测量的大气光谱的差分吸收光学密度与标准的吸收截面进行拟合,确定待测气体的浓度.其测量精度不仅取决于光谱测量精度、仪器本身的噪声以及测量波段内其他气体的干扰等因素,还与痕量气体前期采集和处理有关.文章简介了差分吸收光谱法测量原理和仪器结构,提出过采样∑-△A/D技术,过采样技术与∑-△调制器的噪声整形技术结合,可对量化噪声进行双重抑制,从而提高待测波段内的信噪比,实验结果表明提高了DOAS系统的测量精度.     

四分束风成像偏振干涉仪信噪比的研究

新型静态偏振风成像干涉仪采用四面角锥棱镜与偏振阵列的组合结构, 在CCD的四个分区上一次得到四个不同相位的干涉图, 可以实现对目标的实时探测, 克服了动镜扫描探测模式不能对快速变化目标进行精确探测的缺陷. 由于光束被四等分, 强度大幅度下降, 微弱的气辉信号能否被探测到成为研究的关键. 本文从目标气辉光谱的特性出发, 分析了静态偏振风成像干涉仪系统的光学传输特性和响应特性, CCD的噪声水平及系统信噪比, 得出弱信号夜气辉在常规的探测模式下探测不到的结论. 采用延长光积分时间, 像素合并技术和选用探测灵敏度高的电子倍增CCD等措施, 均可以有效改善信噪比, 并计算出几种措施综合运用后系统的信噪比和响应度. 考虑到成本和目标的快速变化, 仅采用像素合并技术, 模拟了信噪比和数字化输出随辐射强度的变化曲线, 结果表明可实现对夜气辉等微弱信号的探测.     

Application of an equivalent circuit to signal-to-noise calculations in MRI

Transfer functions determined from the component values of an equivalent circuit are used to calculate the relative signal-to-noise ratio of rf coils for magnetic resonance imaging. Experimental verification of the method is obtained by directly measuring signals from three solenoidal coils and by measuring the signal-to-noise ratio of these solenoids. The transfer functions separate the total noise voltage into contributions from the coil resistance and contributions from magnetic and electric field interactions with the sample. The use of this technique in understanding and improving coil design is discussed.     

On the mono-exponential fitting of phosphorescence decays

Several methods for mono-exponential fitting of decay curves are presented and compared among each other in terms of precision, accuracy and computational time. Simulated noisy data sets are generated and evaluated in order to determine the main contributors to a loss in performance. The influence of the temporal discretization of the decay curve on the precision of the fitting methods is discussed. Correlations between the background offset and the decay time are analyzed. Variations of the signal-to-noise ratio are shown, allowing for evaluation of systematic errors and precision in the presence of noise. Finally, the algorithms are applied to experimental data, and the computational efforts for the different algorithms are compared. The results of this latter investigation confirm the conclusions drawn from the simulated data and the following conclusions are drawn: The frequently applied method of performing a linear regression to the logarithm of a background-corrected decay showed systematic errors in the presence of noise. Best results in terms of precision and accuracy were obtained by a nonlinear least-squares approximation and a method denoted as the linear regression of the sum. Additionally, this latter method required the lowest computational time and is finally recommended for determining decay times from experimental data.     

Maximum-entropy deconvolution applied to electron energy-loss spectroscopy

In the present paper, we investigate the performance of maximum-entropy deconvolution, in removing the instrumental response function from electron energy-loss spectra. To this end we make use of spectra acquired from the carbon K-edge in graphite for a range of signal-to-noise ratios. The zero-loss peak is used as the instrumental profile. The resolution improvement obtained through the application of the deconvolution algorithm as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio is well described by a logarithmic dependency. The claimed resolution improvement is further substantiated by demonstrating the consistency between improvement obtained for the width of the instrumental response function, the width of the π¹ peak and the splitting of the σ¹ peaks for a range of signal-to-noise ratios.     

Appropriate Gate Time for Single Molecular Photon Detection Based on Optimal Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analyses

Signal-to-noise ratio of fluorescence detection from a single molecule ＆ analysed by using time-gated techniques. It is found that the optimal signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained by choosing an appropriate gate time with a certain optical background. The dependences of molecular fluorescence lifetime and the optimal signal-to-noise ratio on the appropriate gate time are respectively discussed with two kinds of background sources~ chaotic state with uniform distribution and coherent state with exponential distribution in time domain. For chaotic state background we find that a certain range for appropriate gate time can be obtained with a definite fluorescence lifetime, larger fluorescence lifetime would lower the value of optimal signal-to-noise ratios. For coherent state background we find that there is also a narrow range of appropriate gate time when lifetime of single molecule is less than that of background photons.     

基于角点匹配的电子稳像算法

提出了一种基于角点匹配的电子稳像算法。分析了Harris角点检测的原理。获得角点后,根据相邻帧对应角点的坐标分布,建立当前帧与参考帧的映射关系,并运用仿射变换模型,以最小二乘解的形式获得帧间全局运动估计矢量。最后,采用Kalman滤波器对运动估计矢量作低通滤波,平滑运动参数,获得运动补偿矢量,实现视频序列的实时稳像。实验表明该算法较好地去除了视频序列的高频抖动,同时保留了摄像机的主动运动,稳像后视频序列的峰值信噪比明显提高。