Displacement fields denoising and strains extraction by finite element method

Optical full-field measurement methods are now widely applied in various domains. In general, the displacement fields can be directly obtained from the measurement, however in mechanical analysis strain fields are preferred. To extract strain fields from noisy displacement fields is always a challenging topic. In this study, a finite element method for smoothing displacement fields and calculating strain fields is proposed. An experimental test case on a holed aluminum specimen under tension is applied to validate this method. The heterogeneous displacement fields are measured by digital image correlation (DIC). By this proposed method, the result shows that the measuring noise on experimental displacement fields can be successfully removed, and strain fields can be reconstructed in the arbitrary area.     

电弹性体力学中的偏场方法及其应用

主要综述了当前有关叠加于偏场之上的电弹性体小位移问题的求解方法,即偏场方法.首先介绍了作为偏场方法理论基础的非线性电弹性力学理论,接着总结了偏场方法的研究进展以及受偏场作用后,电弹性梁、板、壳结构的分析方法,随后综述了偏场方法的诸多应用:其中,包括在薄壁电弹性结构屈曲分析中的应用、在记时与通信压电谐振器和基于频率漂移原理所设计的声波传感器的频率稳定性分析方面的应用、在非线性电弹性材料系数的测定以及偏场作用下电致伸缩陶瓷特征的分析等方面的应用.最后给出了该领域当前和未来的一些可能的研究课题.全文参考文献166篇.      

数字图像相关分析法增量位移场测试技术

利用位移场的连续性,对亚像素位移场的算法进行了一些改进,设计了一套分步计算位移场、应变场的测量计算方法,较好地解决了数字图像相关分析法计算精度和效率.采用增量位移场叠加的方法计算大应变位移场,采用局部平面拟合的方法计算应变场.通过对高分子材料拉伸试验位移场的测量和结果标定,说明该方法具有较强的实用性和计算精度.同时,由于避免了对亚像素点的搜索,大大提高了计算效率.     

Scale dependent variability of soil electrical conductivity by indirect measures of soil properties

Knowledge of scale dependent variation of soil properties is important where upscaling and generalization from plot scale studies to field and larger scale is desired. We used conventional statistics, geostatistics, and fractal analysis to characterize and compare the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) of six contiguous agricultural fields each ranging between 9.5 and 14.0 ha in size. Factor analysis revealed that ECa was strongly related to ammonium extractable K, organic matter (OM), pH and Bray-2 Phosphorus, but not to ammonium extractable Ca and sum of bases. All six fields were spatially structured and well described by exponential semivariograms. Fractal dimensions estimated from the linear portion of the semivariogram using a linear plateau model were statistically different (p = 0.05) among some of the fields, and the differences may have been caused by management differences. Fractal analysis identified at least two scales of variation for the fields. The first scale of variation, common to all six fields, was for distances less than 9 m. The second scale of variation was for distances ranging between 9 and 46 m (field NC), 9 and 79 m (fields SC and SW); and 9 and 126 m (field SE). Two of the fields (fields NW and NE) did not have a plateau on the log–log plot of the semivariograms, indicating a scaling behavior at larger distances. The study showed that although the semivariogram forms are similar among the six fields, the rate of change of the semivariograms (as indicated by the fractal dimension) differs for some of the fields at distances greater than 9 m.     

幂率型非线性粘弹性裂纹尖端场

研究幂率型非线性粘弹性裂纹尖端场．为了推导的需要,首先列出了幂率型硬化材料的HRR奇异场和高阶渐近场．论证了它们实质上是各向同性、不可压缩、幂率型、非线性弹性裂纹尖端场．回颐了求解非线性粘弹性问题的弹性回复对应原理之后,给出了在第一类边界条件下求解幂率型非线性粘弹性材料裂纹问题的对应原理．得到了幂率型非线性粘弹性材料,特别是改性聚丙稀的裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移场的解答．     

POWER LAW NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC CRACK-TIP FIELDS

The aim of this paper is to derive the power law type nonlinear viscoelastic crack-tip fields. For the requirement of later derivation, the HRR singular fields and the high-order asymptotic fields are first examined. That they are essentially the isotropic, incompressible, power law type nonlinear elastic crack-tip fields is illustrated. After a concise review of the elasticity recovery correspondence principle for solving the nonlinear viscoelastic problems, the correspondence principle for solving the crack problems of power law type nonlinear viscoelastic materials under the first type boundary condition is proposed. The solution of the crack-tip stress, strain fields for the power law type nonlinear viscoelastic materials, especially for the modified polypropylene, is obtained.     

Homogenization in probabilistic terms: The variational principle and some approximate solutions

Studying of materials with evolving random microstructures requires the knowledge of probabilistic characteristics of local fields because the path of the microstructure evolution is controlled by the local fields. The probabilistic characteristics of local fields are determined by the probabilistic characteristics of material properties. In this paper it is considered the problem of finding the probabilistic characteristic of local fields, if the probabilistic characteristics of material properties are given. The probabilistic characteristics of local fields are sought from the variational principle for probabilistic measure. Minimizers of this variational problem provide all statistical information of local fields as well as the effective coefficients. Approximate solutions are obtained for electric current in composites for two cases: multi-phase isotropic composites with lognormal distribution of conductivities and two-phase isotropic composites. The solutions contain a lot of statistical information that has not been available previously by analytical treatments.     

Wedge indentation into elastic-plastic single crystals, 1: Asymptotic fields for nearly-flat wedge

Asymptotic stress and deformation fields under the contact point singularities of a nearly-flat wedge indenter and of a flat punch are derived for elastic ideally-plastic single crystals with three effective in-plane slip systems that admit a plane strain deformation state. Face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal-close packed (HCP) crystals are considered. The asymptotic fields for the flat punch are analogous to those at the tip of a stationary crack, so a potential solution is that the deformation field consists entirely of angular constant stress plastic sectors separated by rays of plastic deformation across which stresses change discontinuously. The asymptotic fields for a nearly-flat wedge indenter are analogous to those of a quasistatically growing crack tip fields in that stress discontinuities can not exist across sector boundaries. Hence, the asymptotic fields under the contact point singularities of a nearly-flat wedge indenter are significantly different than those under a flat punch. A family of solutions is derived that consists entirely of elastically deforming angular sectors separated by rays of plastic deformation across which the stress state is continuous. Such a solution can be found for FCC and BCC crystals, but it is shown that the asymptotic fields for HCP crystals must include at least one angular constant stress plastic sector. The structure of such fields is important because they play a significant role in the establishment of the overall fields under a wedge indenter in a single crystal. Numerical simulations—discussed in detail in a companion paper—of the stress and deformation fields under the contact point singularity of a wedge indenter for a FCC crystal possess the salient features of the analytical solution.     

Surface characters of internal waves generated by Rankine ovoid

A linear theory on the internal waves generated in the stratified fluid with a pycnocline is presented in this paper. The internal wave fields such as the velocity fields in the stratified fluid and velocity gradient fields at the free surface are also investigated by means of the theoretical and numerical method. From the numerical results, it is shown that the internal wave generated by horizontally moving Rankine ovoid is a sort of trapped wave which propagates in a wave guide, and its waveform is a kind of Mach front-type internal wave in the pycnocline. Influence of the internal wave on the flow fields at the free surface is represented by the velocity gradient fields resulted from the internal waves generated by motion of the Rankine ovoid. At the same time, it is also shown that under the hypothesis of inviscid fluid, the synchronism between the surface velocity gradient fields at the free surface and the internal wave fields in the fluid is retained. This theory opens a possibility to study further the modulated spectrum of the Bragg waves at the free surface.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40576010). The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

The logic conservation of compositions between panweighted networks and panweighted fields and their application in ann

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带铁磁薄膜悬臂板的磁场微感应器磁弹性特征研究

对于在可变形非磁材料悬臂梁式板单表面粘贴可磁化材料薄膜所构成的磁场微传感器件结构,研究了其处在磁场环境中的磁弹性弯曲变形的磁场-力学特征。为此,建立了由有限元方法分析磁场与有限差分法计算挠曲变形相结合来计算其结构在磁场中产生磁弹性变形的定量分析程序。在此基础上,对于这一微传感结构的算例给出了其结构变形随外加磁场环境变化的磁场-挠度特征关系等定量结果。结果表明：微传感器件不仅可以测量出磁场的大小,而且给出了测量磁场矢量方向的可能性。     

Dynamic curving cracks in functionally graded materials under thermo-mechanical loading

Mixed-mode dynamic crack growth along an arbitrarily smoothly varying path in functionally graded materials (FGMs) under thermo-mechanical loading is studied. The property gradation in FGMs is considered by varying shear-modulus, mass density, thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion exponentially along the gradation direction. Asymptotic analysis in conjunction with displacement potentials is used to develop the stress fields around propagating cracks in FGMs. Asymptotic temperature fields are developed first for the exponential variation of thermal conductivity and later these temperature fields are used to derive thermo-mechanical stress fields for a curving crack in FGMs. Using these thermo-mechanical stress fields, various components of the stresses are developed and the effect of curvature parameters, temperature and gradation on these stresses are discussed. Finally, using the minimum strain energy density criterion, the effect of curvature parameters, crack-tip speeds, non-homogeneity values and temperature gradients on crack growth directions are determined and discussed.     

Model Simulations of the Hengill Area,Southwestern Iceland

The Hengill Area is an important energy source for Reykjavík and surrounding area, both for electricity and district space heating. Two production fields are located in the area: Nesjavellir and Hellisheiei. Two other potential production fields are believed to be in the area. We present a new conceptual model supported by numerical calculations for the entire Hengill Area. Calculations were performed using the TOUGH2{{\tt TOUGH2}} software suite. The model contains nine layers consisting of 966 elements each (total of 8,964). Geological survey data, down-hole measurements, and production histories from the fields have been used to calibrate the model. The model has been used to predict how production will affect the geothermal fields. Information gathered throughout the production history, such as drawdown and changes in enthalpy, have been used to re-evaluate the size and the production capacity of the production fields. Different production scenarios, such as different energy throughput, have been simulated. The model simulations have also been used to estimate the capacity of potential future production fields.     

Micromechanics of fracture in a ceramic/metal composite studied by in situ fluorescence spectroscopy I: Foundations and stress analysis

in situ microstress fields that develop during fracture in an exemplary ceramic/metal composite. Stress maps are obtained over a relatively large area in the neighborhood of a propagating crack at both zero and critical loading conditions. Theoretical and experimental issues of concern for measurement of local complex stress fields are dealt with. In particular, a review of the fluorescence spectroscopy technique in context with ceramic materials is presented and experimental procedures are proposed to deconvolute the experimental peak-shift in individual components arising from (pre-existing) residual stress fields and microstress fields additionally developed during fracture (e.g., bridging stresses). The results illustrate that, despite the approximations involved with applying piezo-spectroscopic equations for assessing microstress fields, fluorescence microprobe spectroscopy is a viable method for quantitative investigations of crack-wake microfracture mechanisms in ceramic materials. Received October 26, 2001 / Published online February 4, 2002     

Construction of a Slip-line Field in Photoviscoplastic Model Test

Slip-line fields in plastic deformations have been theoretically obtained for contact deformations between rigid and idealized-rigid perfectly plastic media under idealized contact conditions. In these analyses, simple assumptions such as idealized perfect lubrication, Coulomb friction or uniform contact pressure have been made However, the deformation and stress states near the contact surface are seriously affected by the mechanical properties of the contact media used and the lubricant or the contact pressure on the contact surface Hence the theoretical slip-line fields are fairly different from the fields obtained from actual experiments The actual slip-line fields are easily constructed, however, by using the isoclinic- fringe pattern obtained from photoviscoplastic model tests using polymers.     

弹塑性双材料界面裂纹尖端场的渐近分析和位移匹配

本文对两种硬化指数的弹塑性材料界面裂纹尖端场进行了分析。通过对渐近场的计算，讨论了尖端场位移匹配问题和一阶静水压力场的存在，使应力解更加完备。     

电磁功能材料的多场耦合实验研究进展

将对电磁功能材料多物理场耦合性能检测技术和设备做一综述介绍,介绍如何在多物理场耦合条件下测试电磁滞回线、蝶形曲线、电磁致伸缩、应力应变曲线和磁电效应等物理力学性能,并介绍电磁功能材料在多物理耦合场作用下的新的实验现象,包括铁电材料在多轴电场和双轴力载荷作用下的电滞回线、裂纹尖端的畴变规律、磁致伪弹性、磁致伸缩的"回落"等现象.这对于理解电磁功能材料和结构在耦合场下的变形与断裂机制有重要的意义.     

Construction of two dimensional temperature field from first derivative fields

Schlieren and its variants such as differential interferometry and schlieren microscopy, have been used extensively for flow visualization where first derivative fields are captured. The derivative fields obtained from the schlieren like methods can be further processed to estimate the temperature field when the first derivative fields relate to those of temperature. Temperature construction from first derivative field is an ill-posed problem owing to the experimental noise and a few discrete points where measured temperatures may be available. A new approach has been proposed where the domain is discretized into a large number of triangular elements and least-squares based finite-element analysis is performed over the discretized domain. The domain and boundaries are identified manually based on prior knowledge. Temperature fields have been constructed for experimentally obtained first derivative fields from a Differential Interferometer (DI) for different cases. The performance of the new methodology is found to be good.     

Limit Cycles of Piecewise Smooth Differential Equations on Two Dimensional Torus

In this paper we study the limit cycles of some classes of piecewise smooth vector fields defined in the two dimensional torus. The piecewise smooth vector fields that we consider are composed by linear, Ricatti with constant coefficients and perturbations of these one, which are given in (3). Considering these piecewise smooth vector fields we characterize the global dynamics, studying the upper bound of number of limit cycles, the existence of non-trivial recurrence and a continuum of periodic orbits. We also present a family of piecewise smooth vector fields that posses a finite number of fold points and, for this family we prove that for any 2k number of limit cycles there exists a piecewise smooth vector fields in this family that presents k number of limit cycles and prove that some classes of piecewise smooth vector fields presents a non-trivial recurrence or a continuum of periodic orbits.