线上商品与多种快递服务的组合优化研究

针对网上销售的商品所捆绑的快递服务无法满足顾客多样化需求,而快递服务商又失去了市场空间的问题,提出一种“线上商品+多种快递服务”的组合销售模式,以扩大电商的市场规模,提高快递服务商的利润和差异化竞争水平。在市场细分和顾客需求调查的基础上,综合考虑电商、快递服务商、网购顾客三方的利益,以快递服务商收益最大为目标,构建基于顾客选择行为的“线上商品+多种快递服务”组合销售模式优化模型。以SP调查为数据基础,优化线上商品与多种快递服务的组合销售模式及确定各组合销售模式的均衡价格。模型的求解结果准确地揭示了顾客在网上购物时的快递服务选择行为、快递服务商的末端利润与组合模式之间的关系。     

基于Jury判据对加权蛛网模型稳定性的探讨

在传统的蛛网模型中同时对需求函数与供应函数引入权值,用以反映消费者和生产者对未来市场的预测和决策.在生产者根据近n个周期商品的价格决定商品的生产量和消费者根据近q个周期商品的数量决定商品的需求量的条件下,利用差分方程理论和Jury判据讨论了平衡点的稳定性区域,并在一些特殊情况下给出了平衡点稳定时参数的范围,改进并推广了部分文献中的相关结果.     

供应商两种捆绑销售策略的供应链分析

捆绑销售是供应链中占主导地位的供应商常用的产品销售手段,对供应链有利有弊.现有研究仅仅关注零售商的捆绑销售行为,文章创新性地研究了供应商的捆绑销售策略:纯捆绑销售、混合捆绑销售.研究发现:供应商的捆绑销售行为对供应链有重要影响,其影响效果与捆绑策略有密切关系.相比于单独销售策略,纯捆绑销售对整个供应链是不利的,使供应商零售商利润均下降;混合捆绑销售策略下零售商销售量会明显增加,供应商零售商利润均上升,是一种"双赢"的策略.     

价格与质量双重竞争下电商平台渠道模式决策研究

近年来传统电商正加速从经销商转变为连接消费者与供应商的在线市场中间商,电商平台与供应商形成三种渠道结构：经销商模式、混合模式和在线市场模式。本文通过构建Stackelberg博弈模型讨论产品质量与价格双重竞争情境下电商平台与供应商销售合作模式最新选择问题。研究表明,当价格竞争强度适中而佣金比例较大时,混合模式是电商平台最优选择,此时产品质量差异最大;当价格竞争强度较小而佣金比例较大时,在线市场模式则是最优选择;在其他条件下,经销商模式是其最优选择。本文结论对电商平台与供应商合作模式选择、产品质量与定价决策具有参考价值。     

汽车制造商分时租赁模式采用及产品线策略研究

考虑自有平台和第三方平台两种分时租赁方式,将汽车质量划分为性能质量和环境质量,构建销售模式、纯分时租赁模式和混合模式下的产品线策略模型,研究制造商产品线策略与商业模式之间的相互作用。研究发现,同品牌产品间竞争和合并效应是分时租赁模式影响产品线策略的两个关键因素。同品牌产品间竞争的加剧和合并效应的增大都会激励企业选择性能更好的车型而忽略其环境表现。分时租赁模式能同时改进利润与产品环境表现,但存在条件:当消费者价格敏感性较低时,使用成本高且合并效应小是实现同时改进的条件;当消费者价格敏感较高时,使用成本低且合并效应小则是同时改进的条件。     

考虑消费者转移的双渠道定价决策研究

产品的双渠道销售不仅给企业带来更多的利润收益,同时给企业在应对市场复杂需求方面带来冲突和挑战.以拥有双渠道销售的制造商为研究对象,基于消费者对制造商线下渠道和线上渠道存在的策略型行为,研究了渠道之间考虑存在消费者转移的双渠道产品定价及协调策略.首先,构建了"线下主导"和"线上主导"的Stackelberg分散决策博弈模型,得到分散决策模式下的双渠道最优定价均衡解,并分析了策略型消费者所占比例、线上消费者购买到产品概率、消费者转移概率对最优定价和总利润的影响.然后,构建了双渠道集中决策定价模式,通过分析得出存在唯一的双渠道最优定价策略,并给出其解析解表达式.最后,通过数值算例仿真分析进行验证.     

考虑渠道融合的冷链双渠道定价与保鲜投入联合决策

生鲜品分销的线上线下融合发展已成为生鲜市场发展的主流,结合生鲜品的易腐特征及其在不同渠道销售时的需求差异性,构建了渠道辐射范围、保鲜投入水平、渠道价格及其价格差异共同影响的市场需求函数,分别针对非融合型双渠道、融合型双渠道分散决策和融合型双渠道一体化决策三种冷链双渠道模式进行建模分析,基于利润最大化视角研究不同模式下的渠道定价和保鲜投入决策问题.最后通过算例及灵敏度分析,综合对比三种模式的优化结果,研究结果表明,融合型双渠道分散决策的优势并不显著,当商品变质率较低、实体辐射面积或其区域内的网购比例在一定范围内时,融合型双渠道一体化决策更有助于市场竞争力和冷链系统利润的提升.对生鲜品渠道融合的分析不仅为双渠道的理论研究提供了新思路,所构建的优化模型及分析结果也为冷链双渠道优化实践提供了参照.     

差异化定价策略下政府规制对生产者尽规模式选择的影响

单寡头垄断生产者同时生产新产品和再制造品,政府通过规定最低循环率对生产者行为进行约束。首先,研究差异化定价策略下政府规制对生产者尽规模式选择的影响,即生产者责任实现情况;然后,探究两种定价策略下生产者尽规的实现方式;最后,分析生产者如何选择两种定价策略。研究结果表明,生产者有三种尽规模式,并得到各尽规模式之间的阈值;随着规制水平的提高,低定价策略下将通过扩大新产品和再制造品生产规模的方式实现尽规,而高定价策略则通过减少新产品产量和增加再制造品的产量的方式实现尽规;当绿色消费者比例较大时,应采取高定价策略,反之则应采取低定价策略。     

考虑传统双渠道和BOPS双渠道的消费者和零售商决策研究

本论文在全渠道零售的BOPS模式下,考虑允许退货研究消费者渠道选择问题。首先研究传统双渠道和实施BOPS的双渠道下的消费者和零售商决策。然后加入退货设定,对二者的决策进行重新研究和对比分析。研究发现:不考虑退货的情况下,引入BOPS模式能够提升实体店对零售商及消费者的吸引力;退货情况下,引入BOPS使消费者更愿意选择线下购买和销售,但不一定总能带来销售总量的增加;实施BOPS时,退货允许让零售商更愿意在实体店销售,同时消费者的购买渠道选择也变得复杂。     

“质量-价格”竞争下生鲜电商销售模式选择研究

随着人们生活水平的提高，消费者在购买生鲜产品时除了考虑价格，也会更加注重其质量。为此，在单一生鲜供应商和单一复合型电商平台组成的供应链系统中，通过构建“质量-价格”竞争下供应商和电商平台之间的两阶段博弈模型，深入探讨生鲜产品质量差异下双方的销售模式(即代理或批发模式)选择问题。研究发现：(1)生鲜产品不同质量之间的竞争强度和佣金率是影响供应商和电商平台销售模式选择的主要因素；(2)当佣金率较高时，电商平台采取代理模式销售高质量生鲜产品，而供应商则采取批发模式；(3)当佣金率适中，且不同质量产品间的竞争强度和质量水平满足一定条件时，若销售高质量生鲜产品，则供应商和电商平台均采取代理模式；若销售低质量生鲜产品，则双方采取代理模式或批发模式。     

相乘型需求下考虑生产能力约束和销售成本递增的供应链协调研究

当供应商受到生产能力限制时,单位产品生产成本会随产量的提高而增加。而订货量增加时,零售商会尽力实现自己的销售目标,销售成本会随订货量递增。综合考虑单位产品生产成本递增和销售成本递增,以及市场需求函数为相乘型形式,以一个供应商和一个零售商组成的供应链为研究对象,建立了基于收益共享契约的协调模型,研究发现零售商订购量增加,供应商会提高批发价格,但它会主动替零售商承担一部分递增的销售成本,其承担比例与其占零售商销售收益的份额成正比关系,可实现供应链的完美协调。最后,进行数值分析验证了研究结论。     

The Application of Discriminant Analysis to the Prediction of Sales Forecast Uncertainty in New Product Situations

Managers' estimates of sales forecast uncertainty for a new product are critical to an effective risk analysis. This research utilizes discriminant analysis to analyze sales forecast errors in past new-product ventures. Using the past ventures, a linear discriminant function is established from relevant market variables by which future ventures may be allocated to one of two populations depending on the probabilities that their sales forecast uncertainty will be low or high.     

Cointegration analysis of brand and category sales: Stationarity and long‐run equilibrium in market shares

The present study uses modern time series methodology to understand long‐run equilibrium in markets and provides additional evidence of the frequent existence of stationary market shares for frequently purchased consumer products. Dekimpe and Hanssens, Marketing Science 1995; 14(2):G109–121 using a database of over 400 prior studies, found that 78 per cent of the market share series they studied were stationary, but that 68 per cent of the sales series were evolving. Our findings reconcile these results. A major contribution of this paper is its demonstration that the prior empirical evidence that a majority of sales series is in evolution is consistent with stationary market shares, if brand sales and category sales are cointegrated. To the extent that competitive activities have an effect on market share, an implication of our findings is that these activities may, in general, only have a temporary effect on market share. Finally, we distinguish, from a strategic perspective, between sales and share response at the primary‐demand level (category sales), selective‐demand level (brand sales) and relative‐position level (market share) and identify strategic scenarios depending upon their stable/evolving nature. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

供应链互补产品广告投入和捆绑销售联合决策研究

以一个制造商和一个零售商的供应链为研究对象,制造商生产两种互补产品,零售商可选择分开或捆绑两种销售策略。考虑互补品的负交叉弹性和广告外部性的特点,构建基于溢出效应的需求模型,运用博弈论的方法,求解零售商采取分开和捆绑两种销售策略时的均衡结果。通过比较不同销售策略下的均衡结果及利润关系,探讨在分散式和集中式两种情况下,零售商的最优广告投入和捆绑销售的联合决策问题。最后,通过数值算例,讨论产品互补程度和广告成本系数对决策结果的影响。研究结果表明,无论是在分散式还是集中式决策下,当产品互补程度较高或广告成本系数低时,分开销售是占优策略而广告费用较高;当产品互补程度较低且广告成本系数高时,捆绑销售是占优策略且广告费用较低。     

Models for capacity and electricity market design

The paper employs Operations Research methods for analysis of electricity and capacity markets. We provide two algorithms that determine the optimal capacity structure with account of fixed and variable costs. The first one relates to the case where there are several capacity types, and for each type the capacity constraint is not binding. The second algorithm is applicable when electricity is produced by standard small generators with the same capacity and different costs. Then we study two typical architectures of the market and examine their Nash equilibria. We consider a uniform price supply function auction in the electricity market. For pay-as-bid and uniform price versions of the capacity market design, we compare the equilibrium outcomes with the optimal capacity structure. The paper shows that the market equilibrium corresponds to the optimal capacity structure under conditions of pure competition, full rationality, and completely informed agents in the market. However, under more realistic assumptions, selection of the optimal structure is unlikely. Finally we provide the auction design that realizes such selection of capacities and does not require any additional information of each producer besides his own production costs. We establish sufficient conditions for perfect competition in the market.     

邮轮供应链销售渠道选择与定价策略研究

我国邮轮产业在经历10年快速增长后,自2017年开始进入调整期,分销渠道成为制约其发展的瓶颈之一。为此,本文考虑游客不同渠道支付意愿的差异性,构建邮轮船票销售渠道及销售策略决策模型,对比单渠道邮轮直销、双渠道包船模式和双渠道代理模式等三种销售模式,分析旅行社对扩大邮轮公司市场份额、提升邮轮供应链竞争力的影响程度。结果表明,销售渠道的选择受舱位数、市场规模、旅行社销售邮轮旅游产品努力度等多因素影响。当邮轮市场处于培育期时,邮轮公司倾向于通过单渠道直销模式发展市场。随着市场逐渐成熟,市场需求增加到一定程度时,邮轮公司和旅行社合作成为必然趋势,合作模式选择受佣金率影响。     

Finding market structure by sales count dynamics—Multivariate structural time series models with hierarchical structure for count data—

In this paper, we propose a multivariate time series model for sales count data. Based on the fact that setting an independent Poisson distribution to each brand’s sales produces the Poisson distribution for their total number, characterized as market sales, and then, conditional on market sales, the brand sales follow a multinomial distribution, we first extend this Poisson–multinomial modeling to a dynamic model in terms of a generalized linear model. We further extend the model to contain nesting hierarchical structures in order to apply it to find the market structure in the field of marketing. As an application using point of sales time series in a store, we compare several possible hypotheses on market structure and choose the most plausible structure by using several model selection criteria, including in-sample fit, out-of-sample forecasting errors, and information criterion.     

A new approach to evaluate the market share of service industries

The purpose of this paper is to apply the model of stochastic networks (networks of quasi-reversible stations) to customer brand-choice behaviour for studying the market share of some service undustries such as in life insurance. We estimate the market share and the mean unit sales of a specified brand in a static market. The model involves use time, customer loyalty, brand switching, initial purchasing and market share variation.     

基于市场需求增加的双渠道闭环供应链定价机制研究

针对制造商开辟在线销售渠道现象的普及,考虑混合双渠道销售会增加产品的潜在需求,构建制造商与零售商分散、集中定价两种决策模型,利用博弈理论对模型进行求解分析,研究表明在双方分散、集中两种定价策略模型中,随着双渠道开通导致的市场需求率的增加,制造商的批发价、零售商的销售价格上调,零售商的回收价格下降,闭环供应链系统总利润则呈现先下降后上升的变化。最后,运用数值算例进一步验证和讨论双渠道销售导致的市场需求增加对闭环供应链系统定价策略、双方利润及系统渠道效率的影响。     

Fuzzy linear regression and its applications to forecasting in uncertain environment

Linear regression has been used for many years in developing mathematical models for application in marketing, management, and sales forecasting. In this paper, two different sales forecasting techniques are discussed. The first technique involves non-fuzzy abstract methods of linear regression and econometrics. A study of the international market sales of cameras, done in 1968 by John Scott Armstrong, utilized these non-fuzzy forecasting techniques. The second sales forecasting technique uses fuzzy linear regression introduced by H. Tanaka, S. Uejima, and K. Asai, in 1980. In this paper, a study of the computer and peripheral equipment sales in the United States is discussed using fuzzy linear regression. Moreover, fuzzy linear regression is applied to forecasting in an uncertain environment. Finally, some possible improvements and suggestions for further study are mentioned.