Could be radiolabeled flavonoid used to evaluate infection?

The aim of this study was to determine whether [¹³¹I]apigenin is a powerful and discrimination infection from inflammation for scintigraphic imaging. The study was carried out in inflamed rats with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and sterile inflamed rats with turpentine oil. Biodistribution study of [¹³¹I]apigenin was performed in the rats. Apigenin was labeled with ¹³¹I by iodogen method. Obtained [¹³¹I]apigenin with high yield (98%) was injected i.v. to both group rats. The results were expressed as the percent uptake of injected dose per gram of organ (%ID/g), the bacterial infected and sterile inflamed muscles. Binding of [¹³¹I]apigenin to the infected thigh muscle (target muscle = T) and normal thigh muscle (non-target muscle = NT) ratio (T/NT = 4.51 at 15 min) was higher than binding to bacterial inflamed muscle (T/NT = 2.25 at 15 min) of rats. [¹³¹I]apigenin showed good localization in both inflamed tissues. This uptake in the sterile inflamed tissue is higher than bacterial infected tissue. [¹³¹I]apigenin might be useful for imaging of inflamed tissues. However, it is not discriminate sterile inflamed tissue from bacterial infected tissue.     

On renal excretion of sodium 4-iodo-5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylate-131I (author's transl)]

Sodium 4-iodo-5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylate-131I(IMPC-131I) was synthesized by isotope exchange with Na 131I in the molten state to evaluate its potential usefulness as a renal function and/or imaging agent. Tissue distribution and clearance characteristics of IMPC-131I are described. Tissue distribution experiments in rats indicated a very high renal concentration of radioactivity following intravenous administration. At 5 min the kidney took up 27.8% of the injected dose (16.1% dose per gram) and the total activity in the kidney still accounted for 9.8% of the injected dose at 30 min, with only 1.2% localizing in the liver. The ratios for kidney-to-liver in the concentration of IMPC-131I were always higher than those of hippuran -131I throughout the period of the experiment. Within 24 hr, 78.6% of the injected dose were excreted in the urine. The autoradiographic and the scannographic studies were also performed. The present results suggest that IMPC-131I has potential as a new agent for both funciton and imaging studies of the kidney.     

Labeling of acetaminophen with I-131 and biodistribution in rats

The aim of the present study was to label acetaminophen (APAP) with I-131 and to determine its radiopharmaceutical potential in rats. Acetaminophen was labeled with I-131 using the iodogen method. The radiochemical purity of (131)I-APAP was determined by RTLC and paper electrophoresis. The labeling yield was 94 +/- 4%. The biodistribution studies of the labeled compound (specific activity; 56.60 GBq/mmol) were performed in male Albino Wistar rats. The uptake of (131)I-APAP in some organs were determined at different time after injection to the rats. The radioactivity in each organ was counted and the percentage of injected activity per gram of tissue weight (%ID/g) for each organ and blood was calculated. (131)I-APAP uptake in the lung, liver, kidneys, pancreas, blood, stomach and some brain region, were observed. Thus, (131)I-APAP may be radiopharmaceutical for the imaging of the brain.     

Radioisotope production at the Kazakhstan cyclotron

Cyclotrons play an important role for production of carrier-free radioisotopes for various applications in the nuclear medicine, industry, ecology and science. Kazakhstan variable energy isochronous cyclotron, K = 50 MeV, is a 150 cm compact-pole 3 sector positive ion machine. It generates different beams of light ions: protons 6-30 MeV, deuterons 12.5-25 MeV, ³He-ions 18.5-62 MeV, alpha-particles 25-50 MeV. In the last years the cyclotron is rather intensively used for radioisotopes production to meet the needs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main users of radioisotope products are the Institutions of Healthcare Ministry and enterprises of oil-chemistry, metallurgy, mining, scientific institutes etc. In this submission a survey on radionuclides production including ²⁰¹Tl, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁵⁷Co, ¹⁰⁹Cd, ⁸⁸Y, ⁸⁵Sr is presented. Practically at all production stages (target preparation, extraction, purification and concentration of a product) original approaches were realized: (1) at target production by means of electrolysis the modes of reverse plating of the material for irradiation and technological layers were finalized, and at ⁶⁷Ga production new extraction with better characteristics were used; that made the deeper purification from zinc, copper and iron possible. At the development of the technologies of the sealed sources production the following results were obtained: (1) ¹⁰⁹Cd production for X-ray fluorescence analysis, and production of experimental samples for Mössbauer sources ⁵⁷Co at rhodium and palladium backings. The tracers ²³⁷Pu, ⁸⁸Y and ⁸⁵Sr used for development of the set of methods for ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu, ⁹⁰Sr and ²⁴¹Am determination in the samples from Semipalatinsk Test Site were produced via nuclear reactions with alpha-particles on ²³⁵U and protons on ⁸⁸Sr, ⁸⁵Rb targets. Produced radiopharmaceutical preparations ²⁰¹Tl chloride and ⁶⁷Ga citrate are supplied to medical centers of Almaty.     

Labeling of Sertraline with 131I and investigation of its radiopharmaceutical potential

Sertraline is an antidepressant drug. Sertraline was labeled with ¹³¹I by using iodogen method. Labeling yield was 85–90% and specific activity was approximately 64.75 GBq/mmol. The purification of radioiodinated Sertraline was performed by Sep Pak C-18 plus and the radiochemical purity was determined to be over 99%. Biodistribution studies were carried out by male Albino Wistar rats. The percentage of injected radioactivity per gram of tissue was calculated, and these data versus time curves were generated for organs and brain regions. The results showed that ¹³¹I labeled Sertraline may be a promising radiopharmaceutical for the investigation of serotonin 5-HT receptor functions of brain.     

藏药材铁棒锤的微量元素含量分析

目的研究藏药材铁棒锤的微量元素含量。方法使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICPMS)测定藏药材铁棒锤药材中As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量,使用原子吸收光谱仪(火焰法、石墨炉法)测定药材中Zn、Mn、Cr、Fe、Ca、K、Cu元素的含量并进行分析。结果铁棒锤中有害元素As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量较低,Cu、Fe等有益元素含量较高。结论藏药材铁棒锤有丰富的微量元素,具有较高的开发利用价值。     

Uptakes of trace elements in Zn-deficient mice

A multitracer technique was used to obtain uptake rates of essential trace elements in various organs and tissues in Zn-deficient mice. A multitracer solution, containing more than 20 radioisotopes, was injected intraperitoneally into Zn-deficient state mice and control ones. Uptake rates of the radioisotopes were compared with concentrations of trace elements determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in order to study a specific metabolism of Zn and other essential trace elements, such as Mn, Co, Se, Rb, and Sr. The result suggests that Zn is supplied from bone to other organs and tissues and an increase in Co concentration in all organs and tissues depends on its chemical form, under the Z-deficient state.     

Use of amorphous zirconium phosphate for the treatment of radioactive waste

Ion-exchange experiments were carried out for the removal of¹³⁷Cs, and⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y radioisotopes by different cationic forms of amorphous zirconium phosphate. The effect of temperature and concentration on the percent uptake and distribution coefficients (K _d ) values (milli-equivalents of ion per gram of exchanger/milli-equivalents of ion per ml of solution) were determined. Experiments were made in simulated pond water at pH 11.4.     

In Process Citation

The chromatographic behaviour of zinc, cadmium and mercury on columns of natural cellulose and substituted celluloses is studied using (65)Zn, (109)Cd and (203)Hg radiotracers. Traces of zinc and cadmium are strongly retained by the functional groups attached on the substituted celluloses ; on the contrary mercury is not retained to any extent. Nanogram amounts of zinc, cadmium and other metals are separated from 3 g of mercury on cellulose phosphate in ethyl ether.     

Summary of preparation and homogeneity characterization of ten agricultural food reference materials for elemental composition

Summary Preparation and development has been completed of ten agricultural/food reference materials (RMs): bovine muscle powder, corn starch, hard red spring wheat flour, soft winter wheat flour, whole milk powder, wheat gluten, corn bran, durum wheat flour, whole egg powder and microcrystalline cellulose. Homogeneity tests for 14 elements, Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were performed by the initiating laboratories by application of precise and reliable analytical methods based on flame atomic absorption spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. An extensive set of analytical results obtained from the interlaboratory cooperative characterization campaign was assessed to provide homogeneity estimates for other elements. Estimates of homogeneity from within-laboratory precision indicated that all materials exhibited acceptable homogeneity for virtually all 29 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, V, Zn) for which best estimate concentration values are available. Two thirds of all homogeneity coefficients of variation were below 5%.     

Possibilities of ED-XRF with radionuclide sources for analysis of plants

A comparative evaluation of the applicability of different radionuclide sources for the determination of toxic elements in plants by ED-XRF is presented.²³⁸Pu or¹⁰⁹Cd are suggested as most suitable single excitation sources in ED-XRF for monitoring investigations. More elements are determined with a combination of⁵⁵F/¹⁰⁹Cd(²³⁸Pu)/²⁴¹Am. The results obtained by radionuclide ED-XRF analysis of different plants show that the method permits the reliable determination of Br, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Rb, Sr and Zn in plant bioindicators. For toxic elements like As, Cd, Cu Cr, Hg, Ni, Se and Pb the detection limits of the method are not low enough.     

生产99Mo、131I和89Sr医用同位素的水溶液堆

99Mo1、31I和89Sr等医用同位素对人类健康和医学的发展具有非常重要的作用。与靶辐照反应堆相比,用水溶液堆生产99Mo1、31I和89Sr具有安全性好,结构简单,经济价值高,无靶件制备、溶解工艺,产生废物少等优点,用水溶液堆生产医用同位素具有很好的发展前景。由于多堆芯水溶液堆、高功率水溶液堆均能显著提高产率,低富集度235U水溶液堆符合核不扩散条约中对235U浓缩度的要求,因此这三种堆是水溶液堆未来的发展方向。     

Interception/deposition of airborne85Sr,131I, and137Cs by spinach, radish and bean plants in a tropical region during rainfall

Interception/deposition factors for airborne⁸⁵Sr,¹³¹I,¹³⁷Cs following atmospheric releases under simulated raining condition have been evaluated in three different type of vegetables, i.e., beans (Phaseolus vulgaries), spinach (Spinacia oleracia) and radish (Raphamus sative). The rainfall rate in the chamber was 2 mm/h (48 mm/d). Activity was injected in the form of liquid aerosols having a size distribution of 2.33 μm (AMAD) with a GSD of 1.98 μm into the experimental chamber containing the vegetable plants having an arrangement to simulate rainfall. Samples were collected soon after the 30-minute rainfall period for the evaluation of interception/deposition factor (IF/DF) of⁸⁵Sr,¹³¹I,¹³⁷Cs on these plants. The maximum value of the interception/deposition factor was 6.04 m³·kg⁻¹ which was observed for¹³¹I deposition to beans plant as a whole. Interception/deposition factor values were about 4 to 7 times higher compared to dry condition for the same of aerosols and inventories. The fraction of root activity to the activity of above soil parts has also been evaluated to determine the transfer of activity to the roots.     

Radiochemical solvent extraction method for the determination of Cd and Hg using thionalide as a single reagent

A radiochemical solvent extraction method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of submicrogram amounts of Cd and Hg using^115mCd and²⁰³Hg tracers respectively and thionalide as a single complexing reagent. Hg was determined by 0.05% thionalide in ethyl methyl ketone (EMK) at pH 8.5, masking Cd with 0.1M KCN. From the aqueous phase Cd was demasked using formal-dehyde-acetic acid, pH adjusted to 9.5 and extracted into 0.05% thionalide in chloroform. The method is simple, fast and yields accurate results.     

Interlayer adsorption of polyvinylpyrrolidone on montmorillonite

Two methods (x-ray diffraction and desorption of ¹⁰⁹Cd and ⁸⁵Sr) were used to provide indirect evidence for the adsorption of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the surface of montmorillonite. It was shown that by decreasing the number of solvent layers in the interlayer distance the amount of adsorbed PVP was decreased, indicating that attachment of the polymer to the tetrahedral sheets is likely to occur. Desorption of radio-nuclides from calcium and sodium montmorillonites confirmed this hypothesis.     

Heavy metals and some other elements in medicinal plants. Determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis

Determination of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, Br, Se, Rb, Sr and Cd in the medicinal plants by radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis (using²³⁸Pu,²⁴¹Am/Ag and¹²⁵I) is described.     

Selective separation of silver(I) and mercury(II) ions in natural water samples using alumina modified thiouracil derivatives as new solid phase extractors

A simple and reliable solid-phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed to synthesise two new sorbents: 6-propyl-2-thiouracil and 5,6-diamino-2-thiouracil physically loaded onto alumina surface, phases I and II, respectively. The synthesis of these new phases has been confirmed by IR-spectroscopy. The surface concentrations of the organic moieties were determined to be 0.182 and 0.562 mmol g^?1 for phases I and II, respectively. The evaluation of the selectivity and metal uptake properties incorporated in these two alumina phases were also studied and discussed for 10 different metal ions: Ca(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II) and Ag(I) under different controlling factors. The data obtained clearly indicated that the new SP-extractors have the highest affinity for retention of Hg(II) ions. Selective separation of Hg(II) from Ag(I) as one of the most interfering ion, in addition to the other eight coexisting metal ions under investigation, was achieved successfully using the new sorbents at pH = 9.0 under static conditions. Therefore, Hg(II) exhibits major retention percentage (100.0%) using phase I or II. However, Ag(I) exhibits minor retention percentage equal to 1.33% using phase I and 0.67% using phase II. On the other hand, the retention percentage of the other eight metal ions ranged (0.0–3.08%) using phase I and (0.0–1.54%) using phase II at the same pH. The new phases were applied for separation and determination of trace amounts of Hg(II) and Ag(I) spiked natural water samples using cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy with no matrix interference. The high recovery values of Hg(II) and Ag(I) obtained using phases I and II were ranged 98.9 ± 0.1–99.2 ± 0.05% along with a good precision (RSD% 0.01–0.502%, N = 3) demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the new sorbents for separation and determination of Hg(II) and Ag(I).     

Element and radionuclide concentrations in food: FDA Total Diet Study 1991-1996

Food purchased throughout the United States during 1991-1997 under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (TDS) program were analyzed for elements and radionuclides. The program is described with emphasis on food analysis and quality control, including independent interlaboratory exercises. Analytical results are summarized for Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg, Se, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, P, K, and Na and for 137Cs, 131I, 106Ru, and 90Sr. Concentration data are provided to expand the information base used to support assessments of the safety and nutritive value of the U.S. food supply and for their potential use in food composition databases. For selected foods, comparisons were made with past TDS results and with those reported in the literature. An extensive listing of the analytical data is available on the FDA CFSAN Website.     

The uptake of radioisotopes onto clays and other natural materials

Montmorillonite and illite clays were examined for their ability to take up cesium and strontium radioisotopes from solution. Uptakes onto near homoionic Na, Ca, Mg and Sr clays were assessed by distribution coefficients measured at different Na, Cs, Mg, Ca and Sr solution concentrations. Some experiments were carried out at different pH, and to check the effect of differing anions. In addition measurements of the uptake of ruthenium species were made.     

A study of hepato-biliary and alimentary scintigrams using a triple tracer method

In order to evaluate the gastric emptying and postprandial mixing of bile with food, the scintigraphies of hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal tracts by using three different kinds of radioisotopes were performed simultaneously (99mTc-E.HIDA for hepatobiliary scintigraphy, 111In-DTPA containing orange juice and 131I-albumin containing scrambled egg for gastrointestinal scintigraphy). This method was available for observation of gastric emptying of liquid and solid foods and also examination of the mixing effect of bile and food quantitatively.