Broad-band phase retrieval method for transient radial shearing interference using chirp Z transform technique

The transient radial shearing interferometry technique based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) provides a means for the measurement of the wavefront phase of transient light field. However, which factors affect the spatial bandwidth of the wavefront phase measurement of this technology and how to achieve high-precision measurement of the broad-band transient wavefront phase are problems that need to be studied further. To this end, a theoretical model of phase-retrieved bandwidth of radial shearing interferometry is established in this paper. The influence of the spatial carrier frequency and the calculation window on phase-retrieved bandwidth is analyzed, and the optimal carrier frequency and calculation window are obtained. On this basis, a broad-band transient radial shearing interference phase-retrieval method based on chirp Z transform (CZT) is proposed, and the corresponding algorithm is given. Through theoretical simulation, a known phase is used to generate the interferogram and it is retrieved by the traditional method and the proposed method respectively. The residual wavefront RMS of the traditional method is 0.146λ, and it is 0.037λ for the proposed method, which manifests an improvement of accuracy by an order of magnitude. At the same time, different levels of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) from 50 dB to 10 dB of the interferogram are simulated, and the RMS of the residual wavefront is from 0.040λ to 0.066λ. In terms of experiments, an experimental verification device based on a phase-only spatial light modulator is built, and the known phase on the modulator is retrieved from the actual interferogram. The RMS of the residual wavefront retrieved through FFT is 0.112λ, and it decreases to 0.035λ through CZT. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. Furthermore, the method can be used in other types of spatial carrier frequency interference, such as lateral shearing interference, rotational shearing interference, flipping shearing interference, and four-wave shearing interference.     

Quadrature phase-shifting interferometer using spatial carrier

We propose a high-speed phase measurement using a phase calculation algorithm in a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer (QPI), which is applied to tilted fringes. Although the spatial carrier method is useful for a high-speed measurement with a single imaging sensor, the spatial resolution in conventional phase calculation algorithms is reduced owing to the use of three or more phase-shifted data at different sample points. Phases in the QPI method can be calculated with only two quadarture phase-shifted data extracted from the tilted fringes before and after a phase change of the interferometer. Thus, the proposed method can suppress the reduction of the spatial resolution compared with that in conventional methods, and makes it possible to measure a phase at high-speed. The principle and experimental results of this technique are presented.     

Sensing characteristics of electrostatic inductive sensor for flow parameters measurement of pneumatically conveyed particles

The spatial sensitivity, spatial filtering effect, temporal frequency response characteristics and bandwidth are important parameters influencing the accuracy and response speed of a ring-shaped electrostatic inductive sensor. In this paper, the charge induced on the ring-shaped sensor with different geometric sizes from a single particle having a unity charge was modeled mathematically. And from the numerical solution obtained using the finite element analysis software ANSYS, the spatial sensitivity of the sensor was derived. The effect of the geometric size of the sensor on the spatial sensitivity was also investigated, and its spatial filtering fundamental theory and spatial filtering effect were also analyzed quantitatively. The temporal frequency response characteristics of the sensor were also derived. The experimental results on a gravity-fed conveyor were presented. The theoretical and experimental results obtained demonstrate that the ring-shaped sensor acts as a low-pass filter in the spatial frequency domain and its spatial frequency characteristics are closely related to the radial position of the charged particle and the axial length of the electrode. The measurement system, including the probe and signal conditioning circuit, acts as a band-pass filter, and the radial position, the axial length of the electrode, particle velocity and particle size have important effects on the temporal frequency characteristics of the measurement system.     

Accurate carrier-removal technique based on zero padding in Fourier transform method for carrier interferogram analysis

Based on interferogram zero padding and fast Fourier transform (FFT) methods, an effective, straightforward and stable carrier-removal approach in Fourier transform (FT) based method for carrier interferogram analysis is proposed. The spatial carrier interferogram is firstly extrapolated by zero padding method, and the carrier-frequency values within a small fraction of an integral (or a pixel) are estimated from the extrapolation interferogram with FFT method. Then the carrier-phase component is removed by subtracting a pure carrier-frequency phase constructed by the estimated carrier-frequencies in the spatial domain. Numerical simulations and experiments are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method and the results show that the proposed method is effective and stable for suppressing the carrier-removal error in the FT method for carrier interferogram analysis.     

A modified phase diversity diffraction wavefront sensor with a grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

Phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the useful tools to estimate the wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics system. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

Translation, rotation, and scale invariant image registration technique using angular and radial difference functions

An algorithm is proposed for registering images related by translation, rotation, and scale based on angular and radial difference functions. In frequency domain, the spatial translation parameters are computed via phase correlation method. The magnitudes of images are represented in log-polar grid, and the angular and radial difference functions are given and applied to measure shifts in both angular and radial dimensions for rotation and scale estimation. Experimental results show that this method achieves the same accurate level as classic fast Fourier transform （FFT） based method with invariance to illumination change and lower computation costs.     

High spatial resolution distributed strain sensor based on linear chirped fiber Bragg grating and fiber loop ringdown spectroscopy

A simple sensor system for high spatial resolution distributed strain field measurement is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The fiber loop ringdown technique combined with a linear chirped fiber Bragg grating is used to realize the high spatial resolution. A proof-of-concept distributed strain sensor with 2?mm spatial resolution is realized. The sensor network is also explored and researched experimentally. The proposed technique suggests a broad range of applications for real-time distributed physical parameter sensing, such as strain or temperature.     

基于高速CMOS图像传感器的空间瞬态光探测

（以CMOS图像传感器LUPA-1300-2为对象,研究了多斜率积分功能）在空间瞬态光探测系统中的应用.以ACTEL公司APA600 Flash型FPGA为硬件载体,分析设计了其驱动控制,验证了LUPA-1300-2的易操作性,结果表明,该功能可以降低系统的复杂程度和提高系统观测的动态范围,有利于观测瞬态光点周围的瞬间变化,从而提高系统的可靠性和信息收集能力.     

CCD非线性效应对剪切干涉法波前检测的影响

利用径向剪切干涉法检测高功率激光波前时,由于探测器CCD非线性效应,在频谱中引入了除基频外的二级、三级等高次频谱分量,增加了频谱混叠的可能,使得对有用信息提取困难,降低了波前检测精度。从理论上分析了CCD非线性效应产生高次频谱分量和导致频谱混叠的原因,给出非线性条件下避免频谱混叠的条件,提出了通过提高空间载频的方法来减小或消除CCD非线性效应导致的频谱混叠。计算机模拟和实验结果表明,该方法能够有效抑制频谱混叠并显著提高波前检测精度。     

Design of shaped piezoelectric modal sensors for cantilever beams with intermediate support by using differential transformation method

In this paper a solution to the problem of finding the shape of piezoelectric modal sensors for a cantilever beam with intermediate support is proposed by using the differential transformation method (DTM). A general expression for designing the shape of a piezoelectric modal sensor is presented, in which the output signal of the designed sensor is proportional to the response of the target mode. Other modes are filtered out. The modal sensor shape is expressed as a linear function of the second spatial derivative of the structural mode shape function. By using boundary condition and continuity condition equations at intermediate support, the closed-form series solution of the second spatial derivative of the mode shapes can be determined based on DTM. Then the shapes of the designed modal sensors are obtained. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed modal sensors for the cantilever beam with intermediate support.     

一种基于傅里叶变换的分析载波条纹的新方法

针对传统傅里叶变换法处理光载波干涉条纹图时会有边缘效应产生的问题,提出了一种基于傅里叶变换法的外推延拓方法,并从理论上进行了数学推导。为了验证这种方法的正确性,分别对一维数字信号和二维空间载波条纹图进行了数值模拟,进一步分析了误差产生的原因,并与传统的傅里叶变换法对比。结果表明该法可以有效抑制传统傅里叶变换法处理光载波干涉条纹图时边缘效应所造成的较大误差,在基于空间域相位调制技术的波面干涉测量中,对空间载波条纹图进行处理,可以使相位的计算精度达到3.3 mrad。     

集成滤光片型近红外光谱组件的时空域性能改善研究

提出针对线性渐变滤光片型近红外光谱组件的时空域性能改善方法,并通过研制微型化512×2元InGaAs光谱组件,结合多帧数据融合算法完成了实验验证。光谱通道采用基于多次测量的两列相邻光敏元动态组合实现,相比单个大光敏元作为光谱通道,可以改善探测器盲元引起的不良影响。波长标定和测试结果表明,该光谱组件在线性渐变滤光片的分辨率限制下,可以有效减小相邻光谱通道间的波长间隔。     

增益导波垂直腔激光器注入电流空间分布及其对激光近场模式影响的理论分析和表征

依据导电介质的稳态电场理论建立了一种对增益导波型垂直腔半导体激光器注入电流矢量分析的三维解析模型. 计算研究了电流密度空间分布及其与顶面电注入环参量之间的相互关联性. 结果显示在两极之间存在一个载流子径向分布中心极大的区域. 由于激光功率与注入电流之间存在线性关系,因此,要使器件能够获得基模或中心均匀的光强输出以及尽可能低的阈值,应使激光有源层与载流子均匀分布的临界层重合. 计算结果对顶发射与底发射结构以及不同环参数下的载流子分布情况及对近场模式形成的影响进行了分析和讨论. 关键词： 垂直谐振腔激光器 注入电流 激光模式     

矢量声纳高速运动目标稳健高分辨方位估计

针对水声矢量信号处理框架中的高速运动目标低信噪 比小快拍条件下的稳健高分辨方位估计问题, 将压缩感知技术应用于水声矢量信号空间谱估计模型中. 结合声矢量传感器结构特性, 探讨了基于声压振速联合处理的广义时域滤波方法; 结合矩阵空域预滤波理论, 设计了基于阻带约束通带均方误差最大值最小的空域滤波器, 研究了矢量声纳空域预滤波方法; 结合以上分析, 提出了基于压缩感知技术的时空联合滤波高分辨方位估计方法, 给出了方法的数学模型、物理解释及具体实施步骤.理论分析和计算机仿真试验表明, 新方法对于小快拍数 条件下的矢量声纳高速运动目标高分辨方位估计问题, 具有较低的双目标分辨门限和较高的估计精度, 有着良好的应用前景.湖上试验验证了方法的有效性. 关键词： 声矢量传感器 空间谱估计 时空滤波 压缩感知     

小波相位分析测量成像径向畸变

为了测量光学成像像面各个像素的径向畸变大小,提出将小波变换载频条纹相位分析应用于径向畸变测量。采用正弦载波条纹作为测量模板,把径向畸变转化为径向调制相位。应用条纹相位分析导出径向调制相位和径向畸变的转化关系。采用小波频率估计和相位估计提取变形条纹的相位,由于变形条纹中心点是零畸变,中心点的瞬时频率和相位可以计算参考条纹的基频相位。两种基频相位之差就是与所有像素径向位置畸变分布对应的三维调制相位——称为径向畸变分布。利用校正公式和立方卷积插值算法对彩色畸变图像进行校正,给出详细的理论分析和实验结果。     

Design of shaped piezoelectric modal sensor for beam with arbitrary boundary conditions by using Adomian decomposition method

The theory for designing distributed piezoelectric modal sensors is well established for beam structures. However, the current modal sensor theory is limited in scope in that it can only be applied in the case of classical boundary conditions (i.e., either clamped, free, simply supported or sliding). In this paper a solution to the problem of finding the shape of piezoelectric modal sensors for a beam with arbitrary boundary conditions is proposed, using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). A general expression for designing the shape of a piezoelectric modal sensor is presented, in which the output signal of the designed sensor is proportional to the response of the target mode. Other modes are filtered out. The modal sensor shape is expressed as a function of the second spatial derivative of the structural mode shape function. Based on the ADM and employing some simple mathematical operations, the closed-form series solution of the second spatial derivative of the mode shapes can be determined. Then the shapes of the designed modal sensors are obtained. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed modal sensors. It is shown that, for classical boundary conditions, the shapes of the modal sensors based on the ADM agree well with analytical and numerical results given in the literature. For general boundary conditions it is found that the shape of the modal sensors is influenced by the number of modes of interest because the second spatial derivatives of the mode shapes are not orthogonal to one another. The modal sensors for general boundary conditions can be considered as modal filters within a limited frequency band.     

基于变脉宽光源的分布式光纤拉曼温度传感器研究

提出了在分布式光纤拉曼温度传感器中,采用可变脉宽光源实现双功能温度监测的方法.采用窄脉冲获得高空间分辨率进行峰值温度监测,再改用宽脉冲获得高温度分辨率进行平均温度监测,可以兼顾不同测温环境对高温度分辨率或高空间分辨率的不同使用要求.结果表明,与采用固定脉宽光源的传统方法相比,采用可变脉宽光源可以在获得相同温度分辨率的前提下,降低了系统进行平均温度监测的测量时间.     

Modified Fourier-transform method for phase-shift calibration

A fast convergent algorithm to accurately measure phase-shift for phase shifter is proposed. In the presence of a spatial carrier frequency, an error function in the Fourier-domain is introduced and then the unknown phase-shift between two phase-shifted fringe patterns is determined by minimization of the error function with the help of a golden section search approach. Compared with the conventional Fourier-transform method, the modified method proposed in the paper is more immune to random noise and hence can give a more accurate result. The translation curve of a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is also experimentally calibrated.     

结合线性回归的离轴数字全息去载波相位恢复算法

为实现仅用一幅离轴数字全息图便能直接恢复相位,提出一种利用空间载波相移技术(spatial carrier phase shift, SCPS)和线性回归相结合的离轴数字全息去载波相位恢复算法.首先,利用SCPS将一幅离轴数字全息图分为四幅含有载波相移的全息图,其中载波相移由沿行、列两个方向的正交载波所引入;然后,将四幅载波相移全息图作为输入,将所求物体相位和两个正交的载波作为未知量,结合最小二乘法和线性回归同时求出载波和相位信息.相较于已有的去载波技术,本算法无需背景全息图作为参考,便可准确地去除载波,实现高质量的相位重建.本文结合数值仿真和具体实验结果验证本算法的有效性和优越性.