Applications of thermoelectrometry to metal-ion modified polyimide films

As part of a research program to decrease the electrical resistivity of polyimide films with ionic additives a variable temperature three probe electrical resistivity measurement system has been designed and constructed. Sample temperature, electrification time, atmosphere, and measurement mode are computer controlled. As a data interpretation aid, temperature cycled analysis can be routinely performed. Surface resistivities in the range 10³–10¹⁵ ohm and volume resistivities in the range 10⁵–10¹⁸ ohm-cm are theoretically measurable under well controlled experimental conditions from room temperature to 250°. The electrical resistivity measurement system is useful for the evaluation of polymer films or films in general. Application of the system for analysis of cobalt, lithium and tin ion-modified polyimide films and some experimental considerations are presented. Correlation of the electrical measurements with differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis is demonstrated.

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Zusammenfassung Als Teil eines Forschungsprogramms zur Herabsetzung des elektrischen Widerstandes von Polyimidfilmen mit ionischen Additiven wurde ein 3-Proben-Meßsystem zur Ermittlung des elektrischen Widerstandes in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur entworfen und konstruiert. Probentemperatur, Elektrisierungszeit, Atmosphäre und Meßmethoden waren computergesteuert. Als Dateninterpretationshilfe kann eine hinsichtlich der Temperatur zyklische Analyse routinemäßig ausgeführt werden. Die Oberflächenwiderstände sind im Bereich von 10³–10¹⁵ Ohm und die Volumenwiderstände im Bereich von 10⁵–10¹⁸ Ohm-cm unter gut kontrollierten experimentellen Bedingungen von Raumtemperatur bis 250° theoretisch meßbar. Das elektrische Widerstandmeßsystem ist nützlich für die Bewertung von Polymerfilmen oder Filmen im allgemeinen. Die Anwendung des Systems zur Analyse von mit Co-, Li- und Sn-Ionen modifizierten Polyimidfilmen und einige experimentelle Hinweise werden angegeben. Es wird gezeigt, daß die mit dem beschriebenen System erhaltenen Resultate mit durch DSC, thermomechanische Analyse und TG erhaltenen Werten korrelieren.

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, , . , , . . 10³–10¹⁵ , 10⁵–10¹⁸ 250°. , . , , , . , .

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The financial support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is gratefully appreciated. The assistance of John Swartzentruber in performing many of the measurements is recognized.     

Effect of hydrolysis catalyst and thermal treatment on titania synthesis via sol-gel

The effect of acidic and basic catalysts and of thermal treatment on the preparation of TiO₂ by the sol-gel method has been studied. The resultant solids were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. A displacement of the band due to a fundamental transition to lower energies was observed when acid catalysts were used.

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, TiO₂ - . . .

     

Vibrational excitation effects on silane reactivity in its reaction with bromine atoms

A rate increase of SiH₃Br formation in SiH₄ photobromination under irradiation by a cw CO₂ laser is reported. At low SiH₄ pressures (1–2 Pa) the radiation effect is shown to be isotope-selective.

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SiH₃Br CO₂ SiH₄. , SiH₄ (1–2 ) .

     

Estimate of acid dissociation constants by the interacting bonds method exemplified by aquacomplexes of Pt(II) and Pt(IV)

Acid dissociation constants of aqua complexes of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) have been estimated by the interacting bonds method. Calculation and experiment are compared.

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Pt(II) Pt(IV). .

     

Kinetic conversion of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in reforming on platinum/alumina catalysts

General forms of the kinetic equations for the conversion of various hydrocarbons in reforming of multicomponent gasoline fractions on platinum/alumina catalysts have been confirmed experimentally by using a gradientless method.

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Studies of V?Mo?O systems with small vanadium content in acrolein oxidation

A solid solution of vanadium in MoO₃ with a solubility limit of about 3 mol.% V₂O₅ is shown to be formed. Its catalytic properties are discussed.

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MoO₃ 3 . % V₂O₅ .

     

Influence of the various forms of molybdena on the adsorptive and catalytic (dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis) properties of molybdena-alumina catalysts

The contents of three forms of molybdenum oxide compounds in molybdena-alumina catalysts have been determined by their solubility in water and ammonia. The form which is readily soluble in water and reducible to Mo(IV) at 400°C and P_H2=10⁵ Pa is active in cyclohexane dehydration, and the forms soluble in water and ammonia are active in thiophene hydrogenolysis.

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. , 400°C P_{H 2}=I Mo(IV); — .

     

Catalytic properties of phosphorus-containing rhenium complexes in the hydrogenation of hexene-1

Rhenium (V, VI) complexes with organophosphorus ligands proved to be catalytically active in hexene-1 hydrogenation. The kinetics of this process catalyzed by ReOCl₃(PPh₃)₂ has been examined. The organic ligand in the coordination sphere of rhenium complexes was found to affect selectivity to olefin bonds or nitro groups in the hydrogenation of hydrocarbons.

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(V, VI) -1. , ReOCl₃ (PPh₃)₂. , .

     

Reasons for different activities of various type catalysts in reactions of oxidation of inorganic substances

The dual role of catalysts in the interaction between an inorganic molecule AB and adsorbed oxygen ZO, as an electron donor (in the oxidative addition of AB) and as an electron acceptor (in subsequent ZO reduction), permits to interpret the orders of activities of various optimal catalysts and their dependence on the AB structure.

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AB ZO — ( AB) ( ZO). AB.

     

Catalytic properties of palladium oxide systems in the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde

Catalytic properties of Pd black-oxide systems have been studied in hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. It has been revealed that the additions of basic and amphoteric oxides (MgO, Fe₂O₃ and ZnO) increase the hydrogenation rate of the ethylenic bond in crotonaldehyde.

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Pd-- . , (MgO, Fe₂O₃, ZnO) .

     

Study of hydroisomerization of n-hexane on natural mordenite catalyst

A mordenite-containing rock sample from the Tokaj Mountains (Hungary) and its various forms modified by chemical treatment have been tested for catalytic properties during isomerization of n-hexane. Addition of Pt to the catalyst leads to a sharp decrease in the rate of cracking and in the rate of deactivation and this results in a catalyst of high selectivity for hexane isomers.

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(), , , , -. Pt , .

     

Mass-spectrometric analysis of SO3 in SO2 oxidation over vanadium catalysts

The detailed composition of the reaction mixture and, in particular, SO₃ concentration, in SO₂ oxidation over vanadium catalysts, have been determined experimentally. Both oxidized and reduced catalysts were shown to absorb a considerable amount of SO₃, the desorption rate of SO₃ being lower than that of its adsorption.

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, , . , , SO₃, .

     

Influence of sodium on the catalytic properties of bismuth-molybdenum oxide catalysts

In the ammoxidation of propylene, the presence of a normal NaBi(MoO₄)₂ phase in bismuth molybdenum oxide catalysts decreases the acrylonitrile yield due to its oxidation

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NaBi(MoO₄)₂ -- .

     

Influence of preparation conditions on activity and stability of catalysts for 3-thiolene-1, 1-dioxide hydrogenation

Dispersity of -Al₂O₃-supported palladium and activity and selectivity of these catalysts in hydrogenation of 3-thiolene-1,1-dioxide to thiolane-1,1-dioxide have been found to be dependent on the composition of impregnating solutions and the additional chemical treatment prior to reduction. This effect is due to the changes in Pd²⁺ mobility over the support surface.

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-Al₂O₃ , 3--1,1- -1,1- . Pd²⁺ .

     

Poisoning of typical catalysts of complete oxidation by sulfur dioxide in CO oxidation. Methodical aspects

A method has been proposed for the study of the stability of typical catalysts for complete oxidation with respect to poisoning by sulfur dioxide in CO oxidation.

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CO.

     

Heterogeneous reactions of solid nickel(II) Complexes. XXII

The stoichiometry of thermal decomposition was studied for the following compounds: Ni(pyNO)Cl₂H₂O (I), (pyNO=pyridine N-oxide), Ni(2-MepyNO)Cl₂·2H₂O (II), Ni(3-MepyNo)Cl₂·2H₂O (III) and Ni(4-MepyNO)₂Cl₂·C₂H₅OH (IV). The heating of the compounds led first to the release of H₂O molecules (or C₂H₅OH molecules), with the formation of Ni(pyNO)Cl₂ (V), Ni(2-MepyNO)Cl₂(VI), Ni(3-MepyNO)Cl₂ (VII) and Ni(4-MepyNO)₂Cl₂ (VIII). In the next stage, decomposition of the heterocyclic liugands set in. The compositions and spectral and magnetic properties of these complexes indicate their dimeric (II, III, IV, VIII) of polymeric (I, V, VI, VII) structure with coordinated molecules of H₂O (or C₂H₅OH).

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Zusammenfassung Die Stöchiometrie der thermischen Zersetzung folgender Verbindungen wurde untersucht: Ni(pyNO)Cl₂·H₂O (I), (pyNO=Pyridin-N-oxid), Ni(2-MepyNO)Cl₂·2H₂O (II), Ni(3-MepyNO)Cl₂·2H₂O (III) und Ni(4-MepyNO)₂Cl₂·C₂H₂OH (IV). Beim Erhitzen erfolgt zunächst die Abspaltung von Wasser bzw. C₂H₅OH unter Bildung von Ni(pyNO)Cl₂ (V), Ni(2-MepyNO)Cl₂ (VI), Ni(3-MepyNO)Cl₂ (VII) und Ni(4-MepyNo)₂Cl₂ (VIII). Im nächsten Schritt setzt die Zersetzung der heterozyklischen Liganden ein. Aus den Zersetzungsreaktionen und den spektralen und magnetischen Eigenschaften dieser Komplexe folgt deren dimere (II, III, IV, VIII) oder polymere (I, V, VI, VII) Struktur mit koordinierten Wasser- bzw. C₂H₅OH-Molekülen.

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: Ni(pyNO)Cl₂-H₂O (I), (pyNO=H- ), Ni(2-MepyNO)Cl₂·2₂ (II), Ni(3-MepyNO)Cl₂-2H₂O (III) Ni(4-MepyNO)₂Cl₂-C₂H₅OH (IV). ( ) Ni(pyNO)Cl₂ (V), Ni(2-MepyNO)Cl₂ (VI), Ni(3-MepyNO)Cl₂ (VII) Ni(4-MepyNO)₂Cl₂ (VIII). . , (II, III, IV, VIII) (I, V, VI, VII) .

     

Investigation of the interaction between zinc oxide and phosgene

It has been shown that in the interaction of zinc oxide and phosgene, the most active are the samples having oxygen vacancies. A mechanism for this process is suggested.

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, , . .

     

Modifying action of carbon dioxide in catalytic oxidation of ethylene on silver

Carbon dioxide exerts a strong inhibitory effect on oxygen adsorption and complete oxidation of ethylene on silver but has little effect on the rate of ethylene oxidation to ethylene oxide.

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