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廿多年来许多作者提出各种计算电负性的方法,但所求得的各原子电负性数值,均不尽一致.不幸的是目前尚无法直接由实验测定电负性,很难判断那一种计算方法较为合理.此外,多位作者尚对中性原子的轨道电负性、键的电负性以及自由基的电负性、原子团的电负性进行计算. 上述各种电负性标度大多由能量观点出发,本文建议以原子对其价电子的平均有效吸引力F(r)作为计算原子电负性x的标度,即 相似文献
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在学习化学元素电负性的概念、化合物的键型和元素的化学活泼性等问题中,我有一些学习心得,现归纳如下: 1.电负性的定义和计算方法L.Pauling在1932年首先提出电负性的概念.元素的电负性就是“元素的原子在化合物分子中把电子吸引向自己的能力”.计算电负性的方法有下列四种: (1)Pauling的热化学方法Pauling 相似文献
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根据万有引力势与电势的关系式和系统的对比质电比(单位电量的质量)的物理意义, 定义了系统的强度电势——单位质量的电势. 研究表明, 元素电负性XSc与原子核在原子边界面上的强度电势Vic和价层电子电量qcj成线性关系. 采用回归分析法, 对周期表中除零族、氢及放射性元素之外的77种元素的Pauling电负性(XP)进行回归分析, 得到了一个无量纲的综合性的电负性计算公式, 相关系数(R=0.9844)和回归方程F检验的显著性水平(Sig.=0.0000)表明, XSc与Vic和qcj密切相关, 77种元素的拟合值与XP十分接近, 平均绝对误差仅为0.084; 并预测出较为合理的稀有气体元素的电负性. 用该式可以方便而更准确地计算除氢以外的所有元素的电负性; 同时也给出一条获取离子电负性和基团电负性的新途径. 相似文献
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蒋明谦等曾提出了一种计算诱导效应指数的方案,用于讨论非共轭化合物.这种计算方案在蒋明谦的另一本专著中,又得到了进一步的推广.与过去一般都是以成键元素电负性差值来估计键极性的方法不同,诱导效应指数是用各原子的电负性分数来估计一个共价键上极性状态的.计算这种指数的基础是这种基团的原子的电负性及其共价半径.诱导效应指 相似文献
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The stereochemistry of carbonyl olefination reaction of cyanomethylene triphenylarsorane with ketones is reported. The thermodynamically stable E isomer of the products α, β unsaturated nitrile was formed predominantly. Under the experimental conditions we adopted, the reaction conditions had little effect on the E, Z ratio of the reaction products. However, the structure of the substrate showed profound effect. The results shown in Table 1 are similar to that of the reaction of carbomethoxymethylene triphenylarosorane reported in the previous paper. When methyl t-butyl ketone was used as the substrate and the reaction carried out in benzene solution, nearly pure E isomer was obtained. The reaction mechanism was proposed as shown in the previous paper. When Δ4-cholesten-3-one was used as the substrate, change of the solvents showed more prominent effect on the E, Z ratio of the reaction product. This paper also deals with the reaction of three electron-withdrawing group (CN, COOCH3, COCH3) substituted methyltriphenylarsonium salts with ketones in the presence of K2CO3, Na2CO3/benzo-15-crown-5, K2CO3/18-crown-6 or (C2H5)3N in CH3OH solution. The latter three gave satisfactory results (Table 2). The chromotographically pure products could be obtained from the crude products by passing through silica gel column. Its E, Z ratio is nearly the same as that of the crude product. This method seems to be a good one for preparing olefinic compounds in miligram scale. 相似文献
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The kinetics of decomposition of 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide (1) in benzene has been studied at 30, 40 and 50`C and the cage effect of decomposition has been determined by scavenging method. The relative amounts of the main products of decomposition of 1 at 50`C with change of initial concentration have been determined. The results showed that the decomposition of 1 followed first plus three halves order kinetics as reported for lauroyl peroxide (2), but had a larger cage effect of 0.6. The mechanism of decomposition of 1 is practically the same as what we have proposed for 2. The faster rate and larger cage effect but less induced decomposition of 1 than that of 2 are attributed to the branching of the molecule of 1, especially to the presence of β-methyl group, which causes a larger entropy increase in the transition state. 相似文献
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H_2O与NO,CN,OH自由基及负离子相互作用的CP研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用量子化学从头算方法在均衡(CounterPolse)校正和非校正势能面上研究 了珑O与NO,NO~-,CN,CNoH~-之间的相互作用比较了CP-梯度优化和非校正梯度优 化以及基组的选择对超分子结构和能量的影响.研究311++g**基组对于这些体系的 研究有很高的效率.这些自由基和负离子均能与H_2O形成强弱不同的氢强弱次序依 次为OH~-,CN,NO~_,OH,CN,NO,由相互作用能.△E~(CP),成键临界点电荷密 E(2)分析均得到同样结果CF梯度优化和非校正梯度优化所得能量及正BSSE相差不 大。 相似文献