Success and serendipity on achieving high energy density for rechargeable batteries

Rechargeable lithium batteries that use non-aqueous electrolytes may not be suitable for electric vehicle applications, which require safe, inexpensive, and high energy density. In this paper, we showed that reversible lithium intercalation can occur in MnO₂ cathode coupled with Zn anode while using LiOH aqueous electrolyte. This new Zn|LiOH|MnO₂ aqueous rechargeable cell could operate around 1.5 V for multiple cycles and possibly be used in battery packs, are of low cost, and environmentally benign. However, higher energy density, power density, and cycling life of the Zn|LiOH|MnO₂ system are required for exploiting this technology to better compete with the lithium battery counterparts. Serendipitously, high energy density (270 Wh/Kg) that was achieved with physically mixed additives (Bi₂O₃ and TiB₂) on MnO₂ is reported. Physically modified cathode containing multiple additives is shown to be superior in energy density and capacity retention compared to that of the additive-free MnO₂ or carbon-coated MnO₂ using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the source. The role of the additives (Bi₂O₃ and Bi₂O₃?+?TiB₂) in the MnO₂ electrode is found to avoid the formation of unwanted (non-rechargeable) products and to decrease the polarization of the electrode.     

Synergistic effect of additives on electrochemical properties of MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> cathode in aqueous rechargeable batteries

The synergistic effect of bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) + titanium disulphide (TiS₂) additives in different proportions into the MnO₂ cathode material is physically modified and tested in a Zn-MnO₂ battery with aqueous LiOH electrolyte. It is found that these foreign cations stabilized the MnO₂ structure upon multiple cycling and the synergistic effect between two additives enhanced the rechargeability. This class of additive modified MnO₂ may be of interest for high-energy density and safer batteries for applications such as electric vehicles. The cyclability of the material suitable for electric vehicle (EV) applications is established in this report. The incorporation of Bi₂O₃ (3 wt.%) and TiS₂ (2 wt.%) additives into the MnO₂ cathode was found to improve the cell performance, this is partly due to the suppression of proton insertion. The results on cyclic voltammetric and charge–discharge studies describing the redox mechanisms in LiOH electrolyte and the role of additives on those redox reactions are discussed and compared with that of traditional KOH electrolyte.     

Surface analysis on discharged MnO2 cathode using XPS and SIMS techniques

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) appears to be an effective cathode material for a battery system. No studies on lithium insertion in aqueous media are known to the best of our knowledge. However, in one of our previous papers we reported that lithium could be intercalated into a MnO₂ host compound using an aqueous LiOH electrolyte; however simple chemistry suggests that it should not. It is found that a battery with LiOH electrolyte functions quite differently from the cell that uses Li₂SO₄. This paper describes the surface modifications that accompany the electrochemical behavior of MnO₂ during redox (discharge) processes in the lithium hydroxide and sulfate media. XPS and SIMS techniques were used to study the resultant surface of the MnO₂ cathode and the spectra reveal that the formation of an insoluble layer of Li₂CO₃ precedes the process of reduction. SEM was used to study the microstructure of the MnO₂ cathode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exfoliated nanoplatelets of an Aurivillius phase, Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12: Characterisation by X-ray diffraction and by high-resolution electron microscopy

Nanoparticles of the Aurivillius phase La-substituted BTO (Bi_4−xLa_xTi₃O₁₂, with x=0.75) were obtained through a chemical lithiation process. They have been characterised by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (diffraction and imaging at high resolution). The defect-free particles are platelet-shaped with the c large axis perpendicular to the plane. From high-resolution images, it is clear that the delamination process occurs at the level of the (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ intermediate layer and is destructive for this layer. The smallest thickness measured corresponds to one cell parameter (3.3 nm) but a large range of thicknesses have been observed: this suggests that the lithium insertion does not take place in all (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ layers, despite a large excess of lithium and a long reaction time. This is confirmed by ICP analysis, which leads to a formula Li_0.99Bi_3.25La_0.77Ti_3.00O₁₂ for the lithiated compound. This behaviour towards lithium intercalation differs from those observed with BTO in literature, where lithium insertion is reported as occurring in every (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ layer. Possible explanations for this difference are advanced based on microstructural and structural considerations.     

Studies on the effects of coated Li2CO3 on lithium electrode

Although a lithium metal anode has a high energy density compared with a carbon insertion anode, the poor rechargeability prevents the practical use of anode materials. A lithium electrode coated with Li₂CO₃ was prepared as a negative electrode to enhance cycleability through the control of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formation in Li secondary batteries. The electrochemical characteristics of the SEI layer were examined using chronopotentiometry (CP) and impedance spectroscopy. The Li₂CO₃-SEI layer prevents electrolyte decomposition reaction and has low interface resistance. In addition, the lithium ion diffusion in the SEI layer of the uncoated and the Li₂CO₃-coated electrode was evaluated using chronoamperometry (CA).     

Ti3C2Tx/MnO2正极在水系锌电池中的电化学性能

二氧化锰(MnO₂)材料具有比容量大、电极电位高、储量丰富以及价格低廉等优势,成为水系锌电池正极最受关注的一类材料,然而其仍然存在着结构稳定性差和电化学储存机理复杂的问题。因此,我们通过两步合成法制备了一种花苞状结构的MnO₂负载在Ti₃C₂T_x表面形成Ti₃C₂T_x/MnO₂复合材料,通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)对复合样品的结构、成分和形貌进行表征。通过将Ti₃C₂T_x/MnO₂复合材料作为正极,与锌负极匹配组装成水系锌电池,研究了其分别在2 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄、2 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄+0.1 mol·L^-1 MnSO₄、30 mol·L^-1三氟甲基磺酸四乙基铵(TEAOTf)+1 mol·L^-1三氟甲烷磺酸锌(ZnOTf)和3 mol·L^-1 ZnOTf四种电解液中的电化学性能。结果表明,Ti₃C₂T_x/MnO₂在2 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄中的比容量较高,但循环稳定性很差。将TEAOTf盐和ZnOTf盐共溶于水中,设计了一种新型的含惰性阳离子的超高浓度盐包水电解液(30 mol·L^-1 TEAOTf+1 mol·L^-1 ZnOTf),不仅提高了Ti₃C₂T_x/MnO₂材料的可逆性,而且有效抑制了电极材料在循环过程中的溶解。     

Effects of Metal Ion Sources on Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Spinel LiMn2O4 Using Tartaric Acid Gel Process

The effect of lithium and manganese ions on the synthesis, phase purity, and electrochemical properties of tartaric acid gel processed lithium manganese oxide spinel were investigated. The poor bonding between both lithium and manganese ions with tartaric acid was shown by the FT-IR analysis when lithium nitrate and/or manganese nitrate were used as sources. Li₂MnO₃ and Mn₂O₃ impurities formed in addition to lithium manganese oxides when nitrate salts were used as the sources. When acetate salts were used as sources for the lithium and manganese ions, single-phase LiMn₂O₄ was obtained. These results indicate that homogeneous bonding between acetate salt and tartaric acid was formed. The capacity of single-phase LiMn₂O₄ calcined at 500°C was 117 mAh/g which was much higher than those containing Mn₂O₃ and Li₂MnO₃ impurity compounds. Thus, sources of lithium and manganese ions play an important role in the synthesis and electrochemical behaviors of lithium manganese oxide spinel.     

球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li1.0Na0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2正极材料及其性能

以乙酸盐(乙酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钴、乙酸镍、乙酸锰等)为原材料,采用球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li_(1.0)Na_(0.2)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)Mn_(0.54)O_2正极材料。借助XRD、SEM等表征材料的结构和形貌,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究材料的电化学性能。结果表明,钠的掺杂导致颗粒表面光滑度降低,形成Na_(0.77)Mn O_(2.05)新相。0.05C活化过程中,掺钠样品和未掺钠样品首次放电比容量分别为258.4 m Ah·g~(-1)和215.8 m Ah·g~(-1),库伦效率分别为75.2%和72.8%;2C放电比容量分别为116.3 m Ah·g~(-1)和106.2 m Ah·g~(-1)。研究发现,掺钠可减小首次充放电过程的不可逆容量,提高容量保持率;改善倍率性能与容量恢复特性;降低SEI膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗;掺钠后样品首次循环就可以基本完成Li_2Mn O_3组分向稳定结构的转化,而未掺杂的样品需要两次循环才能逐步完成该过程;XPS结果表明,掺钠样品中Ni~(2+)、Co~(3+)、Mn~(4+)所占比例明显提高,改善了样品的稳定性和电化学性能;循环200次后的XRD结果表明掺钠与未掺钠材料在脱嵌锂反应中的相变化过程基本一致,良好有序的层状结构遭到破坏是循环过程中容量衰减的主要原因。     

球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li1.0Na0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2正极材料及其性能

以乙酸盐(乙酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钴、乙酸镍、乙酸锰等)为原材料,采用球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li_1.0Na_0.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂正极材料。借助XRD、SEM等表征材料的结构和形貌,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究材料的电化学性能。结果表明,钠的掺杂导致颗粒表面光滑度降低,形成Na_0.77MnO_2.05新相。0.05C活化过程中,掺钠样品和未掺钠样品首次放电比容量分别为258.4 mAh·g^-1和215.8 mAh·g^-1,库伦效率分别为75.2%和72.8%;2C放电比容量分别为116.3 mAh·g^-1和106.2 mAh·g^-1。研究发现,掺钠可减小首次充放电过程的不可逆容量,提高容量保持率;改善倍率性能与容量恢复特性;降低SEI膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗;掺钠后样品首次循环就可以基本完成Li₂MnO₃组分向稳定结构的转化,而未掺杂的样品需要两次循环才能逐步完成该过程;XPS结果表明,掺钠样品中Ni²⁺、Co³⁺、Mn⁴⁺所占比例明显提高,改善了样品的稳定性和电化学性能;循环200次后的XRD结果表明掺钠与未掺钠材料在脱嵌锂反应中的相变化过程基本一致,良好有序的层状结构遭到破坏是循环过程中容量衰减的主要原因。     

用MnO_2离子筛吸附剂从溶液中提取锂(英文)

研究了MnO2离子筛的制备、表征及其提锂性能。通过控制低温水热合成反应条件制备了4种不同晶相的一维纳米MnO2,进一步用浸渍法制备了Li-Mn-O三元氧化物前驱体,并经酸处理后得到对Li+具有特殊选择性的离子筛。用XRD、吸附等温线、吸附动力学及pH滴定等手段对产物的晶相结构和Li+吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,SMO-b和SMO-d离子筛的Li+平衡吸附量符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。反应物浓度对MnO2不同晶面的生长速率有不同的影响,但(NH4)2SO4对吸附容量并无提高。吸附速率方程符合一级动力学Lagergren方程。MnO2离子筛Li+的吸附量远远高于Na+。     

Lithium‐Ion‐Transfer Kinetics of Single LiMn2O4 Particles

A stochastic investigation of lithium deinsertion from individual 200‐nm‐sized particles of LiMn₂O₄ reveals the rate‐determining step at high overpotentials to be the transfer of the cation across the particle–electrolyte interface. Measurement of the (electro)chemical behavior of the spinel is undertaken without forming a conductive composite electrode. The kinetics of the interfacial ion transfer defines a theoretical upper limit for the discharge rates of batteries using LiMn₂O₄ in an aqueous environment.     

石墨烯/尖晶石LiMn2O4纳米复合材料制备及电化学性能

采用溶胶凝胶法和还原氧化石墨法制备尖晶石LiMn2O4纳米晶和石墨烯纳米片,并采用冷冻干燥法制备了石墨烯/尖晶石LiMn2O4纳米复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、AFM等对其结构及表面形貌进行表征;利用CV、充放电、EIS研究纳米复合材料的电化学性能和电极过程动力学特征。结果表明:纳米LiMn2O4电极材料及其石墨烯掺杂纳米复合材料的放电比容量分别为107.16 mAh.g-1,124.30 mAh.g-1,循环100周后,对应容量保持率为74.31%和96.66%,石墨烯可显著改善尖晶石LiMn2O4电极材料的电化学性能,归结于其良好的导电性。纳米复合材料EIS上感抗的产生与半导体尖晶石LiMn2O4不均匀地分布在石墨烯膜表面所造成局域浓差有关,并提出了感抗产生的模型。     

LiCoO2对LiMn2O4改性过程的研究

在LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2这三种锂离子电池正极材料中,尖晶石LiMn2O4由于具有价廉、对环境友好、使用安全的显著优点,被普遍认为是最有希望的新型正极材料。但该材料在高温下较快的容量衰减制约了其规模应用[1~3]。为改善LiMn2O4的高温性能,各国学者普遍采用掺杂法,即在制备L     

MnO_2/NiCo_2O_4的静电自组装合成及其电化学性能

通过带负电荷的MnO2纳米片与带正电荷的Co-Ni层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)纳米片的静电自组装外加后续热处理合成了异质层状结构的MnO2/NiCo2O4复合物.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、拉曼光谱、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其结构和形貌进行了表征.用循环伏安(CV)、恒流充放电和电化学交流阻抗技术对其电化学性能进行了测试.研究结果表明,该方法制得的异质复合物具有多孔层状堆垛结构,这种特殊的结构不仅增大了电解液离子的接触面积,而且还为其嵌入-脱出提供了有效途径.该复合物在1 A·g-1电流密度时,-0.6-0.45 V电位窗口内的比电容达482 F·g-1,优于纯组分MnO2和NiCo2O4的电容性能.     

尖晶石LiMn2O4高温电化学容量衰减及改进

综述了高温下尖晶石LiMn2O4容量衰减的原因、机理研究和改进它的高温性能的方法以及目前的进展,且指出了可能的提高它的高温性能的途径。     

Synthesis of o-LiMnO2 by Microwave Irradiation and StudyIts Heat Treatment and Lithium Exchange

Microwave irradiation of a suspension of γ-MnOOH in a 4 mol dm⁻³ LiOH solution brought about a rapid formation of semicrystalline orthorhombic LiMnO₂ (o-LiMnO₂) within 30 min at 120°C. Cubic Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ was obtained by heating o-LiMnO₂ at 400°C; lithium could be topotactically extracted from Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ with acid to form cubic H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄.     

浸渍-分解法制备高可见光催化活性的Bi2O3/TiO2纳米管阵列

用浸渍-分解法将Bi₂O₃纳米颗粒沉积在TiO₂纳米管壁上, 制备了Bi₂O₃/TiO₂纳米管阵列. 用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定了Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ 纳米管阵列的化学组分, 利用X 射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱表征了所制备的样品. 通过在可见光下(λ>400 nm)降解甲基橙(MO)水溶液来评价样品的光催化活性. 结果表明, Bi₂O₃纳米颗粒均匀地沉积在TiO₂纳米管中. Bi₂O₃/TiO₂纳米管阵列具有比纯Bi₂O₃膜和N-TiO₂纳米管阵列高得多的可见光催化活性. Bi₂O₃/TiO₂纳米管阵列活性的增强是其强可见光吸收和Bi₂O₃与TiO₂之间形成的异质结的协同作用的结果.     

Br-掺杂Bi2WO6的水热法合成及其可见光催化性能

以Bi（NO₃）₃·5H₂O和Na₂WO₄·2H₂O为主要原料,采用水热法合成了纯相Bi₂WO₆,并对其进行非金属离子Br^-掺杂改性。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、Raman、PL和DRS研究了Br^-掺杂对Bi₂WO₆的物相结构、形貌和可见光催化性能的影响。结果表明,Br^-掺杂可有效提高Bi₂WO₆的可见光催化性能,当掺杂量（物质的量百分数）为8%时,溴掺杂Bi₂WO₆的光催化性能最好,可见光照射40 min后,可降解96.73%的罗丹明-B,与未掺杂Bi₂WO₆相比,其降解率提高了36.32%。     

Br~-掺杂Bi_2WO_6的水热法合成及其可见光催化性能

以Bi(NO_3)_3·5H_2O和Na_2WO_4·2H_2O为主要原料,采用水热法合成了纯相Bi_2WO_6,并对其进行非金属离子Br-掺杂改性。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、Raman、PL和DRS研究了Br~-掺杂对Bi_2WO_6的物相结构、形貌和可见光催化性能的影响。结果表明,Br-掺杂可有效提高Bi_2WO_6的可见光催化性能,当掺杂量(物质的量百分数)为8%时,溴掺杂Bi_2WO_6的光催化性能最好,可见光照射40 min后,可降解96.73%的罗丹明-B,与未掺杂Bi_2WO_6相比,其降解率提高了36.32%。     

A new 2212-type stair like structure: Bi14Sr21Fe12O61, m=5 member of the generic [Bi2Sr3Fe2O9]m[Bi4Sr6Fe2O16] family

A new oxide, Bi₁₄Sr₂₁Fe₁₂O_61, with a layered structure derived from the 2212 modulated type structure Bi₂Sr₃Fe₂O₉, was isolated. It crystallizes in the I2 space group, with the following parameters: a=16.58(3) Å, b=5.496(1) Å, c=35.27(2) Å and β=90.62°. The single crystal X-ray structure determination, coupled with electron microscopy, shows that this ferrite is the m=5 member of the [Bi₂Sr₃Fe₂O₉]_m[Bi₄Sr₆Fe₂O₁₆] collapsed family. This new collapsed structure can be described as slices of 2212 structure of five bismuth polyhedra thick along , shifted with respect to each other and interconnected by means of [Bi₄Sr₆Fe₂O₁₆] slices. The latter are the place of numerous defects like iron or strontium for bismuth substitution; they can be correlated to intergrowth defects with other members of the family.