The primary target model of energetic ions penetration in thin botanic samples

The ion transmission spectra of very low current MeV H⁺ ions through two kinds of botanic samples, kidney bean slices and onion endocuticle, were carried out. The experimental spectra confirmed the botanic sample is inhomogeneous in mass density. A target model with local density approximation was suggested to describe the penetration of the energetic ions in such kind of materials. From the fitting of proton transmission spectra of two-energies, this target model was verified primarily. Including the influence of surface roughness and irradiation damage, this target model could be improved to predict the profile of penetration depth and range distribution of the energetic ions in the botanic samples.     

Energy deposition and penetration depth of heavy ions in the electronic stopping region

Previous calculations of spatial moments over the distribution of ion ranges and bombardment damage have been extended into the range of ion energies where electronic stopping is important. Numerical solutions are given of well-known integral equations, under the assumption of Thomas-Fermi scattering and velocity-proportional electronic stopping, for equaI masses of ion and target and five values of the electronic stopping constant, over a range of four decades of ion energy. The results are compared with experimental damage distributions, with good success. Implications on sputtering are mentioned briefly.     

Role of barrier penetration in complete fusion of heavy ions

The relevance of tunneling in determining the cross section for complete fusion is explored. The classical model with frictional forces is used for the determination of the trajectory of two heavy ions up to the classical turning point. The penetrability of the barrier is calculated quantum mechanically. It is shown that the so calculated transmission coefficient differ from the sharp cut-off approximation, but yield cross section for complete fusion which are not significantly different from the cross section neglecting quantum mechanical effects.     

Secondary fusion reactions in the bombardment of light-element targets with low-energy heavy ions

Neutron emission was observed experimentally at the DC-60 cyclotron at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Astana, Kazakhstan). The neutron yields were measured in the bombardment of light-element (Be, C, Al, Al₂O₃, and LiF) targets with heavy ions (Ar, Kr, and Xe) with energies below the Coulomb barrier. The angular distributions of neutrons from the targets were also measured. It was found that the observed neutrons were produced in secondary nuclear reactions between the resting target nuclei and recoil nuclei that acquire energy in the process of elastic scattering. The experimental results were compared with calculations based on the abovementioned secondary-reaction mechanism. The calculations allow one to estimate the yields of secondary reactions to within a coefficient of 2.     

Fundamental study on ultrasonic measurement system to detect penetration of boulders using cepstrum analysis

Generally, ultrasonic method and an elastic impact wave method are mentioned as examples representing the nondestructive test method. However, the ultrasonic method is known for the investigation of shallow depth becoming very shallow because of its small input. And the elastic impact wave method uses for example, a hammer for the discrimination of the reflection wave produced by minute cracks existing in the object, which is difficult. Theoretically, if it becomes possible to input the vibration of an ultrasonic domain into artificial structures such as a concrete and a boulder with strong amplitude, deeper investigation of depth and higher precision will be attained. The authors have developed a new ultrasonic method by using ultrasonic wave of the chirp signal, using the input of this system and using auto correlation and cepstrum as the analysis methods. In this paper, the experiment is classified into Pattern 1 and Pattern 2. In Pattern 1, the experiment of receiving the reflection wave was carried out using the concrete block with a width of 1300 mm and the down chirp signal from 50 kHz to 40 kHz. In Pattern 1, a reflection wave was clearly detected, and the length of the concrete block was calculated using auto correlation analysis, and was obtained as 1311.76 mm. In Pattern 2, the experiment of receiving the reflection wave was carried out using the same concrete block and the down chirp signal from 150 kHz to 130 kHz. In Pattern 2, the direct wave and the reflection wave were mixed, therefore it was not possible to presume the length from the obtained waveform. So cepstrum analysis method was used, and the traveling time of the reflection wave was obtained. In this result, the length of the concrete block was given as 1278.25 mm.     

Direct observation of a large London penetration depth in an organic superconductor

Careful observation of the diamagnetic shielding signal in small fields applied along the a-axis of deuterated (TMTSF)₂ClO₄ crystals reveal a systematic dependence of the diamagnetic susceptibility on the thickness (b- and c-dimensions) of the crystals, which we explain by a macroscopically large value of 0.004 cm for the London penetration depth.     

Ranges of low-energy heavy ions in beryllium, boron, carbon, and silicon

Based on a theory of the passage of low-energy, heavy ions through matter, simple analytical expressions are obtained for calculating the average projected ranges of the ions and the rms deviations of the projected ranges. The theoretical and experimental ranges of heavy ions with atomic numbers 29⩽Z ₁⩽83 in targets of Be, B, C, and Si are compared. The theory is found to be in good agreement with experiment. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 33–36 (September 1998)     

Erosion of the field emitter surface exposed to low-energy ions

The radiation-induced erosion of the tungsten field emitter surface exposed to low-energy ions is studied by field ion microscopy and electron microscopy. During the bombardment, surface atoms are displaced to sites with lower coordination numbers and nanoasperities, generating a locally enhanced electric field, arise on the surface in a jump-like manner, which modifies the characteristics of the emitters. The field evaporation of the asperities produces cavities; hence, the erosion can be described in terms of blistering. Quasi-static surface erosion mechanisms are considered. It is shown that nanoblistering can be related to helium absorption in metal surface layers.     

Experimental observation of enhanced stopping of heavy ions in a hydrogen plasma

Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and nuclei - Enhanced energy loss of 333 MeV 238Uions in a hydrogen discharge plasma with a high degree of ionization has been observed. The ion stopping in a...     

STM教学实验样品的扩展

目前STM实验教学是使用低精度的STM仪器观察样品表面原子团的颗粒状形貌,却要求采用硅基金镀膜这样高要求的样品,这极大浪费了实验室的人力、物力和财力并限制了学生的创造力.本文采用不同形态不同导电物质表面充当STM实验样品进行实验,发现日常生活和实验室中很多导电物品都可以成为很好的STM教学实验样品.     

基于X射线光谱测定法分析氚深度的模拟研究

氚是一种重要的聚变材料,在军事和民用方面都有广泛的用途,氚在薄膜靶中的浓度和深度研究是一项重要的课题.文章建立了氚β射线诱发X射线光谱的模拟方法,分析了氚β射线诱发X射线光谱与氚的浓度和深度分布的关系,研究表明氚在薄膜靶中浓度和深度分布与测定光谱存在对应关系,这为利用X光谱反解氚含最和深度分布奠定了基础.     

基于气溶胶光学厚度反演大气气溶胶尺度分布

介绍一种基于气溶胶光学厚度测量反演大气气溶胶尺度分布的新方法. 从实测气溶胶光学厚度出发，依据严格的Mie散射理论，将气溶胶尺度分布函数离散，采用线性回归法确定气溶胶尺度分布. 还通过对多重共线性的讨论，确定了用于反演气溶胶尺度分布的光谱波段.     

Overlap integral dependence on the penetration depth in abnormal guided acousto-optic interaction

A numerical analysis about the overlap integral for TE-TM polarized light is presented about abnormal guided acousto-optic interaction using mode conversion. Overlap integral dependence on the penetration depth is obtained in abnormal acousto-optic interaction.     

STM observation of the quantum interference effect in finite-sized graphite

Superperiodic patterns were observed by STM on two kinds of finite-sized graphene sheets. One is nanographene sheets inclined from a highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) substrate and the other is a several-layer-thick graphene sheets with dislocation-network structures against a HOPG substrate. As for the former, the in-plane periodicity increased gradually in the direction of inclination, and it is easily changed by attachment of a nanographite flake on the nanographene sheets. The oscillation pattern can be explained by the interference of electron waves confined in the inclined nanographene sheets. As for the latter, patterns and their corrugation amplitudes depended on the bias voltage and on the terrace height from the HOPG substrate. The interference effect by the perturbed and unperturbed waves in the overlayer is responsible for the patterns whose local density of states varies in space.