Ab initio/DFT theory and multichannel RRKM study on the mechanisms and kinetics for the CH3S + CO reaction

The potential energy surface for the reaction of CH₃S with CO was calculated at the G3MP2//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The rate constants for feasible channels leading to several products were calculated by TST and multichannel-RRKM theory. The results show that addition–elimination mechanism is dominant, while hydrogen abstraction mechanism is uncompetitive. The major channel is the addition of CO to CH₃S leading to an intermediate CH₃SCO which then decomposes to CH₃ + OCS. In the temperature range of 200–3000 K, the overall rate constants are positive temperature dependence and pressure independence, and it can be described by the expression as k = 1.10 × 10⁻¹⁶T^1.57exp(−3359/T) cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. At temperature between 208 and 295 K, the calculated rate constants are in good agreement with the experimental upper limit data. At T = 1000 and 2000 K, the major product is CH₃ + OCS at lower pressure; while at higher pressure, the stabilization of IM1 is dominant channel.     

Ab initio study of the potential energy surface and product branching ratios for the reaction of O(D) with CH3CH2F

The potential energy surface of O(¹D) + CH₃CH₂F reaction has been studied using QCISD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p) method. The calculations reveal an insertion–elimination reaction mechanism of the title reaction. The insertion process has two possibilities: one is the O(¹D) atom inserting into C–F bond of CH₃CH₂F produces one energy-rich intermediate CH₃CH₂OF and another is the O(¹D) atom inserting into one of the C–H bonds of CH₃CH₂F produces two energy-rich intermediates, IM1 and IM2. The three intermediates subsequently decompose to various products. The calculations of the branching ratios of various products formed though the three intermediates have been carried out using RRKM theory at the collision energies of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kcal/mol. CH₃CH₂O is the main decomposition product of CH₃CH₂OF. HF and CH₃ are the main decomposition products for IM1; CH₂OH is the main decomposition product for IM2. Since IM1 is more stable and more likely to form than CH₃CH₂OF and IM2, HF and CH₃ are probably the main products of the O(¹D) + CH₃CH₂F reaction. Our computational results can give insight to reaction mechanism and provide probable explanations for future experiments.     

An ab initio and density functional theory study on the mechanism for the reaction of OH with 2-ethylfuran

The mechanism of the reaction of OH + 2-ethylfuran has been investigated using the G3MP2 and G3MP2B3 levels of theory. The geometric parameters of all species involved in the reaction have been optimized at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory with 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The overall profile of doublet potential energy surface (PES) for the OH + 2-ethylfuran reaction has been constructed using the G3MP2 and G3MP2B3 methods. The results show that the addition-elimination mechanism dominates the OH + 2-ethylfuran reaction and the major products are CH₃CH₂C(OH)CHCHCHOH (P8) and CH₃CH₂COCHCHCHOH (P6).     

Ab initio quantum chemical studies on the reactions of CF3O2 with OH

The potential energy surface for the CF₃O₂ + OH reaction has been theoretically investigated using the DFT (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) level of theory. Both singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces are investigated. The reaction mechanism on the triplet surface is simple. However, the reaction mechanism on the singlet surface is more complicated. It is revealed that the formation of CF₃O + HO₂ is the dominant channel on the triplet surface. The potential energy surface (PES) for this reaction has been given according to the relative energies calculated at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. Because this reaction involves both triplet and singlet states, triplet–singlet intersystem crossing (ISC) crossing also have been investigated in this paper.     

The DFT and ab initio investigations on the mechanism of CF3O2 + H reaction

The mechanisms for the reaction of CF₃O₂ with atomic hydrogen were studied with ab initio and DFT methods. The results reveal that the reaction could take place on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces (PES). For the singlet PES, addition/elimination and substitution mechanisms are determined, and the former one is dominant. The most favorable channel involves the association of CF₃O₂ with H atom to form CF₃O₂H (IM1) via a barrierless process, and then the O–O bond dissociates to give out CF₃O + OH. The secondary product might be CF₃OH + O, formed from the O–O bond cleavage in the initial adduct CF₃O(H)O (IM2). Other products such as CF₃ + O₂H, HF + CF₂O₂ and O₂ + CHF₃ are of no importances because of higher barriers. On the triplet PES, only substitution mechanism is located. With higher barriers involving, the channels on the triplet PES could be negligible compared with the channels on the singlet PES.     

CH3O与ClO双自由基反应机理的量子化学研究

在QCISD(T)/6-311＋G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311＋G(3df,3pd)水平上, 对CH₃O与ClO双自由基反应进行了理论研究. 结果表明, 该反应共有三个反应通道, 产物分别为HOCl＋CH₂O, CH₂O₂＋HCl和CH₃Cl＋O₂(¹Δ). 不论从动力学角度, 还是从热力学角度看, 形成产物HOCl＋CH₂O的通道均是最有利的, 因此为主要反应通道, 这与实验观察到的结果是一致的.     

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanisms of CH2SH + NO reaction

The mechanisms for the CH₂SH + NO reaction were investigated on both of the singlet and triplet PES at the BMC-CCSD//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The results indicate that the singlet PES is much lower than the triplet PES energetically; therefore, the reaction occurs on the singlet PES dominantly. The most favorable channel on the singlet PES takes place by a barrierless addition of N atom to CH₂SH radical to form HSCH₂NO. Subsequently, the rearrangement of the initial adduct HSCH₂NO (IM1) to form another intermediate IM3 via a four-center transition state, followed by the C–O bond fission in IM3 leading to the major product CH₂S + HNO. Due to high barriers, other product including HC(N)SH + HO, HON + CH₂S, and HNO + CHSH could be negligible. The direct abstraction channel was also determined to yield CH₂S + HON. With high barrier (33.3 kcal/mol), it is not competitive with the addition channel, in which all stationary points are lower than reactant energetically. While on the triplet PES, with the lowest barrier height (18.8 kcal/mol), the direct N-abstracted channel to form CH₂S + HNO is dominant. However, it is not competitive with the channels on the singlet PES. Our results are in good accordance with experimental conclusions that the reaction proceeds via addition mechanism.     

Empirical line parameters of methane in the 1.63–1.48 μm transparency window by high sensitivity Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy

The positions and intensities of methane in the 1.58 μm transparency window have been measured by high sensitivity Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy at room temperature. The achieved sensitivity allowed measuring intensities as small as 3 × 10⁻²⁹ cm/molecule i.e. three orders of magnitude smaller than the intensity cut off of the HITRAN line list of methane. The complete list contains a total of 16,149 transitions between 6165 and 6750 cm⁻¹. Their intensity values vary over six orders of magnitude from 1.6 × 10⁻²⁹ to 2.5 × 10⁻²³ cm/molecule. Transitions due to CH₃D in “natural” abundance in our methane sample were identified using a new spectrum of CH₃D recorded separately with a Fourier Transform spectrometer. From simulations of the CH₃D and methane spectra at low resolution, the CH₃D isotopologue has be found to contribute by up to 30% of the absorption near 1.58 μm.     

CH3SO3裂解反应的机理和热力学性质

在G3XMP2//B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)水平上对CH₃SO₃裂解反应的机理进行了研究, 获得了6 条通道(10 条路径), 并构建了其势能剖面. 同时采用单分子反应理论计算了各个通道在温度200-3000 K区间的速率常数. 研究结果表明, 在计算温度范围内, CH₃SO₃裂解反应的主产物为P1(CH₃+SO₃), 产物P2(CH₃O+SO₂)和P3(HCHO+HOSO)仅在温度大于3000 K时对总产物有贡献, 而产物P4(CHSO₂+H₂O), P5(CH₂SO₃+H)和P6(CHSO₃+H₂)贡献相对较少. 将裂解反应总的速率常数拟合为k_total=1.40×10¹²T^0.15exp(7831.58/T). 此外, 根据统计热力学原理, 预测了所有物种的生成焓(D_fH^Θ_{298 K}, D_fH_{0 K}), 熵(S^Θ_{298 K})和热容(C_p, 298-2000 K), 计算的结果与实验值较接近.     

Thermochemistry of dicesium calcium tetraborate octahydrate

The enthalpies of solution of Cs₂Ca[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O(s) in approximately 1 mol dm⁻³ aqueous hydrochloric acid and of CsCl(s) in aqueous (hydrochloric acid + boric acid + calcium oxide) were determined. From these results and the enthalpies of solution of H₃BO₃(s) in approximately 1 mol dm⁻³ HCl(aq) and of CaO(s) in aqueous (hydrochloric acid + boric acid), the standard molar enthalpy of formation of −(10328 ± 6) kJ mol⁻¹ for Cs₂Ca[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O(s) was obtained from the standard molar enthalpy of formation of CaO(s), CsCl(s), H₃BO₃(s) and H₂O(l). The standard molar entropy of formation of Cs₂Ca[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O(s) was calculated from the thermodynamic relation with the standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation of Cs₂Ca[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O(s) computed from a group contribution method.     

CH2＝CHCl与O(3P)反应的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函理论和QCISD (Quadratic configuration interaction calculation)方法, 对O(³P)与CH₂CHCl的反应进行了理论研究. 在UB3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p), UB3LYP/6-31＋＋G(3df, 3pd)计算水平上, 优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的几何构型, 并在UQCISD(T)/6-311＋＋G(2df,2pd)水平上计算了单点能量. 为了确证过渡态的真实性, 在UB3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,3pd)水平上进行了内禀坐标(IRC)计算和频率分析, 并确定了反应机理. 研究结果表明, 反应主要产物为CH₂CHO和Cl.     

Theoretical study on the gas-phase reaction mechanism between rhodium monoxide cation and methane

The gas-phase reaction mechanism between rhodium monoxide cation and methane has been investigated on the singlet and triplet state potential energy surfaces at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2d,2p), SDD//B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p), SDD level. Over the 300–1100 K temperature range, the branching ratios of Rh⁺ + CH₃OH and RhCH₂ ⁺ + H₂O are 83.8–52.6% and 16.2–47.4%, respectively, whereas the branching ratio of CH₂ORh⁺ + H₂ is so small to be negligible. For the main products (Rh⁺ + CH₃OH and RhCH₂ ⁺ + H₂O) formation, the minimum energy reaction pathway involves singlet–triplet spin inversion, and both b-RhCH₃OH⁺ and H₂ORhCH₂ ⁺ are the energetically preferred intermediates. Alternatively, in the CH₂ORh⁺ + H₂ reaction, both b-RhCH₃OH⁺ and H₂RhOCH₂ ⁺ are the energetically favorable intermediates, and the main products are Rh⁺ + CH₃OH. In the RhCH₂ ⁺ + H₂O reaction, the main products are Rh⁺ + CH₃OH with the energetically predominant intermediate b-RhCH₃OH⁺. In the reaction of Rh⁺ + CH₃OH, both b-RhCH₃OH⁺ and H₂RhOCH₂ ⁺ are the energetically preferable intermediates, and the main products are CH₂ORh⁺ + H₂. Besides, toward methane activation, the cation RhO⁺ exhibits higher reaction efficiency than the cation Rh⁺, the neutral RhO, and its first-row congener CoO⁺, and it exhibits lower methanol branching ratio and higher water branching ratio than RhO and CoO⁺.     

Viscosity of aqueous NH4Cl and tracer diffusion coefficients of ions,water and non-electrolytes in aqueous NH4Cl,KI, and MgCl2 at 25°C

Viscosities for aqueous NH₄Cl and tracer diffusion coefficients for²²Na⁺,³⁶Cl^–, HTO, and CH₃OH, acetone and dimethylformamide (all¹⁴C-labelled) in NH₄Cl supporting electrolyte are reported for 25°, together with tracer diffusion coefficients for²²Na⁺,³⁶Cl^–, and¹⁴CH₃OH in 1M KI, and for¹⁴CH₃OH in 1M MgCl₂. The diffusion coefficient of HTO in NH₄Cl solutions is slightly larger, for most of the concentration range investigated (0.05 to 4.5 M), than the value for pure water and is almost unaffected by the supporting electrolyte up to about 4M. Similar behavior is shown by CH₃OH, acetone and dimethylformamide in NH₄Cl solutions. Onsager limiting law behavior is approached by Cl^– at NH₄Cl concentrations in the 0.05–0.1M region but at much lower concentrations by Na⁺.     

DFT and ab initio theoretical study for the CF3S + CO reaction

The potential energy surface for the reaction of CF₃S with CO is calculated at the G4//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The results show that F-abstraction and addition-elimination mechanisms are involved, and the latter one is dominant thermodynamically and kinetically. The dominant channel is the reactant addition to form CF₃SCO, and then decomposes to CF₃ + OCS. While the direct F-abstraction channel and CF₃SCO isomerization channel are not significant for the title reaction due to higher barriers involved. The comparisons among four reactions of CX₃Y + CO (X = H, F; and Y = O, S) are made to imply the similar and different properties and reactivities of the same family elements and the F- and S-substituted derivatives.     

Searching blue-shifted O–H···Y hydrogen bond in CH<Subscript>3</Subscript>OH complexes with CF<Subscript>4</Subscript>, C<Subscript>2</Subscript>F<Subscript>2</Subscript>, OC,Ne, and He: a theoretical study

The hydrogen-bonded structures of the CH₃OH complexes with CF₄, C₂F₂, OC, Ne, and He are designated as the starting points for geometry optimizations without and with counterpoise (CP) correction at MP2 level of theory with the basis sets 6-31+G*, 6-31++G**, and 6-311++G**, respectively. Tight convergence criteria are applied throughout all geometry optimizations in order to reduce the computational errors. According to the optimizations without CP correction, a blue-shifted O–H···Y (where Y = F, O, Ne, or He) hydrogen bond exists in all these five complexes. The magnitudes of blue shifts of ν(O–H) of the former four complexes with respect to that of CH₃OH are reduced greatly when the polarization and diffuse functions of the hydrogen atoms are added (results from 6-31+G* versus those from 6-31++G**). However, for the complexes CH₃OH–CF₄ and CH₃OH–C₂F₂, our optimizations using the CP corrections did not find the hydrogen-bonded structure to be a stationary point. The energy minimum of both the complexes corresponds to a non-hydrogen-bonded structure.     

Size-dependent upconversion luminescence in YF3:Yb/Tm nanobundles

The upconversion luminescent properties of YF₃:Yb³⁺(20%)/Tm³⁺(1%) nanobundles with different sizes (240-500 nm in length) were studied under 980-nm excitation. Ultraviolet (¹I₆ → ³F₄/³H₆ and ¹D₂ → ³H₆), blue (¹D₂ → ³F₄ and ¹G₄ → ³H₆), red (¹D₂ → ³H₄, ¹G₄ → ³F₄, and ³F₃ → ³H₆), and near infrared (³H₄ → ³H₆) emissions were observed. The results indicated that the relative intensity of the ultraviolet to the blue as well as the blue to the near infrared increased with decreasing the size of nanobundles. Especially, the position of the dominant red emission peak varied with the size of nanobundles. As the length of nanobundles increased to 500 nm, unusual ³F₃ → ³H₆ transition was observed, which was theoretically explained considering the decrease of the nonradiative transition rate of ³F₃ → ³H₄.     

Osmium (VI) catalyzed chemoselective oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols

A mild and highly chemoselective approach to oxidation of allylic, electron rich/deficient benzylic, and heterocyclic alcohols employing catalytic quantities of K₂[OsO₂(OH)₄] (3 mol %) and chloramine-T (50 mol %) is described. The protocol offers short reaction times (25 min–2 h), controlled oxidation, and tolerance to a variety of substrates. A systematic mechanistic study based on the LC-ESI-MS/MS reveals the presence of imidotriooxoosmium species which further reacts with alcohol to give the oxidized product.     

Transmission electron microscopy study of Ruddlesden-Popper Can+1MnnO3n+1n=2 and 3 compounds

Two Ruddlesden-Popper compounds Ca_n+1Mn_nO_3n+1 with n=2 and 3 synthesized by a citrate gel technique have been studied by TEM. The structure of Ca₄Mn₃O₁₀ is consistent with the previously determined structure having the space group Pbca and a⁻ a⁻ c⁺/a⁻ a⁻ c⁺ tilt system. The presence of defects suggests the possible high-temperature phase transition from untilted I4/mmm to Pbca. The structure of Ca₃Mn₂O₇ was found to be different from the previously suggested I4/mmm symmetry. Ca₃Mn₂O₇ forms with an orthorhombic structure with either Cmcm or Cmc2₁ space group. A structural model for Cmc2₁ based on the tilting of almost-rigid octahedra with a⁺ c⁻ c⁻/a⁺ c⁻ c⁻ tilt system is proposed. The lamellar defects were shown to be twin variants of the Cmc2₁ structure with the (001)_t interfaces, which suggests the possible tilting phase transition from the ideal I4/mmm to Cmc2₁ following the maximal group-subgroup symmetry tree: I4/mmm→Fmmm→Bbmm(Cmcm)→Bb2₁m(Cmc2₁).     

反式2-甲基-2-丁烯酸甲酯与臭氧反应机理的计算研究

采用G3B3方法构建反式2-甲基-2-丁烯酸甲酯与O3反应体系以及后续Criegee自由基有、无水分子参与下异构化反应的势能面剖面.结果表明,反式2-甲基-2-丁烯酸甲酯与O3反应首先生成一个稳定的五元环中间体,此中间体按断键位置不同后续裂解反应存在两条路径,分别生成产物P1(CH3CHOO+CH3OC(O)C(CH3)O)和P2(CH3CHO+CH3OC(O)C(CH3)OO).利用经典过渡态理论(TST)并结合Wigner矫正模型计算了200-1200 K温度区间内标题反应的速率常数kTST/W.计算结果显示,294 K时,该反应速率常数为7.55×10-18cm3molecule-1s-1,与Bernard等对类似反应所测实验值非常接近.生成的Criegee自由基(CH3CHOO和CH3OC(O)C(CH3)OO)可分别与水分子发生α-加成及β-氢迁移反应,其中Criegee自由基与水的α-加成反应较其与水的β-氢迁移反应具有优势.另外与无水分子参与CH3CHOO和CH3OC(O)C(CH3)OO异构化反应相比,水分子的参与使得异构化反应较为容易进行.