Effect of higher harmonics of phase-modulation frequency on zero drift in a fiber ring interferometer

We show that the presence of the second harmonic of phase modulation frequency leads to the appearance of spurious modulation of radiation intensity at a fiber-ring interferometer (FRI) output at the first harmonic, which results in FRI zero drift. Numerical estimates are given. Several methods are proposed to eliminate the influence of this spurious effect on FRI zero drift.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 624–630, May, 1996.The author thanks V. N. Listvin for useful remarks.This work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, grant 94-02-03916.     

Use of the application of heterodyne laser interferometer in power ultrasonics

We are particularly interested in the measurement of nonlinear acoustic waves in air, within the range of the Raman-Nath diffraction regime. We used a heterodyne laser interferometric system with a Bragg cell frequency of 80 MHz. A harmonic power acoustic wave with a frequency in the range of 20 kHz was generated, but higher harmonics appear when nonlinear propagation occurs in restricted volumes or waveguides. This topic raises a number of interesting questions. The most complex problem arises when processing an extremely wide-band output signal from a photo-detector, where the signal contains a huge number of high amplitude harmonics in a measured acoustic signal. The wide-band output signal from nonlinear wave measurement was simulated by means of similar wide-band output signals obtained by measuring known dynamic mechanical displacements. Because the frequency band of common analog circuits used for signal processing is too narrow, the output signal from the interferometer was digitalized and processed. This paper discusses the results of these tests and provides estimates of the frequency restrictions of signal processing.     

Phase-Drift-Suppression Method Using Higher Order Harmonics in Heterodyne Detection

The theory of phase-drift-suppression method and simulated results using sinusoidal and triangular phase modulation have been described. The computed signal intensity is defined as the square root of the sum of squares of each harmonic intensity in the heterodyne beat signal. The relations between the computed signal intensity, its relative standard deviation, and the modulation indexes are shown through simulations. Modulation indexes that suppress the phase drifts were obtained, including up to the eighth harmonic. The stability of the beat signal in sinusoidal and triangular phase modulation was confirmed to increase 245 times using harmonics from the fundamental to the fourth order and a modulation index of 2.8 rad, and to increase 490 times using harmonics from the fundamental to the second order and 2.9 rad.     

Synthesis and modification of the whistles of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus

A signal-processing algorithm was developed to analyze harmonic frequency-modulated sounds, to modify the parameters of the analyzed signal, and to synthesize a new analytically specified signal that resembles the original signal in specified features. This algorithm was used with dolphin whistles, a frequency-modulated harmonic signal that has typically been described in terms of its contour, or pattern of modulation of the fundamental frequency. In order to test whether other features may also be salient to dolphins, the whistle analysis calculates the energies at the harmonics as well as the fundamental frequency of the whistle. The modification part of the algorithm can set all of these energies to a constant, can shift the whistle frequency, and can expand or compress the time base or the frequency of the whistle. The synthesis part of the algorithm then synthesizes a waveform based upon the energies and frequencies of the fundamental and first two harmonics. These synthetic whistles will be useful for evaluating what acoustic features dolphins use in discriminating different whistles.     

多周期激光相位对H2+谐波频移的影响

理论研究了多周期激光相位角对H2+谐波频移的影响。结果表明,在多周期激光驱动下H2+谐波光谱在零相位时呈现蓝移现象。随着激光相位增大,谐波光谱由蓝移转向红移。随着激光相位进一步增大,谐波红移减弱。理论分析表明谐波频移是由激光上升和下降区域谐波辐射强度变化引起的。并且谐波辐射强度变化对激光相位比较敏感。     

Microwave frequency modulation in CW EPR at W-band using a loop-gap resonator

Loop-gap resonator (LGR) technology has been extended to W-band (94GHz). One output of a multiarm Q-band (35GHz) EPR bridge was translated to W-band for sample irradiation by mixing with 59 GHz; similarly, the EPR signal was translated back to Q-band for detection. A cavity resonant in the cylindrical TE011 mode suitable for use with 100 kHz field modulation has also been developed. Results using microwave frequency modulation (FM) at 50 kHz as an alternative to magnetic field modulation are described. FM was accomplished by modulating a varactor coupled to the 59 GHz oscillator. A spin-label study of sensitivity was performed under conditions of overmodulation and gamma2H1(2)T1T2<1. EPR spectra were obtained, both absorption and dispersion, by lock-in detection at the fundamental modulation frequency (50 kHz), and also at the second and third harmonics (100 and 150 kHz). Source noise was deleterious in first harmonic spectra, but was very low in second and third harmonic spectra. First harmonic microwave FM was transferred to microwave modulation at second and third harmonics by the spins, thus satisfying the "transfer of modulation" principle. The loaded Q-value of the LGR with sample was 90 (i.e., a bandwidth between 3 dB points of about 1 GHz), the resonator efficiency parameter was calculated to be 9.3 G at one W incident power, and the frequency deviation was 11.3 MHz p-p, which is equivalent to a field modulation amplitude of 4 G. W-band EPR using an LGR is a favorable configuration for microwave FM experiments.     

Pseudo field modulation in EPR spectroscopy

This paper develops methodology for computer simulation of the effect on an experimental EPR spectrum that would occur if an additional field modulation were applied followed by eventual phase sensitive detection at the modulation frequency or at one its harmonics. The algorithm, which is called pseudomodulation, transforms the digitized spectrum and also filters the noise. If a second harmonic spectrum is desired in order to make subtle changes in curvature more apparent, it is shown that it is always preferable to obtain an experimental second harmonic spectrum. The signals are identical, but because of the filtering properties of the pseudomodulation algorithm, the noise is lower. Pseudomodulation should be applied to simulated spectra prior to fitting a model to data in order more precisely to simulate the experimental signal. It is argued that such fits ought to involve not only first harmonics but also higher harmonics, since the various harmonics are sensitive in different ways to input parameters in the spin Hamiltonian. Application of pseudomodulation to the EPR spectrum of the blue copper-protein azurin is described.     

Reconstruction of the first-derivative EPR spectrum from multiple harmonics of the field-modulated continuous wave signal

Selection of the amplitude of magnetic field modulation for continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) often is a trade-off between sensitivity and resolution. Increasing the modulation amplitude improves the signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, at the expense of broadening the signal. Combining information from multiple harmonics of the field-modulated signal is proposed as a method to obtain the first derivative spectrum with minimal broadening and improved signal-to-noise. The harmonics are obtained by digital phase-sensitive detection of the signal at the modulation frequency and its integer multiples. Reconstruction of the first-derivative EPR line is done in the Fourier conjugate domain where each harmonic can be represented as the product of the Fourier transform of the 1st derivative signal with an analytical function. The analytical function for each harmonic can be viewed as a filter. The Fourier transform of the 1st derivative spectrum can be calculated from all available harmonics by solving an optimization problem with the goal of maximizing the S/N. Inverse Fourier transformation of the result produces the 1st derivative EPR line in the magnetic field domain. The use of modulation amplitude greater than linewidth improves the S/N, but does not broaden the reconstructed spectrum. The method works for an arbitrary EPR line shape, but is limited to the case when magnetization instantaneously follows the modulation field, which is known as the adiabatic approximation.     

Strong and fast phase modulation for quantitative analysis of photorefractive gratings

A new approach for studying photorefractive gratings in two-wave mixing experiments by a phase modulation technique is presented. The introduction of a large-amplitude, high-frequency sinusoidal phase modulation in one of the input beams blurs the interference pattern and provides powerful harmonic signals for accurate measurements of the grating diffraction efficiency η and the output phase shift ϕ between the transmitted and diffracted waves. The blurring of the light fringes can be used to suppress the higher spatial harmonics of the grating, allowing a space-charge field with sinusoidal profile to be recorded. Although the presence of such a strong phase modulation affects the beam coupling in a rather complicated way, it is shown that for the special case of equal intensity input beams, the effect of the phase modulation on η and ϕ is reduced to a weakening of the coupling strength. The potentialities of the technique are illustrated in a study of refractive-index waves excited by running interference patterns in a Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ crystal. Expressions for the diffraction efficiency and the output phase shift are derived and used to match numerically calculated curves to the experimental data. The theoretical model is supported by the very good data fitting and allows the computation of important material parameters. PACS 42.40.Ht; 42.40.Kw; 42.70.Nq     

基于双通道马赫曾德尔调制器调制边带滤波的微波光子移相器

提出了一种基于双通道马赫曾德尔调制器(DPMZM)调制边带滤波的微波光子移相器。在双通道马赫曾德尔调制器的结构中,在一路马赫曾德尔干涉仪上实现抑制光载波的双边带调制输出,而在另一路马赫曾德尔的相位调节臂上通过调节偏置电压实现光载波信号的光学移相,两路光信号经过干涉合路后由光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)滤除其中一个一阶边带,最后输入到光电探测器(PD)进行光电转换得到移相的微波信号。实验结果表明,基于DPMZM调制边带滤波的微波光子移相器具有传输特性稳定、输出幅度波动小的优点。该结构还具有相移调节响应速度快、应用频带宽以及移相范围大于360°等特点。     

Methods for eliminating the influence of nonlinear Kerr effect on the zero drift of fiber ring interferometers

Nonlinear Kerr effect leads to the appearance of a periodic structure in the saturated refractive index of an optical fiber, which corresponds to a standing structure formed by counterpropagating waves in the circuit of a fiber ring interferometer (FRI). If the intensities of counterpropagating waves are slightly different, their reflection from this periodic structure leads to the appearance of a phase shift of interference of counterpropagating waves unrelated to rotation at the FRI output. If a nonmonochromatic radiation source is used in the FRI system, only radiation rereflected from the middle of the circuit makes a contribution to the phase shift. A method for eliminating the influence of the nonlinear Kerr effect on the zero shift of fiber ring interferometers is proposed. This consists in making the middle of the circuit discontinuous. Numerical estimates are made.     

采用小波分析方法降低可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术测量下限的实验研究

基于可调谐激光吸收光谱技术,主要采用数据处理的方法如互相关、小波分析等降低光谱吸收技术的测量下限。采用可调谐激光吸收光谱技术中的波长调制技术,对较低浓度下的NH₃进行了降低测量下限的试验研究。采用近红外波段2.25 μm附近的一组ν₂+ν₃ NH₃吸收谱线,其强度远高于1.5 μm处谱线,结合波长调制技术在最优信噪比的条件下对常温常压下不同浓度的NH₃进行了测量。为了保证实验条件下测量得到的二次谐波信号的峰值高度达到最大且信噪比最优,实验在调制系数为2.2左右的情况下,通过加载最优的高频调制信号来保证信噪比(SNR)。在10 m长的Herriott池中探测到了浓度为0.6×10-6的二次谐波信号,其中信号处理部分主要采用相关分析、多次平均以及小波变换分析来控制中心波长的移动和降低噪音的干扰。结果表明,经过数据处理以后的谐波信号,其检测下限降低到处理前的约百分之一,且不需要增加任何实验设备就可以很好的抑制噪音的影响,将相关分析和小波分析与波长调制技术相结合,这种数据处理方法对于在线检测技术具有很好的实用价值。     

Tunable spectral shift of high-order harmonic generation in atoms using a sinusoidally phase-modulated pulse

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) from an atom illuminated by a sinusoidally phase-modulated pulse is investigated by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The spectral shift that occurs in atomic HHG can be achieved easily using our laser pulse. It is shown that the photon energy of the generated harmonics is controllable within the range of 1 eV. The shift of the frequency peak position is rooted in the asymmetry of the rising and falling parts of the laser pulse. We also show that by varying the phase parameters in the frequency domain of the laser one can adjust and control the shift in atomic harmonic spectra.     

Influence of anisotropy and losses in beam splitters on the output characteristics of fiber ring interferometers

We consider the influence of phase characteristics of a beam splitter on the output signal of fiber ring interferometer (FRI). The relation between energy losses in the beam splitter and its phase characteristics is established. Allowing for these characteristics, we obtain expressions for the spurious signal at the FRI output, which differ from the known formulas, and consider methods for decreasing its value and drift. Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 780–787, June, 1997.     

基于注入半导体激光器的微波副载波相位调制信号产生

光载无线技术是解决终端超宽带无线通信的重要方法,光信号与微波/毫米波信号的融合处理技术在光-无线的数据格式转换中至关重要.提出了一种基于相位调制信号光注入Fabry-Perot型半导体激光器实现微波副载波相位调制信号产生的方法.光学注入半导体激光器的输出光场会产生一周期(P1)振荡效应, P1振荡产生的边带实现了相位调制信号光的调制分量的放大,被放大的调制分量与注入光载波在激光器腔内拍频形成微波副载波.注入光相位的变化导致新产生的微波副载波相位变化, 实现了注入信号光相位信息转化为微波副载波相位信息.本系统完成1.3 Gb/s, 2.7 Gb/s, 2 Gb/s光相位调制信号到微波副载波相位调制信号的转换,并测量了微波的单边带相位噪声. 通过光电转换和电域混频将还原出的光基带信号与原信号进行逻辑对比,证明了数据信息转换的正确性.     

脉冲发电机电源宽频变化情况下锁相技术仿真

针对在基波频率变化情况下传统锁相环无法进行正确锁相的问题,提出了基于同步参考坐标系的追踪型三相软件锁相环.三相电压信号(Va、Vb、Vc)经同步坐标变换后,得到两相静止坐标(Vα、Vβ)信号,再经过旋转坐标变化后获得(Vd、Vq)信号;Vq信号经过低通滤波后,进行动态信号延迟,其延迟的时间由输出的频率信号获得;把延迟前...     

Non-steady-state photoelectromotive force effect under linear and periodical phase modulation: application to detection of Doppler frequency shift

Non-steady-state photoelectromotive force effect in the presence of periodical and linear phase shift was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It was shown that superposition of oscillating and linear movements of the interference pattern leads to the appearance of the sharp peak in the frequency dependence of the photoelectromotive force output current when the frequency of periodical modulation matches the frequency of the linear phase shift. We demonstrated experimentally that this effect can be used for determination of a Doppler frequency shift between signal and reference beam.     

利用啁啾激光调制分子谐波信号

数值研究了啁啾激光驱动H_2~+辐射谐波的特点.结果表明,(1)在低强度和高强度激光驱动下,谐波光谱分别呈现红移和蓝移现象.引入正负向啁啾参数后,谐波频移和谐波辐射强度都可以得到调控.(2)谐波光谱在高强度激光驱动下呈现非奇次谐波.理论分析表明,非奇次谐波产生的原因是双H核频移不一致所导致的不对称相消干涉引起的.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a generator on a virtual cathode with modulated emission

A numerical study of a low-voltage vircator with controlled emissions from a thermocathode is performed for when an external signal effects on the electron beam and modulates the emission. The strong influence of the modulation parameters on characteristics of oscillations of the beam with virtual cathode is noted. It is shown that when the modulation frequency is tuned to the one of harmonics of a virtual cathode’s free oscillations, there is a considerable increase in the power of high-frequency harmonics of the virtual cathode’s free oscillations in the output spectrum.     

基于谐波拟合产生周期性三角形光脉冲串的实验研究

实验研究了一种基于谐波拟合产生周期性三角形光脉冲串的方法,方案首先利用马赫曾德调制器的载波抑制调制,获得具有周期性起伏的连续光强度信号,然后利用光纤色散所致的射频功率衰落效应,对光强度表达式中四次谐波分量进行抑制,调节调制深度后,光强度表达式将向理想三角形傅里叶展开式的前三项进行逼近,最后以谐波拟合的方式获得重复频率为射频调制频率二倍的周期性三角形光脉冲串.结合实验,在9.862 GHz和7.678 GHz射频调制频率下,获得了脉冲重复频率19.724 Gb/s(脉冲全宽约50.7 ps)和15.356Gb/s(脉冲全宽约65.1 ps)的稳定三角形光脉冲串输出,改变色散量并反向调节调制频率,可进一步改变脉冲的重复频率,所获得的实验结果与理论预期基本符合.