NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂抗硫性能的研究进展

氮氧化物(NO_x)是一种重要的大气污染物, 它造成严重的环境问题, 同时威胁人类健康. 以钢铁烧结烟气为代表的固定源和以柴油机尾气为代表的移动源是氮氧化物的主要来源. 氨气选择性催化还原法(NH₃-SCR)是目前最有效且应用最广泛的NO_x脱除技术. 然而, 无论是固定源还是移动源上NH₃-SCR催化剂, 都不可避免地会被SO₂毒化, 造成催化剂失活, 限制了NH₃-SCR技术的进一步应用. 因此, 研究NH₃-SCR催化剂的SO₂中毒机制以及提高催化剂的抗硫性能至关重要. 我们对固定源脱硝的金属氧化物和移动源上脱硝的Cu基分子筛这两类不同催化剂体系的SO₂中毒机制的研究进展进行了介绍, 并对这两种催化剂上提高抗硫性能改性方法的研究进展进行了评述, 为未来的研究提供了参考.     

铈钛混合氧化物负载磷钨酸吸附-分解NOx性能

通过软化学途径合成了铈钛混合氧化物(CeO₂-TiO₂)载体材料, 并分别通过等体积浸渍法和机械研磨法负载磷钨酸(H₃PW₁₂O₄₀)。采用FTIR、XRD、SEM和BET比表面积测定对CeO₂-TiO₂及负载型多酸催化剂进行了表征;考察了负载量、负载方法、吸附温度等因素对催化剂吸附NO_x效率的影响;选取吸附性能最佳的催化剂进行了NO_x催化分解实验, 探讨了NO_x吸附-分解机理。结果表明:相对于等体积浸渍法, 机械研磨法更适合此类载体负载H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, 其NO_x吸附效率均高于H₃PW₁₂O₄₀及载体本身;在0~60%的负载量范围内, 随着H₃PW₁₂O₄₀负载量的增加, 负载型催化剂吸附NO_x的效率呈上升趋势, 负载量为40%时NO_x吸附效率最佳, 达90%;吸附过程中NO_x与催化剂活性组分H₃PW₁₂O₄₀发生作用, 生成NOH⁺, H₃PW₁₂O₄₀二级结构中结晶水对催化剂吸附NO_x有重要作用;当温度从150℃升至 450℃时, 被吸附的NO_x发生分解, 分解产物的组成与N₂的收率均受升温速率的影响, 升温速率越快, N₂收率越高。向吸附分解NO_x后的催化剂床层通入含有水蒸气的空气, 可有效补充NO_x分解过程中H₃PW₁₂O₄₀失去的结晶水, 从而恢复催化剂优良的NO_x吸附分解性能, 实现催化剂的有效再生利用。     

Ni基催化剂催化燃油重整耦合选择性催化还原NOx反应

分别以La₂O₂CO₃, CeO₂, ZrO₂和Al₂O₃为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了Ni基重整催化剂, 并以正十二烷模拟车载燃油进行催化重整反应以同时制备小分子碳氢化合物(HCs)和H₂, 考察了其在4wt%Ag/Al₂O₃上选择性催化还原(HC-SCR)氮氧化物(NO_x)的性能. 采用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线粉末衍射、H₂程序升温还原和热重等手段对Ni基催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 随着重整催化剂氧化还原性能增强, 产物中H₂浓度增加, 可参与SCR反应的HCs含量减少, 从而导致重整-SCR耦合体系上NO_x净化活性温度窗口向低温移动, NO_x最高转化率降低. Ni/ZrO₂+Ag/Al₂O₃耦合体系中H₂/HCs符合SCR反应所需的最优比例, 在柴油车典型排气温度范围内表现出良好的NO_x净化能力. 同时, 在Ni/ZrO₂+Ag/Al₂O₃耦合体系上考察了其燃油重整-SCR的活性稳定性. 结果显示, 重整催化剂的耐久性有待进一步提高.     

低于300℃时两种氧化铈材料对稀燃阶段NOx存储性能的影响

研究了低于300 ℃时两种氧化铈对稀燃阶段NO_x存储性能的影响,催化剂由2%（w）Pt/Al₂O₃（PA）与CeO₂-X（X=S,I）机械混合制备. X射线衍射（XRD）,BET表面积和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）用于表征材料的物理结构. X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）用于表面Ce³⁺和活性氧定量. 原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（in-situ DRIFTS）用于分析表面NO_x吸附物种. 相比于CeO₂-I,CeO₂-S 具有优良的物理化学性能,包括高比表面积、丰富的空隙结构、较高的抗老化能力及表面Ce³⁺浓度. 因而,Pt/Al₂O₃+CeO₂-S 表现出优异的NO_x存储能力. 此外,PA+CeO₂-X（X=S,I）上存在Pt 与CeO₂之间的相互作用,可提高表面氧物种的活性进而促进NO氧化及NO_x存储. PA+CeO₂-S上的这种相互作用要强于PA+CeO₂-I. 研究表明,表面Ce³⁺浓度和活性氧含量对NO_x存储起到重要作用. 然而经过水热处理后,Pt 与老化的氧化铈（ACS,ACI）之间的相互作用降低,并且两种氧化铈NO_x存储性能显著下降. 另外,与PA+ACS（ACI）相比,PA+PACS（PACI）样品NO_x存储能力得到改善,这归因于表面氧物种活性增加能促进硝酸盐的形成.     

NH3选择性还原NOx技术在重型柴油车尾气净化中的应用

基于实验室对柴油车用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂配方以及涂覆成型技术的大量研究,设计了一条产量为6000只/月的NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x （NH₃-SCR）催化剂中试生产线,并对生产的催化剂产品进行了发动机台架测试. 结果表明,实验室制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂粉体催化剂和生产线产品,在空速为50000 h^-1和200-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率均可达80%以上;采用大尺寸堇青石载体涂覆后制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂整体催化剂经实验室小样测试,在空速为10000-30000 h^-1和250-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率也为80%以上. 发动机台架测试结果表明,该催化剂产品可使重型柴油机NO_x排放达到国IV标准中欧洲稳态循环（ESC）和欧洲瞬态循环（ETC）排放限值的要求. 该生产线经适当调整后也可用于生产非钒基NH₃-SCR整体催化剂,以满足未来钒基NH₃-SCR催化剂更新换代的需求.     

MnOx/MWCNTs低温氨选择性催化还原NOx硫中毒机理

以经过浓硝酸和等离子体放电预处理后的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为载体, 锰氧化物(MnO_x)为活性组分, 采用等体积浸渍法制备MnO_x/MWCNTs 催化剂. 利用热重分析(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温还原/脱附(TPR/TPD)以及傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱对催化剂进行表征, 探讨SO₂对催化剂低温氨选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_x活性的影响及SO₂中毒机理. 结果表明, 低温下SO₂对MnO_x/MWCNTs 催化剂活性有明显毒化作用. 反应温度越高, SO₂浓度越大, 催化剂SCR活性下降越快. 活性中心Mn原子硫酸化是催化剂失活的主要原因. 另外, 催化剂表面生成硫酸铵盐以及SO₂对NO吸附的抑制作用也一定程度上造成了催化剂的失活.     

碱土元素掺杂的BaFeO3钙钛矿型催化剂的NOx储存性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ba_1-xM_xFeO₃ (M=Mg, Ca, Sr; x=0, 0.1, 0.2)系列钙钛矿型NO_x储存还原(NSR)催化剂, 考察碱金属元素Mg、Ca 和Sr 的掺杂对BaFeO₃ 钙钛矿NO_x 储存和氧化性能的影响. 结果表明, 在250-400 ℃范围内Mg的掺杂提高了BaFeO₃钙钛矿的NO_x储存性能, 其中以Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品的NO_x储存性能最佳, 在温度350 ℃时NO_x储存量高达1200 μmol·g^-1以上, NO→NO₂转化率为53.4%. 与BaFeO₃比较,Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品在250 ℃进行NO_x储存时就出现了单齿硝酸盐, 并随储存温度的变化而变化, 它的数量与NO_x储存量有相同的变化趋势. 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱结果表明, 与BaFeO₃相比, Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品NO_x储存量增大的原因在于: 一方面, 形成了具有A位缺陷的钙钛矿结构, 产生大量能够用于储存NO_x的氧空位; 另一方面, 未进入钙钛矿晶格的Mg元素可能以碱性氧化物的形式与NO_x作用形成了单齿硝酸盐.     

商业V2O5-WO3/TiO2脱硝催化剂砷中毒机理

采用浸渍法模拟商业V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂脱硝催化剂的砷中毒,并对不同As/V摩尔比中毒的催化剂进行脱硝实验测试,发现随着As中毒程度加深,催化剂的NO_x转化率随之降低.当测试温度为400℃时,新鲜V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂NO_x转化率有96.45%,而当As/V摩尔比到0.2的时候,As中毒催化剂的NO_x转化率降低至不足67%.采用XRD、BET、SEM、in situ DRIFTS和H₂-TPR等多种表征方法对As中毒前后催化剂的物性结构、表面物质的存在形式以及氧化还原性能的对比研究,结果显示As₂O₃堵塞催化剂微孔结构,导致催化剂表面微孔数量的减少,As₂O₅涂覆催化剂表面,进而阻碍了气相成分参与多相催化反应;As的引入使得表面形貌略有变差,并未导致催化剂晶型的变化,且As及其化合物在催化剂表面分散度较高.As会与催化剂表面的羟基作用形成As-OH,抑制催化剂酸性,尤其对Lewis酸的抑制效果明显;As中毒后的催化氧化还原能力增强.     

硫酸钙及硫酸铵气溶胶对二次有机气溶胶生成的影响

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气光化学反应的产物, 也是城市和郊区大气中细粒子的主要成分. 本研究致力于考察高浓度无机气溶胶颗粒对SOA生成的影响. 实验系统采用2 m³的温控烟雾箱, 以干燥的CaSO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄为无机种子气溶胶, 研究了间二甲苯/NO_x/空气体系光氧化生成SOA的过程. 实验结果显示间二甲苯和NO_x在紫外光照下会产生大量SOA, SOA产率可用单产物模型表征. CaSO₄气溶胶的存在对SOA产率曲线没有明显的影响, 而(NH₄)₂SO₄气溶胶的存在使气相半挥发性氧化产物的生成量增加36%, 显著地增加了SOA的产率. (NH₄)₂SO₄粒子在含水有机物作用下显现的弱酸性可能是导致这一影响的主要原因. 该实验结果有助于更详尽地阐明中国颗粒物污染严重城市SOA的生成机理, 从而为进一步修正空气质量模型提供依据.     

等离子体在同时去除NOx和碳烟催化反应中的作用

采用程序升温反应(TPR)技术,研究了等离子体辅助同时催化去除富氧柴油机尾气中NO_x和碳烟(soot)的反应特性.研究结果表明,等离子体提高了同时去除NO_x-soot的催化反应活性,降低了碳烟的燃烧温度,使碳烟起燃温度从300 ℃降到280 ℃,燃尽温度从425 ℃降到380 ℃;同时,等离子体辅助提高了NO_x转化为N₂的效率,使催化选择性从1.12％提高到1.53％.本文还分别研究了在NO和O₂的环境中,有或没有等离子体作用下,碳烟在催化作用下的去除特性.等离子体作用使得NO在和O₂共存、只有NO和只有O₂存在的各种条件下,碳烟的催化燃烧活性都有不同程度的提高,促进了N₂的生成.此外,本文也对等离子体辅助同时催化去除NO_x-soot的机理进行了探讨.     

Analysis of Environmental Pollutants Using a Piezoelectric Crystal Detector

Piezoelectric crystal detectors possess a good potential as sensors in Analytical Chemistry. Their specificity is excellent, provided a highly selective adsorbent layer is placed on the surface of the crystal. Sensitivity is also good, down to parts per trillion levels of atmospheric pollutants are detectable, with a large linear range up to parts per million.

Specific detectors have been developed for organophosphorus compounds, toluene in printing plants, dynamite and explosives, CO, SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, HCl and organochlorine compounds. Results on some of these detectors is presented herein.     

Development and validation of passive samplers for atmospheric monitoring of SO2, NO2, O3 and H2S in tropical areas

Traditionally the monitoring of atmospheric pollutants is aimed at managing accidents and short-term actions for the protection of human health on local and regional scales. These monitoring networks required continuous measurements with high time resolution, involving costly equipment, operation and maintenance. More recent simulations with mathematical models and scenario-building on regional, continental and global scales, as well as studies of environmental personal exposure are demanding three main types of monitoring design, where need for special resolution surpasses the one of temporal resolution: remote places, where no electric power nor trained human resources are available; validation of dispersion simulation by mathematical modeling on regional to larger scales; indoor measurements where people are acting under noise restriction such as residences, school and hospitals. To meet these demands environmental passive samplers for atmospheric gaseous pollutants have been developed and applied for different situations and environments of Brazil. Passive samplers were developed based on molecular diffusion of gas through a static layer of air with fixed filters impregnated with a specific solution for SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and H₂S and used in the following situations: in remote forest area, urban areas with different characteristics - near the sea, with clean ocean air masses coming in and in areas under direct industrial influence. The passive samplers showed good performance when exposed to different types of areas and during different periods: accuracy of measurements, based on standard deviation, were within the recommended limit by the European Union of ± 25% for this type of device and precision below the maximum of 20% cited in the literature, with variation of 2.0 to 16% in the case of these work. The passive devices were able of measuring concentrations very low as those found in the Amazon region (0.58 ± 0.05 µg m^− 3 SO₂ and 1.10 ± 0.07 µg m^− 3 NO₂) and higher concentrations in industrial areas (20.0 ± 1.3 µg m^− 3 SO₂ e 21.0 ± 1.3 µg m^− 3 NO₂).     

臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋对玻璃窑炉烟气同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

采用臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋对模拟玻璃窑炉烟气开展了同时脱硫脱硝实验研究.采用不同溶液(NaOH、Na₂S)进行了喷淋实验.结果表明,保证溶液pH值在10以上,NaOH浓度对NO_x脱除效率无影响,SO₂的存在促进了NO_x吸收.当O₃/NO物质的量比为1.6、溶液NaOH浓度为0.5%时,NO_x脱除效率可达70%,SO₂脱除效率在99%以上.往喷淋液中添加Na₂S,NO_x脱除效率随Na₂S浓度增加而提高,SO₂的存在对NO_x脱除效率无影响.当O₃/NO物质的量比为1.2、溶液中NaOH浓度为0.5%、添加剂Na₂S浓度为0.6%时,NO_x脱除效率可达70%,SO₂脱除效率在95%以上.60 min长时间运行实验证明,模拟烟气中的NO_x经碱液和添加剂吸收后主要以NO^-₂的形式存在于喷淋液中,且NO_x脱除效率不随溶液pH值的变化而变化.     

Supported catalysts for simultaneous removal of SO2, NOx,and Hg0 from industrial exhaust gases: A review

The simultaneous removal of SO₂, NO_x and Hg⁰ from industrial exhaust flue gas has drawn worldwide attention in recent years. A particularly attractive technique is selective catalytic reduction, which effectively removes SO₂, NO_x and Hg⁰ at low temperatures. This paper first reviews the simultaneous removal of SO₂, NO_x and Hg⁰ by unsupported and supported catalysts. It then describes and compares the research progress of various carriers, eg., carbon-based materials, metal oxides, silica, molecular sieves, metal-organic frameworks, and pillared interlayered clays, in the simultaneous removal of SO₂, NO_x and Hg⁰. The effects of flue-gas components (such as O₂, NH₃, HCl, H₂O, SO₂, NO, and Hg⁰) on the removal of SO₂, NO_x, and Hg⁰ are discussed comprehensively and systematically. After summarizing the pollutant-removal mechanism, the review discusses future developments in the simultaneous removal of SO₂, NO_x and Hg⁰ by catalysts.     

Kinetic modeling of the CO/H2O/O2/NO/SO2 system: Implications for high‐pressure fall‐off in the SO2 + O(+M) = SO3(+M) reaction

Flow reactor experiments were performed to study moist CO oxidation in the presence of trace quantities of NO (0–400 ppm) and SO₂ (0–1300 ppm) at pressures and temperatures ranging from 0.5–10.0 atm and 950–1040 K, respectively. Reaction profile measurements of CO, CO₂, O₂, NO, NO₂, SO₂, and temperature were used to further develop and validate a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism in a manner consistent with previous studies of the CO/H₂/O₂/NO_X and CO/H₂O/N₂O systems. In particular, the experimental data indicate that the spin‐forbidden dissociation‐recombination reaction between SO₂ and O‐atoms is in the fall‐off regime at pressures above 1 atm. The inclusion of a pressure‐dependent rate constant for this reaction, using a high‐pressure limit determined from modeling the consumption of SO₂ in a N₂O/SO₂/N₂ mixture at 10.0 atm and 1000 K, brings model predictions into much better agreement with experimentally measured CO profiles over the entire pressure range. Kinetic coupling of NO_X and SO_X chemistry via the radical pool significantly reduces the ability of SO₂ to inhibit oxidative processes. Measurements of SO₂ indicate fractional conversions of SO₂ to SO₃ on the order of a few percent, in good agreement with previous measurements at atmospheric pressure. Modeling results suggest that, at low pressures, SO₃ formation occurs primarily through SO₂ + O(+M) = SO₃(+M), but at higher pressures where the fractional conversion of NO to NO₂ increases, SO₃ formation via SO₂ + NO₂ = SO₃ + NO becomes important. For the conditions explored in this study, the primary consumption pathways for SO₃ appear to be SO₃ + HO₂ = HOSO₂ + O₂ and SO₃ + H = SO₂ + OH. Further study of these reactions would increase the confidence with which model predictions of SO₃ can be viewed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 317–339, 2000     

Smog chamber study of H2O2 formation in ethene?NOx and propene?NOx mixtures

Hydrogen peroxide formation in the photooxidation of CO? NO_x, ethene? NO_x, and propene? NO_x mixtures has been determined in the TVA 31 cubic meter smog chamber under the following conditions: [NO_x] ca. 22–46 ppb; ethene = 0.22–1.1 ppm, [propene] = 0.12–0.97 ppm; [H₂O] ca. 8 × 10^?3 ppm. Ethene, propene, NO, NO_x, PAN, HCHO, and CH₃CHO were also monitored. Computer modeling was performed using the gas phase ethene and propene mechanism of the Regional Acid Deposition Model. There is good agreement between the model predicted and observed H₂O₂ concentrations. However, to successfully model all the propene? NO_x experimental results, organic nitrate formation from the reaction of peroxy radicals with NO must be included in the mechanism.     

An outdoor smog chamber and modeling study of toluene–NOx photooxidation

An experimental investigation of the gas-phase photooxidation of toluene–NO_x–air mixtures at part-per-million concentrations has been carried out in a 65-m³, outdoor smog chamber to assess our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of toluene. In addition, six CO? NO_x–air irradiations were conducted to characterize the chamber with regard to any wall radical sources. Measured parameters in the toluene–NO_x experiments included O₃, NO, NO₂, HNO₃, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), CO, toluene, benzaldehyde, o-cresol, m-nitrotoluene, peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBZN), temperature, relative humidity, aerosol size distributions, and particulate organic carbon. Predictions of the reaction mechanism of Leone and Seinfeld [7] are found to be in good agreement with the data under a variety of initial conditions. Additional simulations are used to investigate various mechanistic pathways in areas where our understanding of toluene chemistry is still incomplete.     

Optical and morphological characterization of bispyrazole thin films for gas sensing applications

The optical gas recognition capabilities of thin film layer of 4-[bis[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl]-amino]phenol deposed on quartz substrates were studied. The dynamic gas responses to the following analytes have been investigated as air pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, CO, CH₄ and NH₃). The spin-coated bispyrazole layer appears to have reversible response towards SO₂ and a very low and irreversible response to NO₂. The selectivity of the thin film based on bispyrazole layer with respect to other analytes was also examined and the present data show that the thin sensing layer in the presence of CO, CH₄ and NH₃ in low concentration does not influence its optical properties.     

CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3-Al2O3 composite oxide and its supported palladium catalyst for the treatment of exhaust of natural gas engined vehicles

Composite supports CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 (CZA) and CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3-La2O3 (CZALa) were prepared by co-precipitation method. Palladium catalysts were prepared by impregnation and their purification ability for CH4, CO and NOx in the mixture gas simulated the exhaust from natural gas vehicles (NGVs) operated under stoichiometric condition was investigated. The effect of La2O3 on the physicochemical properties of supports and catalysts was characterized by various techniques. The characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the doping of La2O3 restrained effectively the sintering of crystallite particles, maintained the crystallite particles in nanoscale and stabilized the crystal phase after calcination at 1000 ℃. The results of N2-adsorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurements indicated that La2O3 improved the textural properties, reducibility and OSC of composite supports. Catalytic activity testing results showed that the catalysts exhibit excellent activities for the simultaneous removal of methane, CO and NOx in the simulated exhaust gas. The catalysts supported on CZALa showed remarkable thermal stability and catalytic activity for the three pollutants, especially for NOx. The prepared palladium catalysts have high ability to remove NOx, CH4 and CO, and they can be used as excellent catalysts for the purification of exhaust from NGVs operated under stoichiometric condition. They also have significant potential in industrial application because of their high performance and low cost.