Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Blood Flow in Blood Vessels with the Rolling Massage

The rolling massage manipulation is a classic Chinese massage, which is expected to improve the circulation by pushing, pulling and kneading of the muscle. A model for the rolling massage manipulation is proposed and the lattice Boltzmann method is applied to study the blood flow in the blood vessels. The simulation results show that the blood flux is considerably modified by the rolling massage and the explicit value depends on the rolling frequency, the rolling depth, and the diameter of the vessel. The smaller the diameter of the blood vessel, the larger the enhancement of the blood flux by the rolling massage. The model, together with the simulation results, is expected to be helpful to understand the mechanism and further development of rolling massage techniques.     

Effect of Rolling Massage on Particle Moving Behaviour in Blood Vessels

The rolling massage manipulation is a classic Chinese massage, which is expected to eliminate many diseases. Here the effect of the rolling massage on the particle moving property in the blood vessels under the rolling massage manipulation is studied by the lattice Boltzmann simulation. The simulation results show that the particle moving behaviour depends on the rolling velocity, the distance between particle position and rolling position. The average values, including particle translational velocity and angular velocity, increase as the rolling velocity increases almost linearly. The result is helpful to understand the mechanism of the massage and develop the rolling techniques.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of behaviour of particles moving in blood vessels under the rolling massage

The rolling massage is one of the most important manipulations in Chinese massage, which is expected to eliminate many diseases. Here, the effect of the rolling massage on a pair of particles moving in blood vessels under rolling massage manipulation is studied by the lattice Boltzmann simulation. The simulated results show that the motion of each particle is considerably modified by the rolling massage, and it depends on the relative rolling velocity, the rolling depth, and the distance between particle position and rolling position. Both particles' translational average velocities increase almost linearly as the rolling velocity increases, and obey the same law. The increment of the average relative angular velocity for the leading particle is smaller than that of the trailing one. The result is helpful for understanding the mechanism of the massage and to further develop the rolling techniques.     

Assessment of the biomechanical state of intracranial tissues by dynamic MRI of cerebrospinal fluid pulsations: a phantom study

We used a cranial phantom to investigate how intracranial mechanical factors [brain compliance and the resistance to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] affect the way in which CSF pulsations are driven by pulsatile transcranial blood flow. Dynamic phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure the transfer function between vascular pulsations and pulsatile response of the CSF below the foramen magnum of the phantom. We found that the coupling between the high frequency components of cervical CSF flow and transcranial blood flow was decreased when the phantom was modified to simulate increased brain compliance and increased resistance to CSF flow.     

脉动流在分叉管中通栓效果的晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究

血栓引发的各种心血管疾病一直威胁着人们的健康. 在已经产生血栓的血管中, 脉动对于疏通血管有良好的作用. 由于血液的黏滞作用以及红细胞的惯性, 脉动流的频率会影响血管通栓的效果. 在分叉管模型中, 低压差的条件下, 由于另一畅通管子的导通作用减少了回流, 导致通栓效果不理想. 通过增大压差和提高脉动流的振幅, 降低畅通管子导通作用的影响, 研究脉动流在分叉管中的通栓效果. 研究发现, 脉动低频通栓效果好, 但是通栓需要的时间较长; 高频通栓时间短, 但是当频率高于一定值, 则通栓效果不明显. 细胞和管壁的摩察系数对通栓效果也有影响.     

Simulation of blood flow using extended Boltzmann kinetic approach

Lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations are conducted to obtain the detailed hydrodynamics in a variety of blood vessel setups, including a prototype stented channel and four human coronary artery geometries based on the images obtained from real patients. For a model of stented flow involving an S-shape stent, a pulsatile flow rate is applied as the inlet boundary condition, and the time- and space-dependent flow field is computed. The LB simulation is found to reproduce the analytical solutions for the velocity profiles and wall shear stress distributions for the pulsatile channel flow. For the coronary arteries, the distributions of wall shear stress, which is important for clinical diagnostic purposes, are in good agreement with the conventional CFD predictions.     

CSF flow artifact reduction using cardiac cycle ordered phase-encoding method

The flow effects appear as a change of phase as well as signal intensity in NMR imaging. Since the flow of blood and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is pulsatile due to the heart pumping, their velocities are not constant during NMR imaging. This type of velocity fluctuation such as the blood or CSF flow induces irregular flow-dependent phase shifts, which have been one of the main causes of flow artifacts in NMR imaging. In order to reduce the flow artifacts, especially the CSF flow artifacts, a new cardiac cycle ordered phase encoding method is proposed and has been studied. This proposed technique utilizes the cardiac cycle as a precursor for the phase encoding gradients similar to the ROPE (respiratory ordered phase encoding) technique which has been used for respiratory motion artifact reduction. The basic concept and its applications are discussed together with the experimental results obtained with human volunteers using the KAIS 2.0 2.0 T whole-body NMR imaging system.     

On steady and pulsatile motion of blood

A mathematical model has been developed to study the effect of magnetic field on steady and pulsatile motion of blood through a small, rigid, circular tube by microcontinuum approach. The numerical solutions for velocity and cell rotational velocity are obtained and their nature is shown graphically.     

Ultrasonic visualization of dynamic behavior of red blood cells in flowing blood

It is well known that the scatter of ultrasound by blood is mainly attributed to red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC aggregation. In the present review, researches of hemodynamic influence on RBC aggregation and ultrasound backscatter from blood were overviewed. A mock flow loop and a cylindrical chamber were employed to produce various blood flows, such as pulsatile, oscillatory, and rotational flow. The “black hole” (BLH), a dark hole at the tube center surrounded by bright zone in the cross sectional B-mode image and “bright collapsing ring” (BRCR) phenomena, appearance of bright ring at the periphery and collapse of it at the center during a pulsatile cycle, were observed under pulsatile flow. The combined effects of shear rate and flow acceleration on RBC aggregation were suggested as a possible mechanism for these phenomena. The stroke volume-dependence of the “bright ring” phenomenon under oscillatory flow could also be explained by flow acceleration. The enveloped echo images from rotational flow in a compact blood chamber showed the spatial and temporal variations of RBC aggregation, which varied with the mammalian species. In the stenotic model, it was found that the echogenic variation increased locally at a distance of three tube diameters downstream from the stenosis during decelerating period, which was proposed to be mainly due to flow turbulence. The similar ‘bright ring’ was also observed fromin vivo human carotid artery in harmonic imaging.     

Visualisation of dynamic flow birefringence of cardiovascular models

In this paper, the method of dynamic flow birefringence (DFB) have been studied extensively under the consideration of an application to cardiovascular models. The method utilises the optical interference patterns observed in the birefringent flow for determination of the fluid shear stress and velocity distribution. In order to measure a flow in a cardiovascular model, an assumption of a simplified stress–optical relation in a pulsatile flow is suggested and special experimental techniques such as birefringent fluid for simulating blood and new experimental system have been developed. Application studies focus on pulsatile flows in typical models, namely arterial bifurcation and mechanical heart valves. Experimental results are discussed and compared with those of other researchers.     

气液两相流压力波色散特性实验研究

设计了可调频式压力扰动源的气液两相流压力波实验装置,实验研究了垂直上升管内气液两相流泡状流、弹状流压力波的色散规律。实验结果表明,对泡状流,在实验范围内,压力波的传播速度及其衰减跟扰动频率有关,随着扰动频率的增加,波速及其衰减都增加;工质的流速对压力波的色散特性没有影响。结合数值模拟结果,验证了泡状流压力波色散特性的临界频率现象,即高于临界频率,压力波色散特性消失,本文分析了相应的物理机制。对弹状流,压力波同样具有典型的色散特性,已有研究结果还不能预测其色散规律。     

Analysis of high gradient magnetic field effects on distribution of nanoparticles injected into pulsatile blood stream

Magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in a wide range of applications including data storage materials, pharmaceutical industries as magnetic separation tools, anti-cancer drug carriers and micro valve applications. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of a non-uniform magnetic field on bio-fluid (blood) with magnetic nanoparticles. The effect of particles as well as mass fraction on flow field and volume concentration is investigated. The governing non-linear differential equations, concentration and Navier-stokes are coupled with the magnetic field. To solve these equations, a finite volume based code is developed and utilized. A real pulsatile velocity is utilized as inlet boundary condition. This velocity is extracted from an actual experimental data. Three percent nanoparticles volume concentration, as drug carrier, is steadily injected in an unsteady, pulsatile and non-Newtonian flow. A power law model is considered for the blood viscosity. The results show that during the systole section of the heartbeat when the blood velocity increases, the magnetic nanoparticles near the magnetic source are washed away. This is due to the sudden increase of the hydrodynamic force, which overcomes the magnetic force. The probability of vein blockage increases when the blood velocity reduces during the diastole time. As nanoparticles velocity injection decreases (longer injection time) the wall shear stress (especially near the injection area) decreases and the retention time of the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood flow increases.     

降液膜流动孤波中的涡流影响因素分析

孤波中的涡流被认为是波动强化传热传质机理之一。本文通过数值模拟方法计算了溴化锂溶液沿平板降膜的流动过程。利用VOF方法捕捉降液膜的自由流动表面,利用CSF模型考虑表面张力对降液膜流动的作用,重点研究了扰动频率,Re和倾斜角对孤波中的涡流的影响。模拟结果表明,随着入口扰动频率的增加,涡流经历了完全开式涡,半开式涡至消失的...     

消除个体条件测量差异的动态光谱及其频域提取法的研究

在近红外光谱的皮肤无创检测中,个体差异是一个相当大的技术难题。在血液成分无创检测中,个体差异包括毛发、角质层、表皮、真皮、皮下组织、肌肉、骨骼等。研究表明,个体差异随着个体不同而不同,是阻碍血液成分无创检测技术实用化的重要因素。文章提出了基于光电容积脉搏波的产生机理和傅里叶变换的检测血液成分浓度的新方法——频域提取法,这种方法可以消除测量中由于皮肤组织和肌肉组织产生的差异;提出了动态光谱的概念,从理论和实验两个方面说明了这种方法的优点,并通过实验直接提取了各波长中仅由血液成分产生的吸光度光谱图,对于近红外光谱无创检测血液成分的实际应用有着重要意义。     

Rolling velocity and relative motion of particle detector in local granular flow

The velocity of a particle detector in granular flow can be regarded as the combination of rolling and sliding velocities. The study of the contribution of rolling velocity and sliding velocity provides a new explanation to the relative motion between the detector and the local granular flow. In this study, a spherical detector using embedded inertial navigation technology is placed in the chute granular flow to study the movement of the detector relative to the granular flow. It is shown by particle image velocimetry (PIV) that the velocity of chute granular flow conforms to Silbert's formula. And the velocity of the detector is greater than that of the granular flow around it. By decomposing the velocity into sliding and rolling velocity, it is indicated that the movement of the detector relative to the granular flow is mainly caused by rolling. The rolling detail shown by DEM simulation leads to two potential mechanisms based on the position and drive of the detector.     

Numerical study of the pulsatile flow depending on non-Newtonian viscosity in a stenosed microchannel

Considering the shear-thinning feature of blood viscosity, the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids are important in pulsatile blood flows. Stenosis, with an abnormal narrowing of the vessel, blocks blood flow to downstream tissues and leads to plaque rupture. In smaller arteries of diameters up to a few hundred micrometers, such stenosis can result in severe consequences. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the blood flow around the stenosed microchannel is important. In this study, non-Newtonian behaviors of the blood flow around a microchannel of diameter 500 μm, with 60% severe stenosis, were examined using CFX under pulsatile flow condition, with a period of 1 s and Reynolds number of 14.025 at the systolic phase. The viscosity information of the two non-Newtonian samples and the used pulsatile profile were based on our previous study. For comparison, water at room temperature was used as the Newtonian fluid. During the pulsatile phase, wall shear stress (WSS) is highly oscillated. In the case of the water flow, the recirculation occurred downstream the stenosis. This recirculation made the vortex structures travel the longest and induced a low WSS distribution and rapid normalized pressure drop at downstream of the stenosis. Conversely, the non-Newtonian feature of viscosity made flow structures almost symmetric, with respect to the stenosis. However, the highly oscillating WSS enhances the tendency of plaque instability and damage to the endothelium. Our findings on the influence of blood viscosity on stenotic lesions may help clinicians understand relevant mechanisms.     

MR angiography with pulsatile flow.

To achieve acceptable scan times, current multiple thin slice and 3D MR angiography (MRA) methods usually are based on continuous data acquisition, without ECG-synchronization. The purpose of this work is to study consequences of pulsatile blood flow for the 2D inflow method. Arterial blood flow and blood signal intensity versus cardiac phase were studied by a 2D phase based method with retrospective cardiac synchronization. Such studies were performed in different parts of the body and with different excitation flip angles. As expected, a clear relation between intensity enhancement and time dependent flow can be demonstrated. The raw data of these multiphase studies was used to simulate alternative inflow MRA data acquisition strategies to improve image quality, without the excessive increase in scan time implied by standard cardiac triggering. The alternatives investigated were data collection during part of the cardiac cycle and cardiac-ordered phase encoding. Simulation results indicate that the best results are obtained by a combination of both strategies. This method was implemented on Philips Gyroscan systems to compare it with standard nontriggered 2D inflow in practical MRA studies. For highly pulsatile flow, much better MR angiograms were obtained in this way.     

Dynamic stability of elastically supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid

The effect of support flexibility on the dynamic behaviour of pipes conveying fluid is investigated for both steady and pulsatile flows. The pipes are built-in at the upstream end and supported at the other by both a translational and a rotational spring. For the steady flow condition, the critical flow velocities, the frequencies and flow induced damping patterns that are associated with the different vibration modes of selected pipe systems are determined as functions of the flow velocity. The results from steady flow cases show that the pipes may first lose stability by either buckling or flutter, depending on the values of the rotational and translational spring constants and their relative magnitudes. In the case of pulsatile flow, the Floquet theory is utilized for the stability analysis of the selected pipe-fluid systems. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of the amount of translational and rotational resiliences at the elastic support on the regions of parametric and combination resonances of the pipes. The results more of the interesting aspects of the behaviour of non-conservative systems.     

Particle imaging velocimetry measurements in a heart simulator

In vitro experiments are often unable to reproduce all the complexities of biological flows observed in vivo. The in vitro models are often rigid, use Newtonian fluids, and/or some ideal geometry tested under ideal physiological parameters. The study presented in this article describes the in vitro assessment of mitral prosthetic heart valves in a setup able to simulate the pulsatile blood flow in a model of the left heart with moving walls. The specific laboratory mockup built for these experiments consists in a Dual Activation Simulator (DAS) that provides a realistic simulation of the atrial and ventricular flow in anatomically shaped silicone models cavities. This mockup, initially designed for ultrasonic velocity measurements took recently advantage of the use of particle image velocimetry. We present here some aspects of flow visualization and phase averaged two-dimensional PIV measurements which can provide new insight in the interaction between the flow dynamics and the heart valves.     

Nonlinear dynamic modeling of surface defects in rolling element bearing systems

In this paper an analytical model is proposed to study the nonlinear dynamic behavior of rolling element bearing systems including surface defects. Various surface defects due to local imperfections on raceways and rolling elements are introduced to the proposed model. The contact force of each rolling element described according to nonlinear Hertzian contact deformation and the effect of internal radial clearance has been taken into account. Mathematical expressions were derived for inner race, outer race and rolling element local defects. To overcome the strong nonlinearity of the governing equations of motion, a modified Newmark time integration technique was used to solve the equations of motion numerically. The results were obtained in the form of time series, frequency responses and phase trajectories. The validity of the proposed model verified by comparison of frequency components of the system response with those obtained from experiments. The classical Floquet theory has been applied to the proposed model to investigate the linear stability of the defective bearing rotor systems as the parameters of the system changes. The peak-to-peak frequency response of the system for each case is obtained and the basic routes to periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions for different internal radial clearances are determined. The current study provides a powerful tool for design and health monitoring of machine systems.