柴油掺混正丁醇对火焰发展及光谱的影响

正丁醇是一种很有前景的柴油替代燃料,针对缸内火焰发展和燃烧中间产物的自发光光谱开展研究,有助于深入理解柴油掺混正丁醇混合燃料对柴油机燃烧过程的影响规律。因此,在一台光学发动机上,利用火焰高速成像技术和自发光光谱分析法,研究纯柴油与柴油掺混不同比例正丁醇后对发动机缸内火焰发展和自发光光谱的影响。试验过程中,光学发动机转速为1 200 r·min~(-1),喷油压力为600 bar,进气加热到398 K,使上止点附近达到约900 K温度。纯柴油、柴油掺混20%正丁醇燃料和柴油掺混40%正丁醇燃料分别用D100, DB20和DB40表示,三种燃料在每个着火循环喷入的油量分别为17.5, 18.7和19.2 mg,从而保证发动机输出功相同。试验结果表明:冷却水温不变时,喷油时刻推迟,滞燃期缩短,初始火核形成时刻推迟,蓝色预混火焰比例减小;喷油时刻不变时,提高冷却水温度,滞燃期缩短,初始火核形成时刻提前,蓝色预混火焰比例减小。随着正丁醇掺混比例增加,呈现局部混合气率先着火的特征且着火时刻推迟,蓝色预混火焰比例增加,火焰亮度降低,火焰亮度从大到小依次为:D100DB20DB40。D100燃料随喷油推迟,整体光谱的峰值向长波方向移动,碳烟辐射增强, OH谱带的光强峰值先增大后减小, OH和CH_2O谱带出现的时刻推迟,表明高温和低温反应时刻推迟;喷油时刻不变时,提高冷却水温,整体光谱的光强增加, OH和CH_2O谱带的出现时刻提前,表明高温和低温反应时刻提前。掺混正丁醇后的DB40燃料随喷油推迟,光谱的整体光强增加, OH和CH_2O谱带的光强峰值提高,表明推迟喷油对DB40燃料也是有助于促进高温和低温反应。DB40燃料光谱的整体光强低于D100燃料,其OH和CH_2O的谱带出现的时刻迟于D100燃料,表明掺混正丁醇后燃料的高温和低温反应时刻都相对D100燃料推迟。SOI-15、冷却水温95℃工况下, D100燃料的谱线经过2℃A就呈现出了类似碳烟黑体辐射谱的特征,而DB40燃料先呈现出CO氧化连续谱的特征,经过15℃A才呈现碳烟黑体辐射谱的特征。     

CO2缸内喷射对柴油准HCCI燃烧排放特性的影响

用开发的气体喷射系统,研究了缸内喷射CO2对两段喷油实现的准均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧排放的影响.结果表明:通过调节CO2的喷射始点和喷射量,可以有效控制NOx排放.随着缸内CO2喷射始点的提前,燃烧相位推迟,NOx排放降低.在缸内喷射始点为-150℃A ATDC时,随着CO2循环喷射量的增大,缸内最高平均温度降低,燃烧相位推迟,最大压力升高率和指示热效率变化不大,而出于滞燃期的增大,放热率峰值反而比原机略高;NOx排放减小,HC和CO排放增大,烟度变化比较小.     

HCCI燃烧过程化学发光光谱研究

在一台经改装单缸光学发动机机上,进行不同喷油策略和进气温度条件下均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧化学发光光谱实验研究。实验保证循环供油量一定,燃用正庚烷作为燃料,转速600 r.min-1,进气压力0.1MPa,控制2个不同的进气温度:95和125℃。化学发光光谱研究结果表明,低温反应阶段化学发光很弱,主要源于甲醛光谱;低温反应后期-负温度系数区-高温反应初始阶段主要发光来源还是甲醛光谱;高温反应阶段发光主要来源于CO—O*连续谱,同时在CO—O*连续谱上出现OH,HCO,CH,HCHO谱峰;高温反应后期化学发光明显减弱。与-30°ATDC喷油相比,-300°ATDC喷油时CO—O*连续谱发光强度更大,HCO和OH生成量更多,燃烧反应进行程度更深。较高进气温度下CO—O*连续谱发光强度更大,HCO和OH生成量更多。     

柴油燃料HCCI燃烧影响因素的试验研究

本文采用在进气上止点附近进行柴油喷射,利用缸内高温残余废气促进燃油蒸发形成均质混合气,实现了柴油燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)。试验结果表明柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的放热规律呈现低温和高温放热两个阶段,并且NOx排放可以降低95%-98%。本文主要研究了影响HCCI燃烧的因素,指出负荷增大、进气温度增加和负气门重叠期的增加使HCCI着火提前,而外部EGR率的增大可以推迟着火。因此对于低温自燃性好的燃料,冷EGR是控制其HCCI着火燃烧过程的有效措施。     

掺氢比对天然气HCCI燃烧特性和排放的影响研究

利用CHEMKIN软件,对掺氢比例为10%、15%、20%和25%的天然气混合燃料对HCCI内燃机燃烧特性的影响进行模拟,并对其进行数据分析。结果表明:(1)氢气比例不同,可对天然气的燃烧速率产生影响;比例为10%时,对天然气的燃烧过程影响不明显,却显著提前了天然气燃烧时的着火时刻,但随着掺入氢气比例的增加,着火时刻提前的现象逐渐推迟。(2)随着掺氢比例的逐渐增加,缸内压力、缸内温度、中间产物CO的排放量的峰值均逐渐减小;累积气相反应放热量逐渐减小;掺氢热效率和气相反应净产热量在氢气的掺入比为10%～15%之间时达到峰值。(3)在尾气排放中,随着掺氢比例的增加,CO_2生成时刻提前,生成量未改变;NO含量的峰值和排放量随着掺氢的比例增加而增加。     

基于缸内直喷的汽油HCCI燃烧特性的研究

实现汽油机的均质混合气压燃(HCCI)的难点是精确地控制着火时刻、燃烧速率以及扩展高负荷运行范围.在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上试验研究了分层混合气和辅助火花点火对HCCI燃烧特性的影响,考察了对不同运行工况时的适应性.开展了负阀重叠与缸内多段喷油相结合控制HCCI着火稳定性的研究,考察了不同喷油控制策略对HCCI燃烧的影响,确定了HCCI运行工况范围.     

废气再循环和添加剂对高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧的影响

本文对废气再循环(EGR)和十六烷值改进荆-过氧化二叔丁基(DTBP)对高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:辛烷值为90的燃料(RON90)只能在高温高负荷下才能运行HCCI燃烧模式;在其中加入少量的DTBP后,RON90实现HCCI燃烧的工况范围向低温低负荷下大幅度拓展。加入添加剂后,低负荷性能改善的同时,浓混合气的着火时刻可以通过EGR将含添加剂燃料的着火时刻推迟到上止点附近,从而大幅度提高热效率,降低了燃料消耗率。     

燃用天然气合成油增压柴油机特性研究

在一台增压中冷柴油机上分别燃用常规柴油与代用燃料天然气合成油(GTL),供油提前角分别设为上止点前9°和12°CA,对比研究了燃用这两种燃料的柴油机动力性、经济性、燃烧和排放特性.与柴油相比,燃用GTL的柴油机有效功率和转矩不变,有效燃油油耗率降低,有效热效率相当;GTL的最高燃烧压力和放热率峰值均略低,GTL的着火时刻、缸压和放热率峰值出现时刻均略晚,燃烧持续期略长;与柴油相比,在试验工况下GTL平均降低了16.6%HC、14.5%CO、15.7%碳烟和15.1%NOx排放.试验结果显示GTL是一种有潜力的低排放代用燃料.     

直喷柴油机火焰浮起长度的数值模拟研究

采用三维CFD模型模拟了直喷柴油机缸内喷雾燃烧过程,模拟缸压曲线得到了实验的验证.通过高温区与喷嘴之间的稳定距离来确定柴油机火焰浮起长度,研究在不同进气条件下火焰浮起长度的变化情况.该模型成功地预测了火焰浮起长度随着初始进气压力的增大而减少,随着进气温度的升高出现先增大后减少的趋势.同时模拟了在不同EGR率下柴油机缸内燃烧情况,发现火焰浮起长度和燃料着火延迟时间都随EGR率的增加而增大.     

EGR对高压共轨柴油机燃烧过程影响的可视化研究

以某高压共轨柴油机为样机,结合AVL 513D可视化研究系统,搭建柴油机缸内工作过程可视化研究平台,进行EGR对高压共轨柴油机燃烧过程影响的可视化研究。研究表明:通过所搭建的柴油机缸内工作过程可视化平台可以直观地分析柴油机缸内燃烧过程,为合理组织缸内燃烧过程提供依据。小负荷条件下,EGR率的增加(≤30%)可以有效地缩短着火延迟期,缸内氧浓度不断降低,燃烧火焰平均温度下降,高温强辐射区域的比例也减小,导致柴油机缸内燃烧持续期延长,缸内火焰熄灭的时刻推后。     

DMM及纳米颗粒添加剂对农用柴油机燃烧与排放性能的影响

本文通过在柴油中添加小比例二甲氧基甲烷(DMM)以及纳米氧化铝(Al2O3)颗粒研究一台小型农用柴油机的燃烧与排放特性。研究表明,随着柴油中DMM添加比例的增大,发动机燃烧特性参数如缸内压力、燃烧放热率及制动热效率得到明显地提升,着火延迟期以及CA50逐渐减小;排放方面HC和NOx增加,而CO和碳烟得到有效地抑制。燃油中同时添加DMM和纳米Al2O3颗粒后,发动机燃烧及排放方面得到了不同程度地优化。因此,将DMM与纳米颗粒的有机结合可为代用燃料在农用发动机中的推广应用提供新的思路。     

不同环境氧浓度下聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）喷雾燃烧的羟基光谱分布及其反演重构研究

聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）是一种有潜力的柴油替代燃料，目前针对PODE的研究更多集中在发动机台架试验，相应的基础喷雾燃烧研究较少，制约了其在动力装置中高效清洁燃烧性能的提升。羟基（OH）性质活泼，大量存在的区域通常认为是高温反应区域。利用羟基光谱可以获得火焰结构、燃烧反应位置以及热释放速率等重要参数。环境氧浓度对火焰结构有很大影响，也是控制燃烧反应速率和污染物排放的重要参数。因此，在一台光学定容燃烧弹上，首先利用羟基的自发光光谱测量，研究了宽环境氧浓度变化（15%～80%）对PODE喷雾火焰浮起长度的影响，进一步利用阿贝尔逆变换方法将羟基自发光光谱强度由积分值反演为点位值，研究了富氧条件下（40%～80%）氧浓度变化对PODE喷雾羟基分布的影响。研究结果表明：环境氧浓度由15%增至40%，PODE火焰浮起长度迅速缩短；氧浓度进一步增加至80%，火焰浮起长度下降趋势逐渐变缓，直至基本不变；相同氧气浓度下PODE火焰浮起长度明显小于柴油。反演后的羟基光谱分布特征表面，富氧条件下PODE羟基光谱的高光强区域主要集中于喷雾边缘扩散火焰薄层中，同时，局部温度的显著提升使得羟基光谱强度在预混反应区下游附近达到最大；羟基光谱高光强区域随氧气浓度增加逐渐向火焰中上游区域迁移，并且其分布表现为轴向上更短，径向上更窄；在火焰达到准稳态时，相较40%氧气浓度条件，60%和80%氧气浓度下的羟基光谱强度在火焰中下游明显减弱，表明高的环境氧浓度下喷雾上游的燃油高浓度区域更快的参与到剧烈的燃烧反应中。     

A comparative study on partially premixed combustion (PPC) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) in an optical engine

Partially premixed combustion (PPC) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) are two new combustion modes in compression-ignition (CI) engines. However, the detailed in-cylinder ignition and flame development process in these two CI modes were not clearly understood. In the present study, firstly, the fuel stratification, ignition and flame development in PPC and RCCI were comparatively studied on a light-duty optical engine using multiple optical diagnostic techniques. The overall fuel reactivity (PRF number) and concentration (fuel-air equivalence ratio) were kept at 70 and 0.77 for both modes, respectively. Iso-octane and n-heptane were separately used in the port-injection (PI) and direct-injection (DI) for RCCI, while PRF70 fuel was introduced through direct-injection (DI) for PPC. The DI timing for both modes was fixed at –25°CA ATDC. Secondly, the combustion characteristics of PPC and RCCI with more premixed charge were explored by increasing the PI mass fraction for RCCI and using the split DI strategy for PPC. In the first part, results show that RCCI has shorter ignition delay than PPC due to the fuel reactivity stratification. The natural flame luminosity, formaldehyde and OH PLIF images prove that the flame front propagation in the early stage of PPC can be seen, while there is no distinct flame front propagation in RCCI. In the second part, the higher premixed ratio results in more auto-ignition sites and faster combustion rate for PPC. However, the higher premixed ratio reduces the combustion rate in RCCI mode and the flame front propagation can be clearly seen, the flame speed of which is similar to that in spark ignition engines but lower than that in PPC. It can be concluded that the ratio of flame front propagation and auto-ignition in RCCI and PPC can be modulated by the control over the fuel stratification degree through different fuel-injection strategies.     

乙醇柴油混合燃料碳烟特性可视化研究

在一台电控共轨光学发动机上,采用高速摄影法,对不同掺混比例的乙醇柴油混合燃料进行研究,获取了缸内燃烧火焰图像,通过双色法得到表征碳烟总体分布的KL因子,分析了乙醇这种含氧生物质燃料对缸内燃烧过程和碳烟生成特性的影响。研究结果表明,随着乙醇掺入比例的增加,滞燃期相对延长,燃烧持续期缩短,火焰的亮度和分布面积都随之下降。KL因子的最高浓度降低,碳烟浓区的分布区域减小,碳烟的氧化进程加快。     

An experimental investigation on spray, ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesels

Spray, ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuels were investigated under a simulated diesel-engine condition (885 K, 4 MPa) in a constant volume combustion vessel. Two biodiesel fuels originated from palm oil and used cooking oil were used while JIS#2 used as the base fuel. Spray images were taken by a high speed video camera by using Mie-scattering method to measure liquid phase penetration and liquid length. An image intensifier combined with OH filter was used to obtain OH radical image near 313 nm. Ignition and combustion characteristics were studied by OH radical images. Biodiesel fuels give appreciably longer liquid lengths and shorter ignition delays. At low injection pressure (100 MPa), biodiesel fuels give shorter lift-off lengths than those of diesel. While at high injection pressure (200 MPa), the lift-off length of biodiesel fuel originated palm oil gives the shortest value and that of biodiesel from used cooking oil gives the longest one. Air entrainment upstream of lift-off length of three fuels was estimated and compared to soot formation distance. This study reveals that the viscosity and ignition quality of biodiesel fuel have great influences on jet flame structure and soot formation tendency.     

碳氢扩散火焰实验研究：燃烧气氛对火焰光谱与温度的影响

辐射是各种燃烧过程中热传递的主要方式。在不同的火焰中,辐射光谱分布十分复杂。在这项工作中,利用光谱仪测量了可见光(200～900 nm),近红外(900～1 700 nm)和中红外(2 500～5 000 nm)波段火焰的光谱强度,分析了空气和富氧气氛下扩散火焰的光谱特征。并基于光谱分析,定量得到了火焰中碳烟以及气体发射的辐射力,计算了火焰的温度分布。结果表明,空气燃烧中的火焰温度低于富氧燃烧中的火焰温度。在空气气氛下,火焰中的碳烟和气体均对中的热辐射起着重要作用。而在富氧气氛下,气体对于火焰热辐射更为重要。在可见光和近红外波段,由于在空气气氛下火焰中碳烟的大量形成,光谱曲线显示出了良好连续性。而富氧气氛下火焰的辐射光谱降低。在中红外波段,空气气氛下火焰的气体辐射明显弱于富氧气氛下火焰的气体辐射。     

The spectrum of combustion-generated noise

A calculation of the energy release rate resulting from the combustion of propane-air mixtures is presented and the result is used to calculate the far field noise spectrum for an open flame by using appropriate Fourier transform techniques. The results illustrate the broad band nature of combustion noise and show that, for the range of parameters indicated, the peak frequency in the $\text{1}\text{3}$ octave band is in the range 400–1000 Hz. The results also indicate that the shape of spectrum is influenced by the time history of the heat release rate and the turbulence intensity and length scales; on the other hand, the peak frequency is a function of the heat release per unit mass of fuel which is essentially the same for hydrocarbon fuels.     

Combustion characteristics of a dual-mode scramjet combustor with cavity flameholder

Combustion characteristics of a laboratory dual-mode ramjet/scramjet combustor were studied experimentally. The combustor consists of a sonic fuel jet injected into a supersonic crossflow upstream of a wall cavity pilot flame. These fundamental components are contained in many dual-mode combustor designs. Experiments were performed with an isolator entrance Mach number of 2.2. Air stagnation temperatures were varied from 1040 to 1490 K, which correspond to flight Mach numbers of 4.3–5.4. Both pure hydrogen and a mixture of hydrogen and ethylene fuels were used. High speed imaging of the flame luminosity was performed along with measurements of the isolator and combustor wall pressures. For ramjet mode operation, two distinct combustion stabilization locations were found for fuel injection a sufficient distance upstream of the cavity. At low T₀, the combustion was anchored at the leading edge of the cavity by heat release in the cavity shear layer. At high T₀, the combustion was stabilized a short distance downstream of the fuel injection jet in the jet-wake. For an intermediate range of T₀, the reaction zone oscillated between the jet-wake and cavity stabilization locations. Wall pressure measurements showed that cavity stabilized combustion was the steadiest, followed by jet-wake stabilized, and the oscillatory case. For fuel injection close to the cavity, a hybrid stabilization mode was found in which the reaction zone locations for the two stabilization modes overlapped. For this hybrid stabilization, cavity fueling rate was an important factor in the steadiness of the flow field. Scramjet mode combustion was found to only exist in the cavity stabilized location for the conditions studied.     

LES/FGM investigation of ignition and flame structure in a gasoline partially premixed combustion engine

This paper presents a joint numerical and experimental study of the ignition process and flame structures in a gasoline partially premixed combustion (PPC) engine. The numerical simulation is based on a five-dimension Flamelet-Generated Manifold (5D-FGM) tabulation approach and large eddy simulation (LES). The spray and combustion process in an optical PPC engine fueled with a primary reference fuel (70% iso-octane, 30% n-heptane by volume) are investigated using the combustion model along with laser diagnostic experiments. Different combustion modes, as well as the dominant chemical species and elementary reactions involved in the PPC engines, are identified and visualized using Chemical Explosive Mode Analysis (CEMA). The results from the LES-FGM model agree well with the experiments regarding the onset of ignition, peak heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure. The LES-FGM model performs even better than a finite-rate chemistry model that integrates the full-set of chemical kinetic mechanism in the simulation, given that the FGM model is computationally more efficient. The results show that the ignition mode plays a dominant role in the entire combustion process. The diffusion flame mode is identified in a thin layer between the ultra fuel-lean unburned mixture and the hot burned gas region that contains combustion intermediates such as CO. The diffusion flame mode contributes to a maximum of 27% of the total heat release in the later stage of combustion, and it becomes vital for the oxidation of relatively fuel-lean mixtures.