基于超材料复合结构的太赫兹液晶移相器

为了解决现存太赫兹移相器的损耗较大且不可控、相移量较小的问题,本文设计了一种简易超材料复合结构实现的太赫兹移相器.该器件由4层结构组成,自上而下依次为L型金属谐振层、液晶层、弓型金属层、石英基底层.通过在上、下金属层施加偏置电压,改变液晶盒内液晶分子指向矢的偏转角α,从而改变液晶的有效折射率,器件的相位也随之发生变化,进而实现动态调控相位的目的.仿真结果表明:设计的太赫兹液晶移相器在1.68—1.78 THz间透射率可达0.968,插入损耗低至0.3 dB;当频率为1.7396 THz时,其最大相移为352.625°,在1.7315—1.7396 THz (带宽为8.1 GHz)频率内相移量超过352°.这种简易超材料多层结构为调控太赫兹波提供了一种新方法,在太赫兹成像、传感等领域有广泛的应用前景.     

相变材料与超表面复合结构太赫兹移相器

利用相变材料嵌入超表面组成复合结构实现太赫兹移相器,该器件自上而下依次为二氧化钒嵌入金属层、液晶、二氧化钒嵌入金属层、二氧化硅层.通过二氧化钒的相变特性和液晶的双折率特性同时作用实现对器件相位调控.随着外加温度变化二氧化钒电导率发生改变,器件的相位随之产生移动,同样的对液晶层施加不同的电压导致液晶折射率发生变化,器件相位也会有影响.经过这两种介质共同作用,最终实现对太赫兹波相位有效调控.仿真结果验证了该相移器在频率f=0.736 THz时,太赫兹移相器的最大相移量达到355.37°,在0.731—0.752 THz(带宽为22 GHz)频率范围相移量超过350°.这种基于相变材料与超表面复合结构为灵活调控太赫兹波提供了一种新思路,将在太赫兹成像、通信等领域有着广泛的应用前景.     

基于双尺度4分离层优化的石墨烯太赫兹宽带吸波结构

为实现对未来远程太赫兹雷达的高效对抗与隐身,针对典型太赫兹雷达工作频率设计了一种石墨烯太赫兹宽带吸波结构。宽带吸波结构以表层金属层/石墨烯层/介质层/底层金属层为基本吸波结构单元,利用遗传算法对双尺度基本吸波结构单元进行4分离层优化设计,确定宽带吸波结构的各层结构参数。仿真结果表明:宽带吸波结构在0.138 THz～2 THz频率范围内吸收效率优于80%,在0.157 THz～2 THz频率范围内吸收效率优于97.46%,典型太赫兹雷达工作频率处吸收效率均优于92.27%,满足太赫兹雷达对抗与隐身要求。     

基于逆向设计的片上太赫兹解复用器和光栅耦合器

太赫兹解复用器和光栅耦合器的传统构建方法需借助经典理论和经验计算,故它们的设计流程复杂,而且性能依赖于单元结构参数。随着逆向设计方法的提出及应用,该方法可以在限定大小的基片上设计出符合功能需求的器件结构。基于此,将逆向设计方法应用于太赫兹解复用器和光栅耦合器的设计,器件的尺寸分别为3 mm×3 mm×200μm和12 mm×12 mm×200μm。FDTD(Finite-Difference Time-Domain)的仿真结果表明,太赫兹解复用器能够将一束含两种频率的太赫兹波完美地从两个端口分离,并且透射率在0.500 THz和0.417 THz频率处均高达0.75以上,其相邻通道间的串扰低于-19 dB。太赫兹光栅耦合器的耦合效率在0.32 THz频率处高达0.85。     

THz谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器的设计

由于石墨烯在太赫兹波范围内只发生带内跃迁,相比在可见光范围内,其光学吸收特性有显著优势,通过集成石墨烯与谐振腔,将太赫兹波限制在腔内,可进一步增强石墨烯对太赫兹波的吸收.采用麦克斯韦方程组并结合电磁场边界条件,研究了单层石墨烯在太赫兹波段范围内的光吸收机理;推导出石墨烯的传输矩阵和吸收系数方程,发现在太赫兹波段石墨烯的吸收是在可见光波段吸收的9—22倍;通过建立谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器在太赫兹波段的光吸收模型及求解探测器吸收率方程,发现在0.12 THz处,吸收率可达0.965,相比无腔状态下石墨烯在太赫兹波段的最大吸收率0.5,提高了93%;优化设计器件结构参数并表征,最终器件响应度最高达到236.7 A/W,半高全宽为0.035 THz.理论分析表明,采用谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器对太赫兹波进行探测,具有高吸收率、高响应度.研究结果对于太赫兹谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器的设计和应用提供了理论参考.     

外差式相干探测时域光谱仪对磷化铟（InP）晶片的超宽频带太赫兹光谱的探测

磷化铟（InP）属于Ⅲ-Ⅴ族化合物半导体材料, 在毫米波的应用中展示出了高性能,在非线性太赫兹器件应用上具有很大的潜力。以前关于InP的研究主要集中于太赫兹频率在0.1～4 THz的频率范围内,在4～10 THz频率范围内InP的太赫兹光学数据还是空白。该研究利用空气等离子体相干探测太赫兹波的时域光谱系统研究了无掺杂的InP晶片在超宽THz频率范围（0.5～18 THz）内的光学特性, 实验中用电离的空气作为太赫兹的发射器和探测器, 利用可以调制的局部偏压诱导二次谐波产生,使在气体中太赫兹波的相干探测成为可能,明显提高了系统的动态范围和灵敏度。产生的太赫兹频谱宽度主要被激光脉冲持续时间所限制,太赫兹脉冲通过InP晶片后相对于参考脉冲会延迟,同时振幅会降低。另外,太赫兹信号的频谱振幅在6.7～12.1 THz范围内下降到本底噪声。同时还可以看出InP晶片在6.7～12.1 THz频率范围内不透光,在0.8～6.7 THz以及12.1～18 THz频率范围内InP的吸收系数相对较低,特别是在15～17.5 THz范围内吸收系数很低并且保持相对稳定,与此同时它的折射率单调增加。这些发现将有助于基于InP晶片的非线性太赫兹器件设计。     

具有缓变折射率的太赫兹宽带增透器件

用高阻硅制作的光学元件是太赫兹系统里常用的器件, 但是其高达3.42的相对折射率所引起的阻抗失配严重影响了太赫兹系统的功率, 因此研究人员尝试了各种各样的方式在高阻硅表面镀上有效的增透膜. 在太赫兹波段, 缺乏合适的材料是增透研究中亟需解决的一个重要问题. 介绍一种结构新颖的硅材料增透器件----- 三维光子倒置光栅. 与普通高阻硅片相比, 当结构周期为15 μm时, 该器件在0.2---7.3 THz范围内对太赫兹波具有明显的增透作用, 且覆盖了大部分太赫兹波段. 此外, 该器件的使用不受太赫兹偏振方向限制, 适用于大入射角情形, 并具有高达116.3%的相对3 dB带宽.     

金属双柱metamaterial负折射特性的液晶调控

本文研究了金属双柱metamaterial对太赫兹波负折射的液晶调控。结果表明, 当液晶的介电系数从2逐渐增大到4, 产生负折射的频率从0.648 THz逐渐变化到0.413 THz, 包含了0.650 THz和0.500 THz附近两个大气窗口; 通过改变液晶的介电常数, 可以在该频段内任一频点实现负折射、零折射或正折射。由于液晶的介电常数可以通过外加交流偏压或光场进行调控, 因此利用液晶可以实现对太赫兹波负折射频率和传播方向的调控。     

基于石墨烯互补超表面的可调谐太赫兹吸波体

通过在石墨烯超表面设计周期性切条,实现了基于石墨烯互补超表面的可调谐太赫兹吸波体.通过改变外加电压来改变石墨烯的费米能级,吸波体实现频率可调谐特性.研究了石墨烯费米能级、结构尺寸对超材料吸波体吸收特性的影响,并利用多重反射理论研究了其物理机理并且证明了模拟方法的可行性.研究结果表明:当石墨烯费米能级取0.6 eV,基底厚度13μm,石墨烯上切条长宽分别为2.9μm,0.1μm时,吸波体在1.865 THz可以实现99.9%的完美吸收;石墨烯费米能级从0.4 eV增大到0.9 eV,吸波体共振频率从1.596 THz蓝移到2.168 THz,且伴随共振吸收率的改变,吸收率在0.6 eV时达到最大;通过改变费米能级实现的最大吸收率调制度达84.55%.     

生物基底材料的超宽频带太赫兹光谱研究

作为一种新兴的方式,太赫兹时域光谱和成像已经被广泛应用到研究不同生物组织的光学特性。在空气等离子体处施加偏置电场对太赫兹波脉冲进行外差式相干检测(air-biased-coherent-detection,ABCD)的太赫兹系统具有超宽频带和可以在较远距离进行成像的优点,十分适用于对生物组织进行超宽谱研究,而对生物组织进行光谱测量通常需要基底材料。利用太赫兹ABCD系统对四种典型的基底材料(石英,高密度聚乙烯,聚四氟乙烯和石蜡)的光学参数进行测定,并计算其在1~15THz频率范围内的吸收系数和折射率。结果表明,高密度聚乙烯和石蜡可以很好的被用作生物组织超宽频带太赫兹光谱测量的基底材料。同时,虽然石英和聚四氟乙烯都是窄带(0.1~3THz)太赫兹系统中常用的基底材料,但是由于它们在高于5THz的频率范围内对太赫兹波具有较强的吸收,所以不能用作超宽频带太赫兹光谱测量的基底材料。     

Terahertz electrically controlled nematic liquid crystal lens

We report some preliminary results on the realization of terahertz (THz) nematic liquid crystal (LC) lens with electric tunable focal length. A LC cell with a single circular-hole electrode is driven by an AC voltage to yield the desired spatial distribution of the refractive index. The two-dimensional function of the phase delay introduced into THz wave depends on the AC voltage and the electrodes contacting the LC layer. This lens is operated at room temperature and its convergent optical characteristic is demonstrated at 118 μm. We realize the lens with a clear aperture of 1 mm. The lens matched with a bolometer array is capable of obtaining real-time THz images of a sample without any mechanical scanning.     

太赫兹液晶材料与器件研究进展

液晶是一种性能优异的可调控光电功能材料,基于液晶的太赫兹器件有着广泛的应用前景,但高性能太赫兹功能器件的研发仍处于初级阶段.本文综述了太赫兹领域液晶材料与器件的研究现状,探讨了液晶技术与太赫兹技术相结合的发展趋势.     

Voltage-controlled liquid-crystal terahertz phase shifter and quarter-wave plate

Phase shift exceeding tau/2 at 1 THz is demonstrated by using electrically controlled birefringence in a homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal (E7) cell, 570 microm in thickness. The driving voltage required for a phase shift of 90 degrees is 125 V (rms). We demonstrate that the phase shifter works as an electrically switchable quarter-wave plate at 1 THz. The device can also be used as an electrically tuned phase compensator around the quarter-wave point near 1 THz.     

基于导模共振效应提高石墨烯表面等离子体的局域特性

本文构建了一种包含石墨烯和亚波长光栅的复合结构, 借助衍射光栅的导模共振效应, 在石墨烯表面激发高局域性表面等离子体激元, 研究了石墨烯与光栅结构对表面等离子体激元局域特性的影响规律, 并借助基于有限元法的COMSOL软件, 分析了缓冲层厚度、光栅周期、载流子迁移率和费米能级对石墨烯的表面电场、品质因子Q和有效模式面积S_eff的影响. 结果表明, 石墨烯表面等离子体激元的局域性在特定的参数点获得显著提高: 当μ = 0.7 m²/(V·s)时, 品质因子达到最大值Q_max = 1793; 当p = 235 nm或E_F = 0.72 eV时, 表面电场达到了入射光的3000倍以上. 强烈的局域性导致强烈 的光-物质相互作用, 因而本文提出的复合结构可实现高灵敏度传感器和高效率的非线性光学设备, 极大地扩展了石墨烯在纳米光学领域中的应用.     

Spectral investigation of nematic liquid crystals with high optical anisotropy at THz frequency range

Liquid crystals (LCs) with high optical anisotropy are very desirable for different applications in devices, such as filters, phase shifters, or phase gratings [T. Göbel, P. Meissner, A. Gaebler, M. Koeberle, S. Mueller, and R. Jakoby, Dual-Frequency Switching Liquid Crystal Based Tunable THz Filter, CLEO, Baltimore, MD, 2009; C.-Y. Chen, T.-R. Tsai, C.-L. Pan, and R.-P. Pan, Room temperature terahertz phase shifter based on magnetically controlled birefringence in liquid crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (2003), pp. 4497–4499; and C.-J. Lin, C.-H. Lin, Y.-T. Li, R.-P. Pan, and C.-L. Pan, Electrically controlled liquid crystal phase grating for terahertz waves, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21 (2009), pp. 730–732]. We present spectral studies of LCs with large optical anisotropy in the range from 0.3 to 3?THz. Nematic LC mixtures which have Δn?>?0.30 for visible frequency range, i.e., 1825 (Δn?=?0.42 at 633?nm) were measured. Properties of LC materials like birefringence, absorption coefficients, and refractive indices for ordinary and extraordinary polarization in THz range were obtained. Orientation of LC was done by a high electric field. Measurements were performed using a TDS spectra 3000 spectrometer.     

Optical response of tunable terahertz plasmon in a grating-gated graphene transistor

Tunable terahertz plasmon in a graphene-based device with a grating serving as a top gate is studied. Transmission spectra exhibit a distinct peak in the terahertz region when the terahertz electric field is perpendicular to the grating fingers.Our results show that the extinction in the transmission of single-layer graphene shields beyond 80%. Electronic results further show that the graphene plasmon can be weakly adjusted by tuning the gate voltage. Theoretical calculation also implies that the plasmon frequency of graphene can fall into the terahertz region of 1–2 THz by improving the sustaining ability and capacitance of the top gate.     

红外低发射率隐身涂层对太赫兹波的反射光谱研究

为研究红外低发射率隐身涂层对太赫兹波的反射特性,制备了红外低发射率隐身涂料,测试了其可见光效果、红外热像图及红外发射率等特性参数。以土黄色红外低发射率涂料为测试样品,利用透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统获得了样品在太赫兹波段的复折射率。分析了特征矩阵理论,并利用特征矩阵理论计算了涂层厚度(0.3~0.5 mm）与入射角度(0°~60°)的变化对入射太赫兹波反射特性的影响。结果表明,在相应厚度及入射角度范围内,太赫兹波在0.8 THz频率下具有多个反射峰值,最高值可达90%以上,有利于实现太赫兹波对红外低发射率隐身涂层下金属目标的探测。此外,涂层厚度变化对入射太赫兹波反射率具有较大影响,涂层越厚,太赫兹波的反射振荡越多,反射峰值越大。入射角度对太赫兹波的反射特性具有一定的影响,但整体影响不大,有利于太赫兹波实现多角度目标的探测。最后,以表面均匀涂覆0.42 mm厚涂料的金属板为测试样品,实验测量了样品在0.1~1.5 THz频率范围内的反射特性,并与部分理论计算结果进行对比。结果表明：实验测量结果与理论计算结果在数值和趋势上较为吻合,但也存在一定的偏差。究其原因,主要由样品厚度和样品参数误差导致,但依然可利用特征矩阵理论研究红外低发射率涂层对太赫兹波的反射光谱特性。     

Terahertz wave switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators

In this paper, we have presented a compact and integrated terahertz wave switch design based on photonic crystal ring resonators. The photonic crystal structure with square lattice is investigated and applied for design of ring resonators. The switching mechanism of this novel switch is based on the variation of the resonant frequency of the ring resonator inserted between two parallel waveguides. The refractive index of the holes of the structure filled with polyaniline electrorheological fluids are varied by applied external electric field, the result of which is the variation of the ring resonant frequency. The proposed device is analyzed by using finite difference time domain method. Numerical simulation results show that this switch has high extinction ratio, small size, low voltage and advantages of selectivity of coupling THz wave to different output ports.     

Dynamically tunable terahertz passband filter based on metamaterials integrated with a graphene middle layer

The dynamic tunability of a terahertz(THz) passband filter was realized by changing the Fermi energy(E_F) of graphene based on the sandwiched structure of metal-graphene-metal metamaterials(MGMs). By using plane wave simulation, we demonstrated that the central frequency( f_0) of the proposed filter can shift from 5.04 THz to 5.71 THz; this shift is accompanied by a 3 dB bandwidth(? f) decrease from 1.82 THz to 0.01 THz as the EFincreases from 0 to 0.75 eV.Additionally, in order to select a suitable control equation for the proposed filter, the curves of ? f and f_0 under different graphene EFwere fitted using five different mathematical models. The fitting results demonstrate that the Dose Resp model offers accurate predictions of the change in the 3 dB bandwidth, and the Quartic model can successfully describe the variation in the center frequency of the proposed filter. Moreover, the electric field and current density analyses show that the dynamic tuning property of the proposed filter is mainly caused by the competition of two coupling effects at different graphene EF, i.e., graphene-polyimide coupling and graphene-metal coupling. This study shows that the proposed structures are promising for realizing dynamically tunable filters in innovative THz communication systems.