Thermoanalytical investigation of sodium acetate trihydrate for application as a latent heat thermal energy storage material

The thermal behaviour of sodium acetate trihydrate (NaAc · 3H₂O) was investigated by DTA, Q-TG and measurements of the solubility properties. The nucleation efficiency of Na₄P₂O₇ · 10H₂O for the crystallization of NaAc · 3H₂O melts is not stable over long periods. Stratification can be ascribed to the formation of anhydrous sodium acetate in the supercooled melts. Under static heat storage conditions, NaAc · 3H₂O and Na₄P₂O₇ · 10H₂O do not exhibit stable behaviour.

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Zusammenfassung Das thermische Verhalten von Natriumacetat-trihydrat (NaAc · 3H₂O) wurde durch DTA, Q-TG und Löslichkeitsmessungen untersucht. Der Keimbildungseffekt von Na₄P₂O₇ · 10H₂O gegenüber NaAc · 3H₂O ist über längere Zeit nicht stabil. Die Schichtbildung kann zurückgeführt werden auf die Bildung von wasserfreiem NaAc in unterkühlten Schmelzen. Unter statischen Bedingungen der Wärmespeicherung zeigen NaAc·₃H₂O und Na₄P₂O₇ · 10H₂O kein stabiles Verhalten.

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, Q- . Na4P2O7 · 102, . . .

     

Results of thermal analysis for investigation of salt hydrates as latent heat-storage materials

DTA and DSC methods and quasi-isothermal and quasi-isobaric thermogravimetry are of great importance in the investigation of salt hydrates as latent heat-storage materials. However, the transferability of the DTA and DSC results is given only for application in static latent heatstorage units. Special calorimetric methods adapted to the storage principle are preferred for the study of salt hydrates under dynamic storage conditions. The findings are discussed in connection with the examples of Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, CH₃COONa·3H₂O, Na₂S·9H₂O, Na₂S·5H₂O, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O and the eutectic mixture of Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O-MgCl₂·6H₂O.

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Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung von Salzhydraten als Latentwärmespeichermaterialien besitzen DTA-, DSC-Methoden und die quasi-isotherme und quasi-isobare Thermogravimetrie eine wesentliche Bedeutung. Die Übertragbarkeit der DTA- und DSC-Ergebnisse ist jedoch nur für den Einsatz in statischen latentwärmespeichern gegeben. Für das Studium der Salzhydrate under dynamischen Speicherbedingungen werden spezielle, dem Speicherprinzip angepaßte kalorimetrische Methoden bevorzugt. Die Aussagen werden an den Beispielen Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, CH₃COONa·3H₂O, Na₂S·9H₂O, Na₂S·5H₂O, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O und der eutektischen Mischung von Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O-MgCl₂·6H₂O diskutiert.

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, . , . , . Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, CH₃COONa·3H₂O, Na₂S·5H₂O, Na₂S·9H₂O, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O·MgCl₂·6H₂O.

     

Investigation of latent heat-thermal energy storage materials. I. Thermoanalytical evaluation of modified polyethylene

Differential scanning calorimetry is used to evaluate polyethylene for latent heat-thermal energy storage. Polyethylene is a suitable material from the points of view of latent heat, behavior of melting and crystallization, and material cost. The thermal stability is satisfactory when it is used in a closed system with heat transfer media, such as silicone oil, alkyldiphenyl, alkyldiphenylethane, Caloria HT and ethylene glycol, which shield polyethylene from air. Surface-crosslinking by ion bombardment prevents polyethylene from mutual adhesion and it retains its form after melting. Surface-crosslinked polyethylene with silicone oil or ethylene glycol is the most promising, while the heat transfer media, such as alkyldiphenyl, alkyldiphenylethane and Caloria HT, which dissolve polyethylene, decrease the melting point, but have little effect on the latent heat and sharp DSC peaks of melting and crystallization. Thus, the composite of polyethylene with these media can also be used at an adjusted and desirable operating temperature.     

Thermoanalytical properties of monobasic nitrilotriacetate salts of alkaline earth metals and zinc

Monobasic metal nitrilotriacetate hydrated salts, MH[N(CH₂COO)₃].xH₂O, have been prepared by the reaction of nitrilotriacetic acid with metal carbonate. DTA studies of these salts both in N₂ and air reveal that these salts initially undergo dehydration and then, through acetate intermediates, decompose to oxycarbonates or oxides.     

Thermogravimetric investigation of the alkaline earth diliturates

Thermolysis curves for calcium, strontium and barium diliturates were obtained. Calcium dilituratc forms an octahydrate from aqueous solution while strontium, dilituratc forms a. heptahydrate and barium diliturate forms a tetrahydrate.Methods for the thermogravimetrie determination of strontium and barium were developed and found to be quite accurate; calcium can only be determined semi-qnartitatively by precipitation as the diliturate salt.     

Ionic conductivity of some alkaline earth halides

The ionic conductivity above and below the melting temperature has been measured for the fluorides, chlorides, and bromides of calcium, strontium, and barium and for magnesium chloride. The observed behavior is of three types: I (MgCl₂, CaCl₂, CaBr₂, BaBr₂), there is an increase in conductivity of several orders of magnitude on melting; II (BaCl₂, SrBr₂), there is a solid-solid transition accompanied by a large increase in conductivity with little subsequent change on melting; and III (CaF₂, SrF₂, BaF₂, SrCl₂), the conductivity of the solid is continuous and changes only slightly on melting.     

Thermoanalytical investigation of someβ-manganese(IV)oxide-alkalimetalpersulfate systems

A TG and DTA investigation, under a static air atmosphere, of mixtures ofβ-MnO₂ and Na₂S₂O₈ or K₂S₂O₈ in different molar ratios is reported.β-MnO₂ lowers the initial decomposition temperatures of these persulfates by 25° through a catalytic effect. A mechanism is proposed for this effect. The X-ray diffractometry results in this investigation could be used to decide which type of semiconductorβ-MnO₂ should be used for the best activity.     

Thermal properties of organic latent cold storage materials

The thermal properties of organic compounds intended to be applied as latent cold storage substances were investigated by methods of analysis according to Tammann, and by DTA and DSC. Findings were made concerning the melting and solidification behaviour, subcooling, specific melting enthalpies and specific heat capacities of paraffin mixtures, low and high-molecular glycols, ethylenediamine hydrates and formamide. Ethylenediamines and ethylene glycol, with high storage densities of 200–300 MJ·m^–3, appear to be promising cold storage substances if subcooling is reduced. Through the use of congruently melting low-molecular glycols and formamide, storage densities of about 170 MJ·m^–3 are obtained. Paraffin mixtures and high-molecular glycols melt in wide ranges of temperatures and give values of about 100 MJ·m^–3, which are not relevant to cold storage units.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels DTA, DSC und dem Analysenverfahren von Tammann wurden die thermischen Eigenschaften von organischen Substanzen untersucht, die als Kältespeichersubstanzen verwendet werden sollen. Dabei wurden Aussagen bezüglich des Schmelz- und Erstarrungsverhaltens, der Unterkühlung, der spezifischen Schmelzenthalpien und spezifischen Wärmekapazitäten von Paraffingemischen, nieder- und hochmolekularen Glykolen, Ethylendiaminhydraten und von Formamid getroffen. Ethylendiamine und Ethylenglykole mit einer hohen Speicherkapazität von 200–300 MJ·m^–3 scheinen gute Kältespeicherstoffe zu sein, wenn die Unterkühlung unterbunden wird. Bei der Verwendung von kongruent schmelzenden niedermolekularen Glykolen und von Formamid wurden Speicherkapazitäten von 170 MJ·m^–3 erreicht. Paraffingemische und hochmolekulare Glykole schmelzen in einem weiten Temperaturbereich und sind mit einer Speicherkapazität von 100 MJ·m^–3 für Kühlbatterien ungeeignet.

     

Sorption of radiactive strontium on binary systems of some alkaline earth sulfates

Equilibrium and metastable solid solutions of binary mixtures of BaSO₄−CaSO₄ and SrSO₄−CaSO₄, and sorbents based on mixtures of compounds in the systems BaSO₄−MgSO₄ and SrSO₄−MgSO₄ were prepared by special heat treatments. The sorption properties of such systems were studied in relation to their structural characteristics. A positive effect of the dynamic reconstruction of the lattice on the sorption of strontium ions was found in all cases. Good sorption properties were found for the systems BaSO₄−CaSO₄ and BaSO₄−MgSO₄ An effort was made to explain the mechanism of sorption on such systems, using several independent methods.     

Thermoanalytical investigation of relative reactivity of some nitrate oxidants in tin-fueled pyrotechnic systems

In order to investigate relative reactivity of different oxidants in solid-state reactions of pyrotechnic mixtures, thermal properties of Sn + Sr(NO₃)₂, Sn + Ba(NO₃)₂, and Sn + KNO₃ pyrotechnic systems have been studied by means of TG, DTA, and DSC methods and the results compared with those of pure oxidants. The apparent activation energy (E), ΔG ^#, ΔH ^#, and ΔS ^# of the combustion processes were obtained from the DSC experiments. The results showed that the nature of oxidant has a significant effect on ignition temperature, and the kinetic of the pyrotechnic mixtures’ reactions, and the relative reactivity of these mixtures was found to obey in the following order: Sn + Sr(NO₃)₂ > Sn + Ba(NO₃)₂ > Sn + KNO₃.     

Structural investigation of Eu emissions from alkaline earth zirconium phosphate

Eu²⁺ doped A_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃ (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors with the NASICON structure were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. Their photoluminescent and structural properties were investigated by photoluminescent spectroscopy and powder X-ray Rietveld analysis, which determined two sites for Eu²⁺ ions in the host structure, 3a and 3b. The Eu-O bond lengths were increased by changing alkaline earth ions from Ca to Ba, causing Eu²⁺ emission bands to shift from blue-green to blue. A correlation was observed between the peak wavelength positions and the Eu-O bond length. The photoluminescent properties are discussed in terms of crystal field strength and nephelauxetic effect, and a schematic diagram of Eu²⁺ emissions is proposed for the Eu²⁺ doped NASICON phosphor.     

XPS spectra of some transition metal and alkaline earth monochalcogenides

The first-row transition-metal monosulfides and alkaline-earth chalcogenides were studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that the bonding in the alkaline earth compounds is relatively ionic with XPS evidence for significant charge separation. On the other hand, transition metal sulfides, with the exception of MnS, appear to be principally metallic with little or no charge separation. Values for the inner orbital binding energy shifts are reported for a large number of monochalcogenides.     

Ion chromatographic determination of alkaline earth metals and some heavy metals

The method is described for ion chromatographic determination of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sr, Pb and Zn. Ethylenediammonium chloride or tartrate solutions are used as eluents with a suppressor column. The detection limits for the listed elements are (in μg l^?1): Ba 1.4, Ca 0.045, Cd 0.6, Cu 0.3, Mn 0.8, Ni 0.5, Pb 6.3, Sr 0.3, Zn 1.2. Relative standard deviations are 0.015–0.050 ar the 20 mg l^?1 level (n = 5, p = 0.95). Interferences are considered.     

Thermo-physical characterization of some paraffins used as phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Three phase change paraffinic materials (PCMs) were thermophysically (phase-transition temperatures, latent heat, heat capacity at constant pressure, density, and thermal conductivity) investigated in order to be used as latent heat storage media in a pilot plant developed in Plovdiv Bulgaria. Raman structural investigation probes aliphatic character of the E53 sample, while the E46 and ECP samples contain also unsaturated components due to their Raman features within 1,500–1,700 cm^?1 range. Orthorhombic structure of the three PCMs was evidenced by the Raman modes at the 1,417 cm^?1. The highest latent heat value, ΔH, of phase transitions among the three materials was represented by summation of a solid order–disorder, and melting latent heat was encountered by the E53 paraffin, i.e., 194.32 J g^?1 during a μ-DSC scan of 1 °C min^?1. Conversely, the ECP composite containing ceresin component shows the lowest latent heat value of 143.89 J g^?1 and the highest thermal conductivity of 0.46 W m^?1 K^?1 among the three phase change materials (PCMs). More facile melt-disordered solid transition with the activation energy of 525.45 kJ mol^?1 than the lower temperature transition of disorder–order (E _a of 631.73 kJ mol^?1) during the two-step process of solidification for the E53 melt are discussed in terms of structural and molecular motion changes.     

Crystal hydrates: an investigation of the use of crystal hydrates as stationary phases in gas chromatography

Summary The use of crystallohydrates, crystallohydrate solutions and melts as stationary phases in gas chromatography has been proposed. Crystallohydrates have been shown to display high selectivity in the separation of polar organic compounds when use is made of water vapours as the mobile phase. Some aspects of gas-liquid chromatography in water vapours and with the stationary phase comprising crystallohydrates have been studied, and the preliminary results obtained point to the desirability of further progress in this field.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

Numerical simulation and parametric analysis of latent heat thermal energy storage system

This paper presents the numerical analysis of the transient performance of the latent heat thermal energy storage unit established on finite difference method. The storage unit consists of a shell and tube arrangement with phase change material (PCM) filled in the shell space and the heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing in the inner tube. The heat exchange between the HTF, wall and PCM has been investigated by developing a 2-D fully implicit numerical model for the storage module and solving the complete module as a conjugate problem using enthalpy transforming method. A comparative investigation of the total melting time of the PCM has been performed based on natural convection in liquid PCM during the charging process. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact it includes convection in PCM and this investigation includes a detailed parametric study which can be used as a reference to design latent heat storage. The results indicate that natural convection accelerates the melting process by a significant amount of time. In order to optimize the design of the thermal storage unit, parametric study has been accompanied to analyze the influence of various HTF working conditions and geometric dimensions on the total melting time of the PCM. Another important feature considered in this work is the influence of the inner wall of the tube carrying the HTF on the entire melting time of the PCM. An error of around 7.2% is reported when inner wall of the tube is ignored in the analysis.

     

GCMC investigation into adamantane-based aromatic frameworks with diamond-like structure as high-capacity hydrogen storage materials

A new class of 3D adamantane-based aromatic framework (AAF) with diamond-like structure was computationally designed with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculation and molecular mechanics (MM) methods. The hydrogen storage capacities of these AAFs were studied by the method of grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The calculated pore sizes of three AAFs reveal that AAF-1 and AAF-2 belong to microporous materials, while AAF-3 is a member of mesoporous materials. The GCMC results reveal that at 77 K and 100 bar, AAF-3 exhibits the highest gravimetric hydrogen uptake of 29.50 wt%, while AAF-1 shows the highest volumetric hydrogen uptake of 63.04 g L(-1). In particular, the gravimetric hydrogen uptake of AAF-3 reaches the Department of Energy's target of 6 wt% at room temperature. The extraordinary performances of these new AAFs in hydrogen storage have made them enter the list of top hydrogen storage materials up to now.     

纳米结构储氢材料的计算研究与设计

对B原子掺杂的石墨烯、碳纳米管和富勒烯、MB2纳米管和ca表面覆盖的纳米管体系的氢气吸附和存储性能进行了第一原理计算,结果表明在表面曲率比较大的碳材料体系中掺B可以增强其对H2的吸附作用;过渡金属原子与H2由于Kubas作用而表现出很大的H2吸附能;碱土金属Ca离子化后的带电电荷的材料体系,由于与H2发生极化作用,也会增强氢气的吸附性能．综合我们的结果和储氢材料研究的最新进展,讨论了影响储氢材料性能的相关因素,就如何增强材料与H2之间的相互作用,使H2吸附能在0．2～0．4eV之间,能够在温和的条件下吸／放氢,并且具有较大的重量和体积储氢量等问题作了简要论述,这些原理对纳米结构储氢材料的设计有一定的指导意义．