Numerical modelling of shocks in solids with elastic-plastic conditions

Results are presented for a range of one- and two-dimensional shock-wave problems in elastic-plastic and hydrodynamic metals. These problems were solved numerically using the Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) technique which achieves high resolution without non-physical oscillations, especially at shock fronts, and has not been used before in elastic-plastic solids. The two-dimensional problems were solved using both operator- and non-operator-split techniques to highlight the significant differences between these techniques when solving shock-wave problems in elastic-plastic solids. Comparisons of the elastic-plastic solutions with the hydrodynamic solutions are made and illustrate the importance of including elastic-plastic conditions when modelling the behaviour of solids. Also, the errors in these solutions that are due to the initial conditions are discussed in detail.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

On the bifurcation and postbifurcation analysis of elastic-plastic solids under general prebifurcation conditions

In this work we have studied the bifurcation and postbifurcation of elastic-plastic solids whose behavior near the critical point could not be idealized as hypoelastic and thus the “hypoelastic comparison solid” concept of R. Hill's theory is no longer applicable. First a simple continuous model is considered in order to illustrate the different possibilities in the stability behavior of the structures considered here. Next, a general three-dimensional stability analysis for a broad class of rate independent elastic-plastic solids is presented. It is found that for all the constitutive theories considered and for all possible prebifurcation solutions, the bifurcation functional is a simple generalization of Hill's. A completely different postbifurcation analysis is needed, however, in the case where the “hypoelastic comparison solid” concept cannot be used.     

On shock waves in elastic-plastic solids

The behavior of shock waves in an elastic-plastic material is investigated with systematic reference to the theory of shocks in fluids. The classical hydrodynamic theory and the notions of the Hugoniot curve and of the Hugoniot contour are first briefly reviewed. Then, it is shown that continuous adiabatic compression is not isentropic and that, in general, the Hugoniot curve cannot be obtained by the classical rate independent elastic-plastic behavior. Two methods are proposed in order to overcome this difficulty. The second one, which is physically more satisfactory, requires the introduction of rate effects. It is shown that when the shock structure is composed of a purely elastic jump followed by a continuous profile, the Hugoniot curve can be defined independently of the precise formulation of the law for the rate effects.     

Propagation of weak waves in elastic-plastic solids

Wave fronts admitting discontinuities only in the derivatives of the dependent variables are by convention called ‘weak’ waves. For the special case of discontinuous first-order derivatives, the fronts are customarily called ‘acceleration’ waves. If the governing equations are quasi-linear, then the weak waves are necessarily characteristic surfaces. Sometimes, these surfaces are also referred to as ‘singular surfaces’ of order r ? 1, where r stands for the order of the first discontinuous derivatives. This latter approach is adopted in this paper and applied to governing equations which form a set of first-order quasi-linear hyperbolic equations. When these equations are written in terms of singular surface coordinates, simplification occurs upon differencing equations written on the front and rear sides of the surface: a set of algebraic (‘connection’) equations is generated for the discontinuities in the normal derivatives of the dependent variables across the surface. When a similar operation is performed on the governing equations written for second-order derivatives, a set of first-order differential (‘transport’) equations is generated.     

Bounds to internal forces for elastic-plastic solids subjected to variable loads

Summary Considering an elastic-plastic workhardening solid with piecewise linear yield surfaces and a piecewise linear workhardening law, we give a method for constructing bounds to the internal forces and to the (hardened) yield stresses produced by the action of variable loads at any point of the body and at any time. The loading history is supposed to be unknown, but the loads range within a given domain.

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Sommario Considerando un solido elasto-plastico incrudente con superfici di plasticizzazione lineari a tratti e legge di incrudimento lineare a tratti, si fornisce un metodo per la costruzione di maggiorazioni sulle forze interne nonché sulle tensioni limite (incrudite) provocate dai carichi in un punto qualunque del solido ed in un qualunque istante. La storia di carico è incognita, ma i carichi variano all'interno di un dato dominio.

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The results presented in this paper were obtained in the course of a research project sponsored by the National (Italian) Research Council, C.N.R., PAdIS Committee.     

Continuing crack-tip deformation and fracture for plane-strain crack growth in elastic-plastic solids

Analysis of the deformation field consistent with a Prandtl stress distribution travelling with an advancing plane-strain crack reveals the functional form of the near tip crack profile in an elastic-plastic solid. The crack opening δ is shown to have the form δ ～ r In (const./r) at a distance r from the tip. This observation coupled with data generated from finite element investigations of growing cracks in small-scale yielding permits the construction of a relation characterizing the deformation at an extending crack tip. A ductile crack-growth criterion consisting of the attainment of a critical opening at a small characteristic material distance from the tip is adopted. Predictions of the stability of a growing crack for both small-scale yielding specimens and those subject to general yielding are discussed.     

Dynamic shakedown of elastic-plastic solids for a set of alternative loading histories

The paper deals with dynamic shakedown of an elastic-perfectly plastic solid body subjected to a loading history which is unknown but is allowed to belong to a given set of loading histories. In the hypothesis of a piecewise linear convex set, a sufficient shakedown theorem is given and a bounding principle for the plastic work produced is formulated in terms of the dynamic elastic responses to a discrete set of loading histories. The solution of a minimization problem gives the most stringent bound which also proves to possess a local character, i.e., it regards the plastic work density at any point.     

Restrictions on dynamically propagating surfaces of strong discontinuity in elastic-plastic solids

For dynamic three-dimensional deformations of elastic-plastic materials, we elicit conditions necessary for the existence of propagating surfaces of strong discontinuity (across which components of stress, strain or material velocity jump). This is accomplished within a small-displacement-gradient formulation of standard weak continuum-mechanical assumptions of momentum conservation and geometrical compatibility, and skeletal constitutive assumptions which permit very general elastic and plastic anisotropy including yield surface vertices and anisotropic hardening. In addition to deriving very explicit restrictions on propagating strong discontinuities in general deformations, we prove that for anti-plane strain and incompressible plane strain deformations, such strong discontinuities can exist only at elastic wave speeds in generally anisotropic elastic-ideally plastic materials unless a material's yield locus in stress space contains a linear segment. The results derived seem essential for correct and complete construction of solutions to dynamic elastic-plastic boundary-value problems.     

Path-independentJ-integral and its dual form in elastic-plastic solids with finite displacements

In this paper, based on energy variational principles of elastic-plastic solids, the path-independentJ-integral and its dual form in elastic-plastic solids with finite displacements are presented. Whose testification is given there after.     

Propagation of weak waves in elastic-plastic and elastic-viscoplastic solids with interfaces

A numerical technique based on the method of singular surfaces has been developed for the computation of wave propagation in solids exhibiting rate-independent elastic-plastic or rate-dependent elastic-viscoplastic behavior. The von Mises yield condition and associated flow rule is taken to represent the rate-independent behavior, while the Perzyna dynamic overstress model is taken to represent the rate-dependent behavior. For 1100-0 Al, a good empirical fit with published experimental data was found to be: $J_2{}^{1/2}?\kappa \left(W^p\right)=\left({\tau }_0/{\gamma }_0\right)\left(\stackrel{0}{W^p}/J_2{}^{1/2}\right)$ where:J₂ is the second invariant of the stress deviator;_k(W^p) is the static hardening curve;W^p is the plastic work and the parameter (τ₀/γ₀) = 0 (rate-independent model) or (80)^?1 to (70)^?1 MPa · s. In the numerical technique, the “connection equations” which provide relations between discontinuities in space and time derivatives lend themselves naturally to finite difference representations. A five-point space-time grid (center point coincident with the instantaneous location of the singular surface) is sufficient for the differenced form of the connection equations and suggests a natural marching scheme for the calculation of all necessary variables at each time step. Supplementing these equations which hold in the interior of the specimen are interface equations which assure continuity in stress and velocity across boundaries which separate materials with dissimilar properties. Application of the technique is made to wave propagation in pure shear for the purpose of comparing numerical predictions with relevant experimental data. The measurements of Duffyet al.[10] which are obtained from the torsional Kolsky apparatus (one dimensional torsional shear wave propagation in a thin-walled tube) were compared with predictions obtained numerically. By using the experimental input pulse history and the constitutive equation reported above, excellent agreement between the predicted and observed histories of reflected and transmitted pulses was obtained when the viscoplastic model was used. Poorer agreement was observed when the rate-independent model (τ₀/γ₀=0) was used. It is concluded that the Perzyna model gives good results for the behavior of 1100-0 Al at high rates of strain.     

Numerical method for elastic-plastic waves in cracked solids,Part 1: anti-plane shear problem

Summary The paper deals with a numerical method combining a characteristic-based scheme and Zwas' method in order to solve the hyperbolic PDE's of elastic and elastic-plastic anti-plane shear waves in two space dimensions. First, the need of new physically reasonable numerical methods for stress waves in solids is demonstrated by numerical applications to problems with impulsive loading, where defects of some standard methods are shown. Then, the new secon-dorder accurate method is derived. A suitable procedure to model the elastic-plastic behaviour of materials by simple waves is included. The capability of the methods is demonstrated by application to several examples. Additionally, for comparison with numerical results, a similarity solution for the semi-infinite crack undergoing an elastic-plastic shock loading is derived in the appendix.

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Numerisches Verfahren für elastisch-plastische Wellen in gerissenen Festkörpern, Teil 1: Das dynamische Querschubproblem

Übersicht In der Arbeit wird eine numerische Methode vorgestellt, in der das Charakteristiken erfahren mit der Methode von Zwas kombiniert wurde, um die hyperbolischen, partiellen Differentialgleichungen der elastisch-plastischen Wellenausbreitung für das dynamische Querschubproblem zu lösen. Um die Notwendigkeit neuer, physikalisch brauchbarer Methoden für Spannungswellenprobleme zu begründen, werden zunächst an Beispielen typische Schwächen einiger Standardmethoden gezeigt. Danach wird die neue Methode dargestellt. Dabei wird auch ein geeigneter Weg im Spannungsraum angegeben, um elastisch-plastische Wellen durch sog. einfache Wellen zu beschreiben. Die Fähigkeiten der Methode werden an einigen Beispielen überprüft. Ferner wird im Anhang, um mit numerischen Ergebnissen zu vergleichen, eine Ähnlichkeitslösung hergeleitet, die für den halbunendlichen Riß bei stoßartig aufgebrachter Belastung und Beanspruchung bis in den elastisch-plastischen Bereich gilt.

     

Numerical method for elastic-plastic waves in cracked solids,Part 2: plane strain problem

Summary In this paper, we first give some results for an elastic solid with a crack which is loaded dynamically, by using Zwas' finite difference method introduced in gasdynamics. Then, an elastic-plastic loading path in the stress space is proposed to model the plastic yield phenomenon in solids. Based on this stress path and the ideas of Godunov and Zwas for the formulation of finite difference schemes, a finite difference method is developed to treat the elastic-plastic wave motion in solids under plane strain. The method can be applied to the mode I and mode II crack problems in order to determine the shape of plastic zones and their time history. Besides several results for test examples which were calculated for validation, one result for a finite crack affected by a mode I loading is presented which demonstrates a repeated plastic yielding and elastic unloading caused by Rayleigh waves running along the crack edges and interacting with the two crack tips.

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Numerisches Verfahren für elastisch-plastische Wellen in gerissenen Festkörpern, Teil 2: ebener Verzerrungszustand

Übersicht Zunächst werden für einen dynamisch beanspruchten, rißbehafteten Festkörper mit elastischem Materialverhalten Ergebnisse aus Berechnungen mit der von Zwas für gasdynamische Probleme entwickelten Finite-Differenzen-Methode gezeigt. Davon ausgehend wird, zur Modellierung des Phänomens der dynamischen Plastifizierung, ein elastisch-plastischer Belastungspfad im Spannungsraum vorgeschlagen. Auf diesem Belastungspfad aufbauend wird, unter Nutzung der Lösungsideen von Godunov und Zwas, ein Differenzenverfahren zur Beschreibung der elastisch-plastischen Wellenausbreitung in Festkörpern bei ebenem Verzerrungszustand entwickelt. Die Methode kann auf Rißprobleme angewendet werden, um die plastische Zone und deren zeitliche Entwicklung zu bestimmen. Außer einigen Testbeispielen zur Validierung wird ein Resultat für einen nach Modus I belasteten Riß präsentiert, das ein wiederholtes plastisches Fließen und elastisches Entlasten anzeigt, das von Rayleigh-Wellen verursacht wird, die an den Rißufern entlanglaufen und mit den Rißspitzen wechselwirken.

     

A unified approach to quasi-static shakedown problems for elastic-plastic solids with piecewise linear yield surface

Summary The paper concerns shakedown analysis of elastic-plastic bodies subjected to quasi-statically varying loads within a given domain. Using a perturbation method, a general inequality is given, from which, by simply specializing the perturbing terms, the generalized Melan theorem as well as bounds on various deformation parameters (such as displacements or plastic strain intensities) are derived. The solution of the «perturbed» shakedown problem in finite or holonimic terms permits the bound to be the most stringent and expressible in «local» terms instead of integral terms. A simple application concludes the paper.

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Sommario La memoria considera problemi di analisi a shakedown (o adattamento) relativamente a solidi elastoplastici sottoposti a carichi quasi-statici i quali variano restando all'interno di un dato dominio. Mediante l'uso di un metodo di perturbazione si fornisce una disuguaglianza generale dalla quale — particolarizzando opportunamente i termini della perturbazione — si deducono il teorema di adattamento di Melan nonché delimitazioni a priori su alcuni parametri della deformazione (come spostamenti o intensità delle deformazioni plastiche). La soluzione del problema perturbato, espressa in termini olonomi, consente di rendere tali delimitazioni stringenti al massimo possibile ed esprimibili in termini locali anziché in termini integrali. Una semplice applicazione conclude il lavoro.

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The results presented in this paper were obtained in the course of a research project sponsored by the National (Italian) Research Council, C.N.R., PAdIS Committee.     

Stability conditions for tensegrity structures

Stability conditions for tensegrity structures are derived based on positive definiteness of the tangent stiffness matrix, which is the sum of the linear and geometrical stiffness matrices. A necessary stability condition is presented by considering the affine motions that lie in the null-space of the geometrical stiffness matrix. The condition is demonstrated to be equivalent to that derived from the mathematical rigidity theory so as to resolve the discrepancy between the stability theories in the fields of engineering and mathematics. Furthermore, it is shown that the structure is guaranteed to be stable, if the structure satisfies the necessary stability condition and the geometrical stiffness matrix is positive semidefinite with the minimum rank deficiency for non-degeneracy.     

Sufficient uniqueness and stability conditions for elastic-plastic structures with associated flow laws

Summary The incremental problem for elastic-plastic structures with associated flow laws is stated in terms of an integral equation, whose characteristics and solution are discussed.It is then shown how a simpler problem whose condition of uniqueness of solution constitutes an easily applicable sufficient condition of uniqueness and stability of response for the incremental problem may be deduced.

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Sommario Si formula il problema incrementale per strutture elastoplastiche con leggi di scorrimento associate in termini d'una equazione integrale della quale si discutono le caratteristiche e il criterio di soluzione.Si mostra infine come dal problema incrementale possa essere dedotto un più semplice problema la cui condizione di unicità di soluzione costituisce per il problema incrementale una condizione sufficiente di unicità e stabilità della risposta, di semplice applicabilità.

     

Boundary conditions for porous solids saturated with viscous fluid

Boundary conditions are derived to represent the continuity requirements at the boundaries of a porous solid saturated with viscous fluid. They are derived from the physically grounded principles with a mathematical check on the conservation of energy. The poroelastic solid is a dissipative one for the presence of viscosity in the interstitial fluid. The dissipative stresses due to the viscosity of pore-fluid are well represented in the boundary conditions. The unequal particle motions of two constituents of porous aggre~ gate at a boundary between two solids are explained in terms of the drainage of pore-fluid leading to imperfect bonding. A mathematical model is derived for the partial connec- tion of surface pores at the porous-porous interface. At this interface, the loose-contact slipping and partial pore opening/connection may dissipate a part of strain energy. A numerical example shows that, at the interface between water and oil-saturated sandstone, the modified boundary conditions do affect the energies of the waves refracting into the isotropic porous medium.     

Stability of a row of circular fibers in an elastic-plastic matrix

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