瓦斯/煤尘爆炸初期复合火焰加速及灾害强化机制分析

为了探明瓦斯/煤尘耦合爆炸灾害强化的产生机制,采用20 L球、高速纹影和PIV对瓦斯/煤尘爆炸初期复合火焰加速特性、压力变化进行了实验研究,并对其爆炸瞬间的流场特征进行了分析。结果表明:相比甲烷/空气爆炸,同一甲烷浓度下,瓦斯/煤尘爆炸初期火焰传播速度稍有降低,焰胞状结构减少,火焰上浮现象几乎消失;马克斯坦长度随甲烷浓度的增大而减小且均为正值,表明爆炸初期复合火焰发展趋于稳定,有利于煤尘粒子参与燃烧反应。甲烷浓度接近最佳当量浓度、煤尘粒径越小或煤尘质量浓度增加接近最佳浓度时能诱发复合火焰加速,导致爆炸威力增强。低浓度瓦斯/煤尘复合体系对煤尘质量浓度的提高更敏感,而随着煤尘浓度的增大,甲烷浓度对瓦斯/煤尘复合体系的影响逐渐降低。初始爆炸强度对瓦斯/煤尘复合体系有重要影响。9%瓦斯/煤尘爆炸体系由于初始爆炸强度高,复合火焰中心负压使多数煤尘粒子做向心运动,火焰前锋周围聚集了大量煤尘粒子,同时在火焰前锋周围形成的大量方向相反的大涡量旋涡,促进了煤尘表面与氧气的快速接触,加剧了燃烧反应。研究结果将为瓦斯/煤尘耦合爆炸灾害防治提供指导。     

瓦斯爆炸作用下井口外部区域灾害分布特征北大核心CSCD

瓦斯爆炸事故对井口外部区域存在破坏作用,增加了矿井配套基础设施及相关人员的事故风险。结合典型井下瓦斯爆炸事故案例,借助计算流体力学技术对煤矿立井内瓦斯爆炸及其灾害演化过程进行了系统研究,着重考查了井口外部区域冲击波超压和温度场的时空分布特征。研究表明,瓦斯爆炸对井口外部区域的主要危险源于沿水平方向传播的爆炸冲击波,其峰值超压及波及范围随瓦斯量的增加而逐渐增大,而井口外水平方向的高温灾害不明显。研究结论能够为煤炭工业场地平面布置、煤矿安全规程、风险评估及事故调查提供必要的参考依据。     

瓦斯爆炸作用下井口外部区域灾害分布特征

瓦斯爆炸事故对井口外部区域存在破坏作用,增加了矿井配套基础设施及相关人员的事故风险。结合典型井下瓦斯爆炸事故案例,借助计算流体力学技术对煤矿立井内瓦斯爆炸及其灾害演化过程进行了系统研究,着重考查了井口外部区域冲击波超压和温度场的时空分布特征。研究表明,瓦斯爆炸对井口外部区域的主要危险源于沿水平方向传播的爆炸冲击波,其峰值超压及波及范围随瓦斯量的增加而逐渐增大,而井口外水平方向的高温灾害不明显。研究结论能够为煤炭工业场地平面布置、煤矿安全规程、风险评估及事故调查提供必要的参考依据。     

含铝炸药水中爆炸冲击波相似律适应性探索

针对含铝炸药非理想性显著的特点,探索其水中爆炸后远场冲击波相似律的适用性。实验在8 kg当量TNT的爆炸水池中进行,在距离爆心不同位置处测量了冲击波压力剖面曲线,得到了峰值压力和压力衰减时间,结合量纲分析方法和含铝炸药的特点,对冲击波相似律适用性问题进行了探讨。实验结果表明,对于含铝炸药来说,存在着峰值压力相似而时间常数不太相似的特点,这与铝粉的二次反应放能有关。     

在顶爆作用下含裂隙锚固洞室的损伤演化及动态响应规律

基于相似模型试验,利用数值分析方法研究了含裂隙锚固洞室在顶爆下的损伤演化和动态响应规律,并探讨了裂隙倾角和长度对锚固洞室损伤分布和拱顶位移的影响。随着爆炸应力波的传播,在裂隙表面形成张拉损伤,并在裂隙尖端扩展出翼生裂纹,随后在锚固洞室附近的拱顶自由面、锚固区边界处以及底板中间依次形成较大拉伸损伤区域。随着裂隙倾角从0°加大到90°,拱顶锚固区及锚固区边界最大损伤区域面积先减小后增加,裂隙倾角为45°时面积最小。当裂隙的长度相同时,拱顶峰值位移随裂隙倾角的增大先增加后减小;当裂隙的倾角相同时,裂隙长度越长对应力波的阻碍作用越明显,裂隙长度为30cm、倾角为45°时洞室破坏最小。     

深空核爆炸辐射电磁脉冲的初步解析

 采用壳模型分析深空核爆在远场产生辐射电磁脉冲的规律,对深空核爆电磁脉冲的形成机理进行研究。在已知电子运动规律的前提下,推导了发射电子的电偶极矩表达式,并得到了辐射电磁脉冲的特性。计算结果表明:远处辐射场的峰值电场与爆炸当量无关,但达到峰值的时间随爆炸当量增加而提前;电子初始动能的增大也能线性地提高峰值强度;峰值强度与上升时间常数及弹体半径的平方成正比。     

电爆炸丝1维磁流体模型数值模拟

 给出了电爆炸丝1维磁流体模型的具体描述和基本方程,并利用数值方法求解。通过对含电爆炸丝断路开关的电感储能脉冲功率电路模型的计算,给出了电爆炸丝电流、电压随时间的变化,以及电爆炸过程中丝的密度空间分布,膨胀半径随时间的变化,讨论了电爆炸丝长度和初始电压对电爆炸丝电流、电压的影响。     

深空核爆电磁脉冲壳模型下的电子运动规律

 采用壳模型分析了深空核爆的电子运动规律,对深空核爆电磁脉冲的形成机理进行了初步研究。考虑MeV量级出射电子的相对论效应,在相对论框架下进行了电子运动过程的推导。计算了空间电荷层限制的形成时间,并提出一旦形成空间电荷限制,后续状态满足准静态近似条件。在此基础上,推导了空间电荷振荡的频率,并与半数值计算的结果进行比对,二者符合得较好。计算表明,远场达到峰值的时间与爆炸当量、电子初始动能和弹体半径等参数密切相关,电场峰值总是出现在核反应极大值之前,并且在空间电荷层限制的形成时间附近。     

水平螺旋管内超临界CO2冷却换热的数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε 湍流模型对超临界CO₂流体在内径为4 mm, 长度2000 mm, 节距为10 mm, 曲率为0.1的水平螺旋管内的冷却换热进行了数值模拟.研究了质量流量、热流量以及压力对换热系数的影响, 并和超临界CO₂在水平直管内的冷却换热进行了对比.研究结果表明, 超临界CO₂在水平螺旋管内流动产生的二次流强于水平直管内的二次流, 前者的换热系数大于后者; 换热系数随质量流量的增加而增大; 在似气体区, 换热系数随着热流量的增加而增大, 而在似液体区, 热流量对换热系数几乎没有影响; 换热系数峰值点随着压力的升高而下降, 并向高温区偏移.     

转弯结构对其前方直巷内气体爆炸冲击波的影响（英文）

转弯结构是煤矿巷道最基本的建筑单元之一。研究转弯结构对井下瓦斯爆炸的影响规律有助于煤巷抗爆能力评估和优化设计。基于此,借助数值模拟研究了不同转弯条件下转弯前直巷道内局部瓦斯爆炸流场,重点分析了转弯前直巷道内冲击波传播规律。研究表明:对于同一转弯结构,越靠近转弯位置,与直巷道内相应位置处的爆炸冲量的差异越明显;对于不同的转弯结构,转弯角度越大,与直巷道相应位置处的爆炸冲量的差异则越大。基于反射波对转弯前直巷道内原始冲击波的影响,建立了临界尺度距离随转弯角度的定量关系。在转弯处,爆炸冲量随转弯角度的增加而增大,与直巷道相应位置处的爆炸冲量相比,其增长比例随转弯角度的增大呈非线性增长。     

Dust vortices, clouds, and jets in nuclear-induced plasmas

The collective movement of dust particles in a plasma formed during deceleration of decay products of californium nuclei in neon is investigated experimentally. For the first time, compact vortex structures containing a large number of coagulating dust particles and dense dust clouds evolving in time are observed. Dust formations have clearly defined boundaries and particles in them form ordered liquid-type structures. Under steady-state conditions, dust structures exist from several minutes to hours. An increase in the voltage applied to the high-voltage electrode leads to the formation of dust particle jets. A change in the electric field configuration transforms the structures from one type to another. A strong recombination of electrons and ions at dust particles is observed. The momentum transfer from ions drifting in an external field to gas molecules is studied using the Monte Carlo method. It is shown that the transferred momentum is so large that it may cause a gas flow. The characteristic features of vortex flow in neon and in air are explained.     

多点瓦斯激光传感技术的研究

以甲烷为主要成分的瓦斯气体有易燃易爆特性,在进行高瓦斯矿采掘时极易发生瓦斯爆炸,实时监测矿井瓦斯浓度是煤矿安全预警的重要任务。利用基于波长调制的可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)的高灵敏度、高选择性、快速响应特点和光纤传感技术的抗电磁干扰、防燃防爆、可远程控制的优点实现了多点瓦斯的实时监测。分析研究了光强变化对气体浓度反演的影响,验证了I2f/I1f的方法能有效的减小监测浓度值的波动,系统瓦斯检测限<0.05%。     

一维间断流的数值计算

本工作不用伪粘性方法而将各种间断视为流动区域边界,从而数值地计算了平面、柱面及球面对称情况下均匀、静止、高压理想气体爆炸产物的绝热膨胀,给出了各间断轨迹和流场参数,并通过三种情况下算得结果的比较,考察了连续方程中几何聚散项的作用。     

Multipoint radiation induced ignition of dust explosions: turbulent clustering of particles and increased transparency

Understanding the causes and mechanisms of large explosions, especially dust explosions, is essential for minimising devastating hazards in many industrial processes. It is known that unconfined dust explosions begin as primary (turbulent) deflagrations followed by a devastating secondary explosion. The secondary explosion may propagate with a speed of up to 1000 m/s producing overpressures of over 8–10 atm, which is comparable with overpressures produced in detonation. Since detonation is the only established theory that allows rapid burning producing a high pressure that can be sustained in open areas, the generally accepted view was that the mechanism explaining the high rate of combustion in dust explosions is deflagration-to-detonation transition. In the present work we propose a theoretical substantiation of an alternative mechanism explaining the origin of the secondary explosion producing high speeds of combustion and high overpressures in unconfined dust explosions. We show that the clustering of dust particles in a turbulent flow ahead of the advancing flame front gives rise to a significant increase of the thermal radiation absorption length. This effect ensures that clusters of dust particles are exposed to and heated by radiation from hot combustion products of dust explosions for a sufficiently long time to become multi-point ignition kernels in a large volume ahead of the advancing flame. The ignition times of a fuel–air mixture caused by radiatively heated clusters of particles is considerably reduced compared with the ignition time caused by an isolated particle. Radiation-induced multipoint ignitions of a large volume of fuel–air ahead of the primary flame efficiently increase the total flame area, giving rise to the secondary explosion, which results in the high rates of combustion and overpressures required to account for the observed level of overpressures and damage in unconfined dust explosions, such as for example the 2005 Buncefield explosion and several vapour cloud explosions of severity similar to that of the Buncefield incident.     

Ion drag as a mechanism of plasma dust structure rotation in a strata in a magnetic field

In experiments on complex plasmas, afixed strata region in which the levitation of dust structures is observed is investigated using the method of probing by calibrated dust particles of different sizes in an applied magnetic field under elevated pressures. The measured azimuthal velocity of the probing particles corresponds to the action of the ion drag force for 4 μm-size particles and to the entrainment by the rotating gas owing to the electron vortex flow inside the strata for 1 μm-size particles. Extrapolation to pressures and magnetic fields in which the rotation inversion of dust structures is observed in experiments shows that the ion drag is the dominating force causing rotation with a negative projection of the angular velocity onto the magnetic induction.     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱的瓦斯监测方法研究

瓦斯爆炸是煤矿安全的主要威胁,对瓦斯气体浓度进行准确、快速、实时监测和预警是治理瓦斯灾害的有效手段。实验研究了近红外半导体激光吸收光谱技术在煤矿瓦斯气体安全检测中的应用。系统光源采用的是1.65μm波长的近红外可调谐DFB激光器,使用了波长调制和二次谐波检测技术,通过光纤进行信号传输。系统检测限低于0.09%,气体浓度的检测速度最高可达到0.02s。研究表明:该技术具有实时、连续、快速、非接触检测的特点;现场无带电部件,具有多点分布式遥测的能力,能够满足煤矿瓦斯安全检测的要求。     

Effect of magnetic field and friction force on the velocity autocorrelation in two‐dimensional Yukawa liquids

The effect of an external magnetic field and gas‐induced friction on the velocity autocorrelation of the dust particles in strongly coupled two‐dimensional Yukawa liquids was investigated. The Langevin dynamics computer simulation method was used. The presence of the friction originating from the background gas leads to the disappearance of a collective oscillation mode, corresponding to the cyclotron frequency of the dust particles, and a decrease in the dominant mode.     

Models for the dynamics of dust-like matter in the self-gravity field: The method of hydrodynamic substitutions

Models for the dynamics of a dust-like medium in the self-gravity field are investigated. Solutions of the corresponding problems are constructed by the method of hydrodynamic substitutions generalizing the Cole–Hopf substitutions. The method is extended to multidimensional ideal and viscous fluid flows with cylindrical and spherical symmetries for which exact solutions are constructed. Solutions for the dynamics of self-gravitating dust with arbitrary initial distributions of both fluid density and velocity are constructed using special coordinate transformations. In particular, the problem of cosmological expansion is considered in terms of Newton’s gravity theory. Models of a one-dimensional viscous dust fluid flow and some problems of gas hydrodynamics are considered. Examples of exact solutions and their brief analysis are provided.     

压入式与抽吸式通风中瓦斯浓度对比分析

本文对煤矿瓦斯治理中压入式与抽吸式通风方式对掘进面附近瓦斯浓度稀释规律进行了对比分析,主要考察两种通风方式对于瓦斯析出量出现变动的适应能力.结果发现:压入式通风方式在掘进面附近引起较大的漩涡流动,不利于瓦斯气体的稀释,而抽吸式通风方式则无明显涡流存在.传统压入式通风方式不能完全解决瓦斯析出变动带来的危险浓度区较大的问题,而采用抽吸式方式后,可有效避免该问题的出现.     

风沙运动的电场-流场耦合模型及气固两相流数值模拟

沙尘暴和尘卷风等风沙运动的静电场是空气流场中沙粒间的碰撞摩擦带电及沙粒粒径的分层效应引起的, 本文耦合沙粒摩擦荷电模型和风沙运动气固两相流模型, 提出了离散单元法与计算流体动力学结合的数值方法. 数值模拟计算表明电荷呈中性的沙粒临界直径为300 μm; 在充分发展的水平风沙流中, 细小的沙粒带负电, 较大直径的沙粒带正电, 所模拟的沙粒带电的荷质比及水平风洞试验段的电场强度与实验测量值一致, 验证了风沙运动的电场-流场耦合模型及数值计算方法的合理性. 本文基于沙粒摩擦荷电机理的风沙运动气固两相流模型提供了理解风沙运动静电场产生的一种物理机理.