Justification of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for the Evolution of Gravity Driven 2D Surface Water Waves in a Canal of Finite Depth

In 1968 V.E. Zakharov derived the Nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the two-dimensional water wave problem in the absence of surface tension, that is, for the evolution of gravity driven surface water waves, in order to describe slow temporal and spatial modulations of a spatially and temporarily oscillating wave packet. In this paper we give a rigorous proof that the wave packets in the two-dimensional water wave problem in a canal of finite depth can be approximated over a physically relevant timespan by solutions of the Nonlinear Schrödinger equation.     

A Benchmark Solution for Infiltration and Adsorption of Polluted Water Into Unsaturated–Saturated Porous Media

We discuss the numerical modeling of the infiltration of contaminated water into unsaturated porous media. A system with contaminant transport, dispersion, and adsorption is considered. The mathematical model for unsaturated flow is based on Richards nonlinear and degenerate equation. Nonlinear adsorption is represented by adsorption isotherms and kinetic rates. An accurate numerical method is constructed in 1D which can be a good candidate for the solution of inverse problems to determine model parameters in the adsorption part of the model. Our numerical solution is based on the method of lines (MOL method) where space discretization leads to the corresponding system of ODEs. We substantially use the numerical modeling of interfaces, separating fully saturated, partially saturated, and dry zones in the underground. Finally, in a series of numerical experiments and in comparisons with HYDRUS (?imunek et al., The HYDRUS-1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably/saturated media, version 2.0, Rep. IGWMC-TPS-70, 202 pp., Int. Groundwater Model. Cent., Colo. Sch of Mines, Golden, Colo), we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.     

Fully Localised Solitary-Wave Solutions of the Three-Dimensional Gravity–Capillary Water-Wave Problem

A model equation derived by Kadomtsev & Petviashvili (Sov Phys Dokl 15:539–541, 1970) suggests that the hydrodynamic problem for three-dimensional water waves with strong surface-tension effects admits a fully localised solitary wave which decays to the undisturbed state of the water in every horizontal spatial direction. This prediction is rigorously confirmed for the full water-wave problem in the present paper. The theory is variational in nature. A simple but mathematically unfavourable variational principle for fully localised solitary waves is reduced to a locally equivalent variational principle with significantly better mathematical properties. The reduced functional is related to the functional associated with the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, and a nontrivial critical point is detected using the direct methods of the calculus of variations.     

Asymptotic Stability of Combination of Viscous Contact Wave with Rarefaction Waves for One-Dimensional Compressible Navier–Stokes System

We are concerned with the large-time behavior of solutions of the Cauchy problem to the one-dimensional compressible Navier–Stokes system for ideal polytropic fluids, where the far field states are prescribed. When the corresponding Riemann problem for the compressible Euler system admits the solution consisting of contact discontinuity and rarefaction waves, it is proved that for the one-dimensional compressible Navier–Stokes system, the combination wave of a “viscous contact wave”, which corresponds to the contact discontinuity, with rarefaction waves is asymptotically stable, provided the strength of the combination wave is suitably small. This result is proved by using elementary energy methods.     

The Benjamin–Lighthill Conjecture for Steady Water Waves (revisited)

The two-dimensional nonlinear problem of steady gravity waves on water of finite depth is considered. The Benjamin–Lighthill conjecture is proved for these waves provided Bernoulli’s constant attains near-critical values. In fact this is a consequence of the following more general results. If Bernoulli’s constant is near-critical, then all corresponding waves have sufficiently small heights and slopes. Moreover, for every near-critical value of Bernoulli’s constant, there exist only the following waves: a solitary wave and the family of Stokes waves having their crests strictly below the crest of this solitary wave; this family is parametrised by wave heights which increase from zero to the height of the solitary wave. All these waves are unique up to horizontal translations. Most of these results were proved in our previous paper (Kozlov and Kuznetsov in Arch Rational Mech Anal 197, 433–488, 2010), in which it was supposed that wave slopes are bounded a priori. Here we show that the latter condition is superfluous by proving the following theorem. If any steady wave has the free-surface profile of a sufficiently small height, then the slope of this wave is also small.     

Existence of Traveling Waves of Invasion for Ginzburg–Landau-type Problems in Infinite Cylinders

We study a class of systems of reaction–diffusion equations in infinite cylinders which arise within the context of Ginzburg–Landau theories and describe the kinetics of phase transformation in second-order or weakly first-order phase transitions with non-conserved order parameters. We use a variational characterization to study the existence of a special class of traveling wave solutions which are characterized by a fast exponential decay in the direction of propagation. Our main result is a simple verifiable criterion for existence of these traveling waves under the very general assumptions of non-linearities. We also prove boundedness, regularity, and some other properties of the obtained solutions, as well as several sufficient conditions for existence or non-existence of such traveling waves, and give rigorous upper and lower bounds for their speed. In addition, we prove that the speed of the obtained solutions gives a sharp upper bound for the propagation speed of a class of disturbances which are initially sufficiently localized. We give a sample application of our results using a computer-assisted approach.     

Secular Equations for Rayleigh and Stoneley Waves in?Exponentially Graded Elastic Materials of General Anisotropy under the Influence of Gravity

The Stroh formalism is employed to study Rayleigh and Stoneley waves in exponentially graded elastic materials of general anisotropy under the influence of gravity. The 6×6 fundamental matrix N is no longer real. Nevertheless the coefficients of the sextic equation for the Stroh eigenvalue p are real. The orthogonality and closure relations are derived. Also derived are three Barnett-Lothe tensors. They are not necessarily real. Secular equations for Rayleigh and Stoneley wave speeds are presented. Explicit secular equations are obtained when the materials are orthotropic. In the literature, the secular equations for Stoneley waves in orthotropic materials are obtained without using the Stroh formalism. As a result, it requires computation of a 4×4 determinant. The secular equation presented here requires computation of a 2×2 determinant, and hence is fully explicit. A Rayleigh or Stoneley wave exists in the exponentially graded material under the influence of gravity if the wave can propagate in the homogeneous material without the influence of gravity. As the wave number k????, the Rayleigh or Stoneley wave speed approaches the speed for the homogeneous material.     

A New Solution Method for Some Boundary Value Problems of Elastic Beams and Plates∗

Abstract

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new solution method for several types of buckling and bending problems of beams and plates. The method is based on the use of a non-orthogonal series expansion, consisting of some specially chosen trigonometric functions for the elastic curve y of a beam or the deflection surface w of a plate. The calculations are performed using the Euler and Bernoulli polynomials, under realistic approximations of limiting values of the boundary conditions. In this method, it is not necessary to use the solution of the differential equation of the problem, Results obtained using the method are shown to be consistent with known solutions.     

An Analytical Model for Capillary Pressure–Saturation Relation for Gas–Liquid System in a Packed-Bed of Spherical Particles

Capillary pressure is considered in packed-beds of spherical particles. In the case of gas–liquid flows in packed-bed reactors, capillary pressure gradients can have a significant influence on liquid distribution and, consequently, on the overall reactor performance. In particular, capillary pressure is important for non-uniform liquid distribution, causing liquid spreading as it flows down the packing. An analytical model for capillary pressure–saturation relation is developed for the pendular and funicular regions and the factors affecting capillary pressure in the capillary region are discussed. The present model is compared to the capillary pressure models of Grosser et al. (AIChE J., 34:1850–1860, 1988) and Attou and Ferschneider (Chem. Eng. Sci., 55:491–511, 2000) and to the experiments of Dodds and Srivastava (Part Part Syst. Charact., 23:29–39, 2006) and Dullien et al. (J. Colloid Interface Sci., 127:362–372, 1989). The non-homogeneity of real packings is considered through particle size and porosity distributions. The model is based on the assumption that the particles are covered with a liquid film, which provides hydrodynamic continuity. This makes the model more suitable for porous or rough particles than for non-porous smooth particles. The main improvements of the present model are found in the pendular region, where the liquid dispersion due to capillary pressure gradients is most significant. The model can be used to improve the hydrodynamic models (e.g., CFD and cellular automata models) for packed-bed reactors, such as trickle-bed reactors, where gas, liquid, and solid phases are present. Models for such reactors have become quite common lately (Sáez and Carbonell, AIChE J., 31:52–62, 1985; Holub et al., Chem. Eng. Sci, 47, 2343–2348, 1992; Attou et al., Chem. Eng. Sci., 54:785–802, 1999; Iliuta and Larachi, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54:5039–5045, 1999, IJCRE 3:R4, 2005; Narasimhan et al., AIChE J., 48:2459–2474, 2002), but they still lack proper terms causing liquid dispersion.     

Determination of Hydrogen–Water Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure in Sandstone: Application to Underground Hydrogen Injection in Sedimentary Formations

This paper presents fundamental analysis and micromechanical understanding of dense slurry behavior during settling in narrow smooth and rough slots. Particularly, this study seeks to contribute toward better understanding of dynamics of particle–particle and particle–wall interactions in viscous fluids using simple experiments. The findings of this study are applicable in a wide variety of problems, for example sediment transport, flow and transport of slurry in pipes, and industrial applications. However, the results interpretation focuses on better understanding of proppant flow and transport in narrow fractures. A sequence of experiments image frames captured by video camera is analyzed with particle image velocimetry (GeoPIV). The measurements include vertical velocities and displacement vectors of singular and agglomerated particles and larger area of formed slurry. Results present novel insights into the formation and effects of agglomerates on general slurry settling, and are supplemented with a comparison with previously published theoretical and empirical relationships. This work also emphasizes a role of particle–particle interactions in promoting agglomeration in viscous fluid. Particularly, a thin layer of viscous fluid between approaching particles dissipates particle kinetic energy due to lubrication effect. Lubrication effect is more pronounced when particles are constrained between two narrow walls and interact frequently with each other. Fluid tends to flow around agglomerated particles, and agglomerates remain stable for prolonged time periods gravitationally moving downward. The relative amount and size of agglomerated affects general settling of the slurry. It was found that fluid viscosity due to lubrication effect promotes agglomeration, and therefore, the overall slurry settling relatively increases at higher fluid viscosities. The results of the presented work have impact on various industrial and engineering processes, such as proppant flow and transport in hydraulic fractures, sand production in oil reservoirs, piping failure of dams and scour of foundation bridges.     

Finite element analysis of the piezocone test in cohesive soils using an elastoplastic–viscoplastic model and updated Lagrangian formulation

In this research, the finite element analysis of piezocone penetration has been conducted using the elastoplastic–viscoplastic bounding surface model in the updated Lagrangian reference frame. A finite element formulation has been performed considering the viscoplastic contribution of the model and the theory of mixtures has been incorporated to explain the behavior of the soil. The formulated model has been implemented into a finite element program, EPVPCS-S (elastoplastic–viscoplastic coupled system-soil), to analyze the mechanism of piezocone penetration. The results of the finite element analysis have been compared and investigated with the experimental results from the piezocone penetration and dissipation tests conducted using LSU/CALCHAS (Louisiana State University Calibration Chamber System).     

On Asymptotic Stability of Kink for Relativistic Ginzburg–Landau Equations

We prove the asymptotic stability of kink for the nonlinear relativistic wave equations of the Ginzburg–Landau type in one space dimension: for any odd initial condition in a small neighborhood of the kink, the solution, asymptotically in time, is the sum of the kink and dispersive part described by the free Klein–Gordon equation. The remainder converges to zero in a global norm.     

The Motion of Viscous Liquid Column with Finite Length in a Vertical Straight Capillary Tube

This paper deals with the motion of viscous liquid column with finitelength and two free surfaces in a vertical straight capillary tube.It isassumed that fluid is Newtonian.Linearizing the boundary conditions,analytic expressions in the form of infinite series have been obtainedfor velocity,plessure and free surface at low Reynolds number.Thenumerical calculation is carried out for a set of cylinder’s length ofwater and blood.It has been revealed that there are considerable cir-culating currents at the upper and lower meniscuses.Its maximum ve-locity is about57%of the average velocity of the mainstream.Iner-tial effect is also studied in this paper.Using the time-dependent methodin finite difference techniques,numerical solution of the correspondiugnonlinear equation at Re≤24.5 is computed.Comparing it with analyticexact solution at low Reynolds number shows that inertial effect isnegligible provided Re≤24.5.     

An Eulerian–Lagrangian Form for the Euler Equations in Sobolev Spaces

In 2000 Constantin showed that the incompressible Euler equations can be written in an “Eulerian–Lagrangian” form which involves the back-to-labels map (the inverse of the trajectory map for each fixed time). In the same paper a local existence result is proved in certain Hölder spaces \({C^{1,\mu}}\). We review the Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation of the equations and prove that given initial data in H ^s for \({n \geq 2}\) and \({s > \frac{n}{2}+1}\), a unique local-in-time solution exists on the n-torus that is continuous into H ^s and C ¹ into H ^s-1. These solutions automatically have C ¹ trajectories. The proof here is direct and does not appeal to results already known about the classical formulation. Moreover, these solutions are regular enough that the classical and Eulerian–Lagrangian formulations are equivalent, therefore what we present amounts to an alternative approach to some of the standard theory.     

A New Stable Bubble Element for Incompressible Fluid Flow Based on a Mixed Petrov–Galerkin Finite Element Formulation

A new mixed Petrov–Galerkin formulation employing the MINI element with a non-confirming bubble function for an incompressible media governed by the Stokes equations, which is equivalent to the stabilized finite element by P ¹-P ¹ approximation, is proposed. The new formulation possesses better stability properties than the conventional Bubnov–Galerkin formulation employing the MINI element. In this aspect, the stabilizing effect of this formulation is evaluated by a stabilizing parameter determined by both shapes of the trial and the weighting bubble functions.     

A Fractal Model for Gas–Water Relative Permeability in Inorganic Shale with Nanoscale Pores

A reliable gas–water relative permeability model in shale is extremely important for the accurate numerical simulation of gas–water two-phase flow (e.g., fracturing fluid flowback) in gas-shale reservoirs, which has important implication for the economic development of gas-shale reservoir. A gas–water relative permeability model in inorganic shale with nanoscale pores at laboratory condition and reservoir condition was proposed based on the fractal scaling theory and modified non-slip boundary of continuity equation in the nanotube. The model not only considers the gas slippage in the entire Knudsen regime, multilayer sticking (near-wall high-viscosity water) and the quantified thickness of water film, but also combines the real gas effect and stress dependence effect. The presented model has been validated by various experiments data of sandstone with microscale pores and bulk shale with nanoscale pores. The results show that: (1) The Knudsen diffusion and slippage effects enhance the gas relative permeability dramatically; however, it is not obviously affected at high pressure. (2) The multilayer sticking effect and water film should not be neglected: the multilayer sticking would reduce the water relative permeability as well as slightly decrease gas relative permeability, and the film flow has a negative impact on both of the gas and water relative permeability. (3) The increased fractal dimension for pore size distribution or tortuosity would increase gas relative permeability but decrease the water relative permeability for a given saturation; however, the effect on relative permeability is not that notable. (4) The real gas effect is beneficial for the gas relative permeability, and the influence is considerable when the pressure is high enough and when the nanopores of bulk shale are mostly with smaller size. For the stress dependence, not like the intrinsic permeability, none of the gas or water relative permeability is sensitive to the net pressure and it can be ignored completely.