强激光束在等离子体通道中传输的变分法研究

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一种CCD辅助测量基模(TEM00)激光光斑尺寸的方法

激光光束是一种振幅和等相位面都在变化的高斯球面光波,其最小光斑的位置和大小不易确定,本文在实践的基础上提出一种测量基模(TEM₀₀)激光光斑尺寸的方法,解决了这一问题.     

Compton散射强光子流在等离子体通道中的传输特性

给出了冷等离子体中高阶相对论下多光下非线性Compton散射的光子流在等离子体通道中的传输方程,研究了高阶相对论效应对散射光子流传输的影响。在近轴近似下,散射强光子流依然有较浅的“势阱”方程。当散射强光子流强度较大时,高阶相对论效应变得更加重要：它减小了散射光束宽的振荡幅度,同时加快了散射光束宽的振荡速度。当散射强光子流功率大于或等于相对论临界功率时,高阶相对论效应避免了散射强光子流强度随传输距离出现无限大的奇异性。给出了散射强光子流的平衡解存在的条件。     

Cassegrain激光发射系统的光路设计

为了提高激光探测系统激光的发射功率,在出射激光为基模的高斯光束的光路设计中,根据高斯光束经过光学系统的变换与传输特性,分析了系统采用Cassegrain望远镜时,其遮拦比以及入射光束束腰半径对光功率透过率的影响。通过具体的数值计算得出,随着遮拦比及入射光束束腰半径的增大,系统光功率透过率将减小,给出了望远镜遮拦比与发射孔径处光斑尺寸之间的最佳匹配关系,最后讨论了离焦误差（安装误差）为0.2mm时对出射光斑尺寸的影响。     

基于光束填充的多单管半导体激光器光纤耦合

为了进一步提高多单管半导体激光器的输出功率,通过对常见的阶梯型多单管半导体阵列进行分析,提出在光斑尺寸较小的慢轴方向对光束进行填充,在同样的耦合条件下,使更多的激光能量耦合进光纤中,实现更高功率的输出。文中使用光参数积作为评价光束质量的指标,论证了慢轴光束填充的可行性,利用ZEMAX仿真软件对8路常见阶梯型多单管半导体阵列和12路填充阵列进行对比仿真,在不影响耦合效率的前提下,实现了将12路波长为860 nm、输出功率3 W的单管半导体激光器耦合进芯径105 μm、数值孔径0.22的光纤中,光纤输出功率为33.4 W,光纤耦合效率为92.78%。仿真结果表明,对慢轴方向进行光束填充可以在一定程度上提高多单管半导体激光的功率输出。     

Numerical simulations of laser light guiding and focusing using an open hollow cone

An open hollow cone that can optically guide and focus a laser light into a small beam spot is proposed. The shaping and focusing effects are numerically demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain simulations. The results reveal that the cone-focused laser originates from the multi-beam interference and squeeze of two cone side walls acting like oblique targets. Moreover, the influences of oblique incident angle of laser light, cone angle and cone tip size on the focusing properties are discussed and the optimum cone geometry with cone angle of 16° and tip size of 4.5 wavelengths to achieve high energy concentration at the cone tip is also presented. It is shown that with an open hollow cone a laser light can be focused into a tiny highly localized beam spot of 1 µm diameter and keeps propagating forward for a distance of about 8 wavelengths with a tiny spot diameter remaining almost unchanged. The intensity almost increases up to twentyfold in a 1 µm focal spot.     

Glass processing using the fourth harmonic of nanosecond pulse Nd:YAG laser

Ablation processing of borosilicate glass was carried out using the fourth harmonic of the Q-switch Nd:YAG laser. The dependency of the ablation depth on irradiation pulse energy density and the dependency of the ablation depth on irradiation spot size were investigated. The average ablation depth increased with an increase in irradiation pulse energy density. When the irradiation pulse energy density was the same, the ablation depth of the focused beam with a large spot diameter was deeper than that of the focused beam with a small spot diameter. To shorten the processing time, an increase in the irradiation pulse energy density and use of a large spot size focused beam are effective. Using area scanning together with line scanning, a rectangular through hole (sub-mm size) without cracks or chips was formed in borosilicate glass of 140 μm in thickness. PACS 52.38.Mf; 42.70.Ce; 42.62.Cf     

Dynamics of Mandel’shtam-Brillouin induced scattering during self-focusing of a laser beam

It is shown that the size of the focal spot has a substantial influence on the dynamics of Mandel’shtam-Brillouin induced scattering (MBIS) for the laser beam power near critical for striction self-focusing. For small focal spots MBIS suppresses self-focusing. An increase in the size of the focal spot leads to growth of the MBIS pulsations and the steady-state setup time. For large enough focal spots MBIS arises in the form of regular intense spikes. Physical processes shaping the dynamics of MBIS are discussed. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 115, 1950–1960 (June 1999)     

环形斑光束在非线性克尔介质中的自聚焦效应

通过数值求解非线性Schrödinger方程,详细讨论了环形斑光束在非线性克尔介质中的传输特性.当入射光超过一定的功率时,光束产生多级自聚焦现象,自聚焦焦点出现在离轴的环上;自聚焦阈值与环形光束的半径有关;传输过程中光斑存在横向分裂现象,并且分裂与聚焦交替进行;当两个半径不同的同轴环状光束同时在非线性介质中传输时产生耦合效应,耦合效应使其自聚焦增强.     

Laser forming of a bowl shaped surface with a stationary laser beam

Despite a lot of research done in the field of laser forming, generation of a symmetric bowl shaped surface by this process is still a challenge mainly because only a portion of the sheet is momentarily deformed in this process, unlike conventional sheet metal forming like deep drawing where the entire blank undergoes forming simultaneously reducing asymmetry to a minimum. The motion of laser beam also makes the process asymmetric. To counter these limitations this work proposes a new approach for laser forming of a bowl shaped surface by irradiating the centre of a flat circular blank with a stationary laser beam. With high power lasers, power density sufficient for laser forming, can be availed at reasonably large spot sizes. This advantage is exploited in this technique. Effects of duration of laser irradiation and beam spot diameter on the amount of bending and asymmetry in the formed surface were investigated. Laser power was kept constant while varying irradiation time. While varying laser spot diameter laser power was chosen so as to keep the surface temperature nearly constant at just below melting. Experimental conditions promoted almost uniform heating through sheet thickness. The amount of bending increased with irradiation time and spot diameter. It was interesting to observe that blanks bent towards the laser beam for smaller laser beam diameters and the reverse happened for larger spot diameters (~10 times of the sheet thickness). Effect of spot diameter variation has been explained with the help of coupled thermal-structural finite element simulations.     

冷却储存环主环磁铁的准直测量

采用激光跟踪仪及配套带软件Insight对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环磁铁进行了安装和准直。首先建立全局坐标系，用来确定从源体到实验环各子系统的理论原点的位置；而各个子系统又分别以各自的理论原点为基础建立局部坐标系，用来安装定位本系统内的各个元件；对各个子系统中的每一个元件还采用了元件坐标系。准直测量时，先在每块磁铁上焊接8个测量基准；然后对磁铁上的基准进行测量，以确定其在元件坐标系中的位置；再架设激光跟踪仪，测量主环控制网点，恢复主环局部坐标系，根据元件在主环局部坐标系中的位置及理论坐标，计算出相关的变换参数；转入元件坐标系，采用激光跟踪仪及Insight 软件显示实时测量坐标及其与理论值之差，其精度达到0.15 mm。     

利用光斑图像特征确定飞秒激光有效烧蚀焦距

为确定飞秒激光光束对微尺度结构的烧蚀深度,研究了给定功率条件下对应的激光束有效烧蚀焦距。提出采用激光焦点处获得的烧痕阵列图像及在离焦状态下提取烧痕图像特征,通过分析图像特征与离焦距离,获得激光束有效烧蚀焦距范围的方法。在激光束焦点附近的硅晶片表面烧蚀出斑痕阵列,向下逐渐减小焦距,采集硅晶片斑痕图像,提取斑痕平均像素面积及斑痕目标与背景之间的R分量灰度差,获得斑痕像素面积及灰度差随激光束焦距变化的曲线;向上逐渐增大焦距,提取并获得斑痕像素面积及灰度差随激光束焦距变化的曲线。结合激光束向下离焦阈值(633 μm)及向上离焦阈值(993 μm),确定20 mW输出功率条件下,飞秒激光在硅晶片材料表面的有效烧蚀深度为360 μm。采用中位值方法确定了激光束在硅晶片表面聚焦时的焦距为0.823 mm。实验表明,激光烧蚀斑痕像素面积及灰度差与激光束焦距之间的关系能够客观地反映激光束有效烧蚀焦距的变化范围。     

On the focusing limit of high-power femtosecond laser pulse propagation in air

Focused propagation of high-power femtosecond laser radiation in air is considered. Based on numerical solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation for complex envelope of light wave electric field, evolution of the beam effective radius is studied. The dependence of the effective (rms) size of a focal spot and the maximally achievable intensity of laser radiation at focal waist on the initial pulse power is established. It is shown that focal spot of tightly focused intensive ultrashort laser radiation can change its size during the pulse passage through the beam waist. This is the consequence of pulse intensity clamping in region of beam focusing caused by gas photoionization and plasma producing. This may prevent laser intensity from its further growth in the focal region and arrest the transversal compression of the beam in the linear focus as a whole.     

Exawatt-Zettawatt pulse generation and applications

A new amplification method, weaving the three basic compression techniques, Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA), Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) and Plasma Compression by Backward Raman Amplification (BRA) in plasma, is proposed. It is called C³ for Cascaded Conversion Compression. It has the capability to compress with good efficiency kilojoule to megajoule, nanosecond laser pulses into femtosecond pulses, to produce exawatt-and-beyond peak power. In the future, C³ could be used at large-scale facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) or the Laser Megajoule (LMJ) and open the way to zettawatt level pulses. The beam will be focused to a wavelength spot size with a f#1. The very small beam size, i.e. few centimeters, along with the low laser repetition rate laser system will make possible the use of inexpensive, precision, disposable optics. The resulting intensity will approach the Schwinger value, thus opening up new possibilities in fundamental physics.     

Thermal lensing and aberrations modeling of a Brewster cut end pumped laser rod by BEM and optimization of the pumping-beam waist

In this article, the temperature distribution in a volume of a Ti:Sapphire laser rod with a Brewster cut in a steady state has been calculated using Boundary Element Method (BEM). High speed and superior accuracy are among the dominant characteristics of this method. Calculating the temperature distribution and refraction index, we calculated the applied phase shift on the transmitted beam of the rod, obtained dioptric power of the rod in tangential and sagittal planes, and investigated its variation according to the increase in the power and spot size of the pump beam. Afterwards, a self-consistent algorithm was used to optimize the spot size of the pump beam under condition of maximum overlap between pump and laser beam. Finally, in order to investigate the accuracy of the calculation, the temperature distribution was calculated using ANSYS software and a very good accommodation was observed between the two results. The only difference was that the calculation process in ANSYS software was four times longer than that using BEM.     

Studying the mechanisms of steel sheet perforation by the radiation of a continuous-wave fiber laser

Aspects of steel sheet perforation are studied experimentally. Calculations show that the mechanisms of thin sheet perforation change as the focal spot size is increased at a constant laser power. If the spot is small, the melt is removed and the film is disrupted by steel boiling in the spot center. With larger spots, the melt is removed by the force of gravity. The hole diameter grows along with the focal spot size and sheet thickness and is reduced upon an increase in laser power.     

Intense laser beam guiding in self-induced electron cavitation channel in underdense plasmas

In underdense plasmas, the transverse ponderomotive force of an intense laser beam with Gaussian transverse profile expels electrons radially, and it can lead to an electron cavitation. An improved cavitation model with charge conservation constraint is applied to the determination of the width of the electron cavity. The envelope equation for laser spot size derived by using source-dependent expansion method is extended to including the electron cavity. The condition for self-guiding is given and illuminated by an effective potential for the laser spot size. The effects of the laser power, plasma density and energy dissipation on the self-guiding condition are discussed.     

Angle extended linear MEMS scanning system for 3D laser vision sensor

Scanning system is often considered as the most important part for 3D laser vision sensor. In this paper, we propose a method for the optical system design of angle extended linear MEMS scanning system, which has features of huge scanning degree, small beam divergence angle and small spot size for 3D laser vision sensor. The principle of design and theoretical formulas are derived strictly. With the help of software ZEMAX, a linear scanning optical system based on MEMS has been designed. Results show that the designed system can extend scanning angle from ±8° to ±26.5° with a divergence angle small than 3.5 mr, and the spot size is reduced for 4.545 times.     

Laser array beam propagation through liver tissue

Laser array beam propagating through mouse liver tissue is investigated. The turbulence power spectrum of the liver tissue is employed in the extended Huygens–Fresnel method to obtain an optical intensity profile and beam broadening at the observation point in biological liver tissue. Variations of the beam profile and the beam broadening are simulated based on the number of beamlets, source size, wavelength and the ring radius of the array. A biological tissue, illuminated by the laser array beam, exhibits different beam profiles and beam spot radius variations when the number of beamlets, source size, wavelength and the ring radius of the laser array beam are varied. Examining these variations observed in the propagated optical beam and comparing them with the test cases, abnormalities such as cancer and tumor in a biological liver tissue can be diagnosed.     

Modelling the spot shape influence on high-speed transmission lap welding of thermoplastics films

Modelling high-speed laser lap welding of thermoplastic films has been accomplished and the influence of laser beam spot shape, dimensions, and position relative to sample displacement was analysed.Engineering parameters predicted by the model were applied to lap weld of high- and low-density polyethylene transparent samples with thickness between 10 and 100 μm, and experimentally validated. Experimental set-up allowed reaching welding constant linear velocities up to 10 m/s.Theoretical and experimental data show coincidence. Weld strength increases for larger beam spot diameters, and elliptical beam spots increase weld efficiency, allowing higher processing speeds or decreasing required laser power. An angular deviation of elliptical beam spot with regard to the sample's movement direction causes an increase of weld strength and a decrease of welding speed.