基于色相算法的表面等离子体共振成像传感器对苯并芘的敏感特性

报道了一种用于原位探测水中苯并芘的彩色表面等离子体共振成像(SPRI)传感器,该传感器既能提供直观的图像信息,又能借助色相算法定量分析待测物质的浓度及其吸附/脱附过程。首先利用自制的波长-图像同步检测型SPR传感器测试了裸金薄膜芯片在不同入射角下的共振波长和共振图像,然后利用色相算法建立了SPR共振波长与图像色相的依赖关系,基于该依赖关系获得了SPR传感器最佳色相灵敏度对应的起始共振波长约为650 nm;另一方面,制备了聚四氟乙烯涂覆的SPR传感芯片,基于聚四氟乙烯膜对水中苯并芘的可逆富集作用实现了苯并芘的原位快速探测。实验取得以下4个结果:(1)在20-100 nmol?L-1浓度范围内彩色SPR图像的平均色相值随着苯并芘浓度的升高线性减小;(2)对100 nmol?L-1的苯并芘的响应和恢复时间分别约为7和5 s;(3)由于聚四氟乙烯膜的厚度大于SPR消逝场穿透深度,检测结果不受溶液折射率影响;(4)在聚四氟乙烯敏感膜厚度较小且不均匀的情况下,传感器容许获取敏感膜的不同厚度区域对苯并芘的色相灵敏度。实验结果有力地证明了这种彩色SPR图像传感器在生化物质检测中具有良好的应用前景。     

纳米多孔金膜表面等离子体共振效应的理论分析和传感应用

纳米多孔金膜(NPGF)化学和热力学稳定性好,比表面积大,具有显著的表面等离子体共振(SPR)效应,适宜于用作SPR生化传感芯片。本文对NPGF的SPR效应进行了理论分析,得到了在NPGF/空气界面传播的表面等离子体色散曲线,获得了优化NPGF-SPR传感性能所需的最佳薄膜厚度约为60nm;在此基础上利用溅射沉积-化学脱合金两步法在玻璃基板上制备出大面积均匀的超薄NPGF,采用Krestchmann棱镜耦合结构测试了NPGF在可见-近红外波段的SPR共振光谱及其传感特性,通过利用菲涅耳公式并结合Bruggeman介电常数近似理论对测得的共振波长进行拟合,得出NPGF的孔隙率约为0.38。未经修饰的NPGF是亲水薄膜,能够有效富集水中的双酚A,使得NPGF-SPR传感器对双酚A的探测下限达到5nmol?L~(-1);经过疏水化处理后,NPGF对非极性苯并芘分子的富集能力获得显著增强,使得传感器对苯并芘的探测下限达到1 nmol?L~(-1)。     

光波导耦合的表面等离子体共振光谱传感器实时监测表面生化反应

利用厚度为100 μm且局部表面覆盖有45 nm金膜的玻璃片作为消逝波表面敏感元件,自主设计并组装了光波导耦合的光谱表面等离子体共振(SPR)生化传感器.本仪器使用一对玻璃棱镜作为输入-输出耦合器,卤钨灯作为白光光源,利用时间分辨的CCD光谱分析仪对光波导输出光谱进行快速测定.这种光波导耦合的光谱SPR传感器灵敏度高,稳定性好,时间分辨率高,光谱窗口和动态探测范围宽,非常适合于表面生化反应的动力学测试.利用这种光波导耦合的光谱SPR传感器对金纳米粒子在半胱胺修饰的金膜表面的自组装过程进行了原位实时监测.     

基于金银合金薄膜的高灵敏度宽光谱表面等离子体共振成像传感器

报道了一种基于金银合金薄膜的宽光谱表面等离子体共振成像(SPRI)传感器,该传感器能够对吸附在薄膜局部或整个表面上的生化分子进行原位定量检测,而且与常规的金膜SPRI传感器相比,检测成本更低,检测灵敏度更高。利用质量比1:1的金银合金溅射靶在玻璃基板上淀积了厚约50 nm的均匀的金银合金薄膜。利用实验室自制的Krestchmann结构多功能平台在不同入射角下测试了金银合金薄膜被纯水覆盖后的SPR光谱和SPR彩色图像。基于色相算法计算获得了每个SPR彩像的二维色相分布及其平均色相,从而使得宽光谱SPRI传感器能够利用平均色相作为灵敏度参数进行定量检测。实验确定了平均色相对溶液折射率(RI)变化和分子吸附最为敏感的光谱区间是595–610 nm之间。在这个窄光谱范围内,平均色相与共振波长呈线性关系,其斜率为?hue/?λR=7.52 nm~(-1),这意味着基于色相的RI灵敏度是基于共振波长的RI灵敏度的7.52倍,这一结论已被实验证明。将SPRI传感器的起始共振波长设定在色相敏感光谱区间内之后,实验测得基于色相的RI灵敏度为S=29879 RIU~(-1),比在相同条件下测得的金膜SPRI的灵敏度高8倍。利用时间分辨宽光谱SPRI方法实时监测了牛血清白蛋白(BSA)分子在金银合金薄膜表面的非特异性吸附,从实验测得的平均色相随时间的变化曲线可知BSA吸附达到平衡所需时间约15 min。研究结果表明,基于金银合金薄膜的SPRI传感器具有动态定量检测蛋白质分子吸附过程的功能。     

SiO2介孔薄膜修饰的红外表面等离子体共振传感器在波长测量模式下的特性研究

分别利用射频溅射法和溶胶-凝胶模板法,在玻璃基板上制备45nm厚的金膜和45 nm厚的SiO2介孔薄膜,用作表面等离子体共振(SPR)芯片,然后基于Kretschmann结构和共振波长测量模式构建了近红外SPR传感器.实验表明,在宽带平行光入射条件下,随着入射角度(θ)的减小,共振波长(λR)红移,折射率灵敏度(S=ΔλR/n)迅速提高.在θ=8°时测得的折射率灵敏度为24241 nm/RIU,是θ=15°所对应的灵敏度(2524.2 nm/RIU)的9.6倍.与常规的裸金SPR传感器相比,在相同的共振波长下,SiO2介孔薄膜修饰层使得SPR共振吸收峰明显变窄,光谱分辨率升高.低浓度溶菌酶水溶液在θ=10°时测得的SPR近红外共振波长随溶菌酶浓度增大而线性红移,其斜率为ΔλR/C=1.5×107nm· L/mol,即溶菌酶浓度增加6.67×10-8 mol/L能够导致共振波长红移1nm.1×10-7 mol/L Cu2+溶液可使SPR共振波长红移3nm.     

TiO_2纳米多孔薄膜漏模光波导共振传感器研究小分子的光谱灵敏度

在玻璃基片上溅射约50nm厚的金膜,在掺有P123聚合物的TiO2胶体溶液中浸渍提拉基片,经高温热处理后获得厚度约为210nm的TiO2纳米多孔薄膜。以此双层膜为漏模光波导芯片,并结合卤钨灯光源、CCD光谱仪、棱镜耦合器以及流动测试槽构建了基于Kretschmann结构的光谱测量式漏模光波导共振传感器。以非吸附型蔗糖水溶液为折射率液体,测试了传感器的折射率灵敏度。结果表明,在给定溶液折射率范围(1.3330～1.3557)内,漏模光波导共振波长随着折射率的升高而线形增大。以离子型表面活性剂和溴百里酚蓝为小分子吸附质,考察了传感器对小分子吸附的响应特性。结果表明,与只有一层金膜的SPR传感器相比,多孔薄膜漏模传感器对小分子吸附质的灵敏度大幅提高,这由于小分子在TiO2多孔薄膜导波层内的大量吸附。     

基于金银合金薄膜的波长检测型表面等离子体共振传感器

从实验和理论两方面详细研究了金银合金膜表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器在可见光波段的敏感特性.实验方面,通过在玻璃基底上溅射50 nm厚的金银合金薄膜制备了一种新型的SPR传感芯片,并且自行搭建了基于Kretschmann结构的波长检测型SPR传感器测试平台.利用不同浓度的氯化钠(NaCl)水溶液和浓度为10μmol·L-1的牛血清蛋白(BSA)水溶液分别作为折射率样品和分子吸附样品,研究了传感器的折射率灵敏度和吸附灵敏度,并与金膜和银膜SPR传感器进行了对比研究.结果表明,对于折射率灵敏度的测试,金银合金膜SPR传感器大幅高于金膜SPR传感器,略低于银膜SPR传感器;而对于吸附敏感的研究,金银合金膜SPR传感器的灵敏度与银膜SPR传感器相近,是金膜SPR传感器的3倍.理论方面,利用菲涅尔公式和等效折射率计算公式仿真计算了这三种薄膜结构的SPR传感器的灵敏度和精确度,结果指出金银合金膜SPR传感器的灵敏度与银膜SPR传感器接近,是常规金膜SPR传感器的2.31倍,而半高峰宽仅为金膜和银膜SPR传感器的1.36倍.在稳定性方面,金银合金膜SPR传感器与金膜SPR传感器均具有良好的化学稳定性,而银膜SPR传感器较易氧化,使用寿命低,不常被采用.综上,金银合金膜在改善传感器灵敏度的同时,不会降低精度,是一种高灵敏、低成本、良好稳定性的SPR传感器敏感材料.     

介孔SiO_2薄膜增敏SERS基底在消逝波激励下的特性表征

采用溶胶-凝胶分子模板法在50 nm厚金膜表面制备约40 nm厚介孔二氧化硅(MPS)薄膜,然后在MPS薄膜表面静电自组装金纳米粒子(GNP)单层膜,形成的多层膜结构用作表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底.利用扫描电镜观测到MPS薄膜具有表面开口多孔结构,有助于小分子向薄膜内快速扩散.基于时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对电场分布的仿真结果指出,在表面等离子体共振(SPR)条件下分布于金膜与GNP之间的消逝场显著增强.由于空间重叠,该增强场能够高效激发MPS内富集的小分子拉曼信号,产生的拉曼信号还可免受金属作用的干扰.利用Kretschmann结构和尼罗蓝(NB)拉曼活性分子测试了Au/MPS/GNP基底在785 nm激发波长下的SERS效果,并与Au/GNP基底进行了比较.结果表明,在SPR条件下,Au/MPS/GNP基底能够导致较强的定向和背向拉曼信号,而且在586 cm-1处的背向拉曼信号强度是Au/GNP基底的40倍,这归功于MPS薄膜.进一步测试表明背向拉曼信号强度与NB浓度成正相关.这意味着Au/MPS/GNP基底具有良好的半定量检测本领.     

波长检测型表面等离子体共振传感器对硫堇电聚合成膜的原位分析

利用波长检测型表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器对硫堇在金膜表面的电化学聚合成膜过程进行了跟踪分析.结果表明,在固定入射角下SPR共振波长随循环伏安扫描周数的增加而线性红移,表明聚硫堇膜的生长是匀速的;扫描100周后共振波长红移总量为96.6 nm.对该实验结果进行理论拟合,得出聚硫堇膜的厚度约为71 nm.聚硫堇膜在酸性缓冲液中的电化学活性很高,其电化学反应过程受扩散控制,在一个完整的循环伏安扫描过程中SPR共振波长的变化完全可逆,说明聚硫堇膜的氧化反应和还原反应是一对可逆过程.与还原态聚硫堇膜相比,氧化态聚硫堇膜对应的SPR共振波长较大,说明氧化态聚硫堇膜折射率高.     

表面等离子体共振技术在电化学反应过程研究中的应用

简述了表面等离子体共振(SPR)的基本原理,并综述了表面等离子体共振技术在电化学反应过程中的应用。SPR技术可以无需任何标记原位实时地检测分子间的相互作用,也可用于连续监测吸附/脱附和缔合/解离过程。表面等离子共振光谱(SPRS)与电化学技术结合可用来同时表征和处理电极/溶液的界面,在电化学掺杂/去掺杂过程、吸附/脱附反应的研究、痕量物质的检测、薄膜厚度、介电常数的测定等方面的应用已取得了很大的进展。     

介孔SiO2薄膜增敏SERS基底在消逝波激励下的特性表征

采用溶胶-凝胶分子模板法在50 nm 厚金膜表面制备约40 nm 厚介孔二氧化硅(MPS)薄膜, 然后在MPS薄膜表面静电自组装金纳米粒子(GNP)单层膜, 形成的多层膜结构用作表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底.利用扫描电镜观测到MPS薄膜具有表面开口多孔结构, 有助于小分子向薄膜内快速扩散. 基于时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对电场分布的仿真结果指出, 在表面等离子体共振(SPR)条件下分布于金膜与GNP之间的消逝场显著增强. 由于空间重叠, 该增强场能够高效激发MPS内富集的小分子拉曼信号, 产生的拉曼信号还可免受金属作用的干扰. 利用Kretschmann 结构和尼罗蓝(NB)拉曼活性分子测试了Au/MPS/GNP基底在785 nm激发波长下的SERS效果, 并与Au/GNP基底进行了比较. 结果表明, 在SPR条件下, Au/MPS/GNP基底能够导致较强的定向和背向拉曼信号, 而且在586 cm^-1处的背向拉曼信号强度是Au/GNP基底的40 倍, 这归功于MPS薄膜. 进一步测试表明背向拉曼信号强度与NB浓度成正相关. 这意味着Au/MPS/GNP基底具有良好的半定量检测本领.     

Determination of thickness, dielectric constant of thiol films, and kinetics of adsorption using surface plasmon resonance

This paper describes the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) under different concentrations on a gold sensor disk, monitoring in situ and in real time using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). The film thickness and dielectric constant were determined for a fully formed monolayer using one-color approach SPR. The kinetic studies of the film formation in ethanol solution indicated that the self-assembled monolayer is formed in a two-step adsorption process. In this sense, this unpublished route was applied on the basis of a model where many molecules are adsorbed at an initial step and then can be desorbed and/or rearranged to form a perfect monolayer.     

Transmission surface-plasmon resonance (T-SPR) measurements for monitoring adsorption on ultrathin gold island films

Evaporation of ultrathin (1.3-10 nm nominal thickness) gold films onto quartz or mica leads to the formation of a layer of rather uniform gold islands on the transparent support. The morphology of ultrathin gold island films of various thicknesses was studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The surface plasmon (SP) absorption characteristic of such films is highly sensitive to the surrounding medium, with the plasmon band changing in intensity and wavelength upon binding of various molecules to the surface. The binding process can be monitored quantitatively by measuring the changes in the gold SP absorption, by using transmission UV/Vis spectroscopy. The method, termed transmission surface plasmon resonance (T-SPR) spectroscopy, is shown to be applicable to both chemically and physically adsorbed molecules, in liquid or gas phase, with measurements carried out either ex situ or in situ (real-time measurements) using a variety of molecular probes. Binding to a preformed molecular layer on the Au surface produces a similar response, suggesting the possible use of T-SPR for selective sensing. The sensitivity of T-SPR spectroscopy in detecting molecular binding to the gold depends strongly on the film preparation conditions, and may be comparable to that obtained in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing.     

热聚合制备分子印迹膜的表面等离子体共振现场监测方法

本研究组设计了SPR现场监测MIFs热聚合成膜过程的装置, 并对所制备MIFs的吸附特性进行了检测.     

Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles on a Molecular Ultrathin Film: Tuning the Surface Plasmon Resonance

A number of methodologies for immobilizing metal nanoparticles in 2‐dimensional aggregate structures on various substrates, some with concomitant tuning of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), have been reported. Many of them involve special functionalization of the nanoparticles, multiple fabrication steps or lengthy procedures. The present study demonstrates that monolayer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of a hemicyanine‐based amphiphile with cationic headgroup is an easily fabricated platform for harnessing citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles. It is shown that a single immersion step can be used to immobilize the nanoparticles uniformly on large area films and that systematic variation of the immersion time from 10 min to 6 h leads to controlled assembly of the particles and tuning of the SPR band over ～100 nm. A model for the structural reorganization in the LB film that facilitates the assembly of nanoparticles is presented and the advantages of the current methodology over earlier protocols are pointed out. The versatility of LB films in terms of the molecular level control of fabrication it enables and the variety of film structures that can be realized, point to the wide scope for future explorations, expanding upon the present observations.     

New approach to fabricate nanoporous gold film

A simple preparation of ultrathin nanoporous gold film was described. Copper and gold were used to fabricate Cu-Au alloy film sthrough vacuum deposition. The formation of nanoporous gold films from the alloy films involved thermal process and chemical etch by hydrochloric acid or by nitric acid. The free-standing nanoporous gold films have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). It was noted that the nanoporous gold film etched by hydrochloric acid is uniform with a cover of fog-like moieties.     

Label-free biosensors based on optically responsive nanocomposite layers: sensitivity and dynamic range

Core-shell nanoparticle layers have proven to be a promising tool for the label-free detection of binding events. Upon reflection of white light, they exhibit pronounced extinction peaks in the UV/vis and NIR regime of the electromagnetic spectrum, which shift to higher wavelengths when molecules are adsorbed. Beside drastic simplification of the instrumentation and related reduction in cost, a significantly stronger response toward alkanethiol adsorption has been observed in previous experiments than in conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR). However, as the amount of molecules deposited onto the nanoparticle films was unknown, no quantitative relationship could be established between the measured wavelength shifts and the surface mass density of the adsorbate. In order to facilitate quantitative molecule detection, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of simple and ethylene glycol (EG) terminated alkanethiols with various chain lengths were prepared on the nanoparticle-coated substrates. The measured red-shift of the extinction spectrum upon molecule adsorption was related to the amount of adsorbate as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For the whole range of film thicknesses studied, a linear relationship is found yielding a sensitivity factor of 0.027 nm/(ng/cm (2)). As proven by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), such determined sensitivity factor can also be used to correctly predict the amount of surface-bound protein in immunoreactions from the measured wavelength shifts. It is concluded that the decay length of the evanescent electric field associated with the nanoparticle sensors is more than 100 nm and, thus, significantly larger than that observed for localized surface plasmons excited in small isolated metal clusters.