改进型验证相对论效应实验装置

验证相对论效应实验装置能够形象直观而又方便地验证快速电子的能量与动量的相对论关系，近年来的重新设计和改进在保留原有优点和特色的基础上改进了原装置的不足，突出了综合型、设计型的特点，真正达到了一机多用的目的，符合面向二十一世纪物理实验教学改革的趋势和方向。     

相对论效应实验及装置

相对论是近代物理学的两大支柱之一.因此透彻地了解和掌握相对论对于学习近代物理学具有重要的意义.为了进一步完善相对论的教学和充实近代物理实验的教学内容,我们参考国外某些实验的物理思想编排了验证相对论动量与动能之间关系的实验,并研制了相应的实验装置.本文就该实验的原理、装置及实验结果作一介绍.     

质量真的与速度有关吗,爸爸?

本文从教学与历史两个角度讨论了相对论质量．指出在狭义相对论中引入相对论质量多半是由于历史的偶然．在教学中开始获得广泛应用之后，相对论质量的应用正不断受到非议．本文对相对论中使用的各种相对论质量作了详细分析与评论，特别着重指出相对论质量往往被误用为惯性．     

相对论效应实验中的数据处理

相对论效应实验是近年来新开设的较为成功的近代物理实验,目前已经编入我系及复旦、南开等院校物理系近代物理实验课程系列之中。有关该实验的原理和装置,作者已在本刊第7卷第4期刊登的“相对论效应实验及装置”一文中予以介绍。作为该文的续篇,本文将着重讨论相对论效应实验中有关数据处理方面的一些方法和特点。一、实验的总体安排本实验通过同时测定高速电子的动量值和动能来验证两者间具有相对论关系E_k=(p~2c~2+m~2c~4)~(1/2)-mc~2,并验证此关系在高能区(0.5～2.0MeV)明显有别于经典     

倾斜轨道上运动小球实验探讨

本文对小球在倾轨道上的运动规律进行了理论上的分析．为验证理论结果，设计了实验装置，进行了实验．实验结果证明理论分析是正确的．     

相对论行波管高频系统的数值模拟及实验验证

 分别采用有限元算法软件（HFSS）和有限积分法软件（MAFIA）对相对论行波管盘荷波导慢波结构进行建模，求出了相应的色散曲线。在此基础上设计了可用于相对论行波管的一种宽带和一种窄带的盘荷波导结构。加工了它们的冷测模型，测试曲线和模拟曲线吻合很好，从而验证了这两种软件尽管计算方法不同，但都可以对行波管慢波结构本征值问题进行求解。     

快速电子验证相对论效应实验中几个问题的分析

对快速电子验证相对论实验得到的能谱曲线中的两个蜂作了详细分析，并证明该实验不仅可以用来验证相对论，也可以用来验证全同粒子的不可分辨性以及X射线特征谱线与入射电子能量无关，只与靶材料有关的理论。     

关于Dirac方程非相对论近似的两点注记

本文改进了Ａ．Ａ.CoknoB推导Ｄｉｒａｃ方程非相对论近似的工作，并证明了在用微扰法求体系能量精细结构（ｖ２／ｃ２级）时，常见的两种近似方程形式是等价的．     

法拉第电磁感应定律的验证

一、实验装置文献[1]中描述了一种实验装置用于验证法拉第电磁感应定律．本文对实验装置进行了改进，重复了这个实验，并进行了更详细的实验分析，得到了一些结论，可以使学生加深对法拉第定律的认识和理解．图1实验装置示意图1．磁棒2．玻璃管3．线圈支架图1所示为我们的实验装置示意图．在一个有机玻璃管壁上均匀地刻5个槽，制成一个线圈支架．用AWGti36细铜线在槽上分别密绕5个独立的线圈，线圈宽度为4．0mm，直径为1．80cm，匝数分别为N1=30，40，50，60，70．该线圈支架套在一个刻有标度的玻璃管（内直径为1．10cm，管壁厚1．5mm）上…     

编者的话

本刊１９９８年第７期刊登了梁志强、齐鲁祥同志的文章，本期又刊登了张三慧同志的文章．两文关于相对论力学中的动量定义和质速关系处理的争论是很有意义的，这一争论促使我们更进一步去思考这个问题，从而达到了更深一层的认识．相对论（这里特指相对论动力学）是一个新的理论，它不是经典力学的逻辑推论，也不是经典力学加上相对性原理和洛伦兹变换的逻辑推论．相对论的内容，例如什么是守恒量、质量怎样依赖于速度等等，单靠已有的知识是无法推出来的．所以，相对论中的种种内容，不是推导出来的，而是寻找出来的．要推导一个东西，必须…     

GPS中的时空测量

本文从ＧＰＳ全球卫星定位系统中的时空测量及相对论效应的应用说明物理学理论在当代科学技术中起着重要的作用。     

四元数在力学和电磁学中的应用

用双四元数表述了相对论力学和电磁规律,所用的方法能够适用于相对论性物理学科的不同领域,有利于形成系统的四元数物理学,由于四元数本身结构上的特点,使得四元数形式的物理量具备了反映四维时空中时间与空间内在联系的功能,从而用了数表述的相对论性物理学在一定程度上为揭示一些貌视无关的自然规律之间本质上的联系提供了可能性。     

Relativistic quantum effects of Dirac particles simulated by ultracold atoms

Quantum simulation is a powerful tool to study a variety of problems in physics, ranging from high-energy physics to condensed-matter physics. In this article, we review the recent theoretical and experimental progress in quantum simulation of Dirac equation with tunable parameters by using ultracold neutral atoms trapped in optical lattices or subject to light-induced synthetic gauge fields. The effective theories for the quasiparticles become relativistic under certain conditions in these systems, making them ideal platforms for studying the exotic relativistic effects. We focus on the realization of one, two, and three dimensional Dirac equations as well as the detection of some relativistic effects, including particularly the well-known Zitterbewegung effect and Klein tunneling. The realization of quantum anomalous Hall effects is also briefly discussed.     

Relativistic quantum logic

On the basis of the well-known quantum logic and quantum probability a formal language of relativistic quantum physics is developed. This language incorporates quantum logical as well as relativistic restrictions. It is shown that relativity imposes serious restrictions on the validity regions of propositions in space-time. By an additional postulate this relativistic quantum logic can be made consistent. The results of this paper are derived exclusively within the formal quantum language; they are, however, in accordance with well-known facts of relativistic quantum physics in Hilbert space.     

Introducing Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to Energy Students

A method for introducing relativistic quantum mechanics to energy students is described. The method complements existing modern physics courses and relies on Feynman’s relativistic path integral approach to display a relationship between classical dynamics, quantum theory, and relativistic quantum theory.     

The Sagnac Phase Shift Suggested by the Aharonov-Bohm Effect for Relativistic Matter Beams

The phase shift due to the Sagnac Effect, for relativistic matter beams counter-propagating in a rotating interferometer, is deduced on the bases of a formal analogy with the Aharonov-Bohm effect. A procedure outlined by Sakurai, in which non relativistic quantum mechanics and Newtonian physics appear together with some intrinsically relativistic elements, is generalized to a fully relativistic context, using the Cattaneo's splitting technique. This approach leads to an exact derivation, in a self-consistently relativistic way, of the Sagnac effect. Sakurai's result is recovered in the first order approximation.     

Phase-space path integration of the relativistic particle equations

Hamilton-Jacobi theory is applied to find appropriate canonical transformations for the calculation of the phase-space path integrals of the relativistic particle equations. Hence, canonical transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi theory are also introduced into relativistic quantum mechanics. Moreover, from the classical physics viewpoint, it is very interesting to find and to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi equations for the relativistic particle equations.     

Fundamental processes in relativistic laser plasmas

A review is given of processes fundamental for current relativistic regimes of laser matter interaction such as the generation and evolution of relativistic coherent nonlinear electromagnetic structures; generation of extremely high intensity electromagnetic waves and extremely high energy charged particle beams; novel regimes of electromagnetic wave interaction with matter and of the prospects for using laser accelerators for the high energy physics and for the laboratory relativistic astrophysics with relativistic laser plasmas.     

Coherent photon-photon interactions in very peripheral relativistic heavy ion collisions

Heavy ions at high velocities provide very strong electromagnetic fields for a very short time. The main characteristics of ultraperipheral relativistic heavy ion collisions are reviewed, characteristic parameters are identified. The main interest in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions at relativistic ion colliders like the LHC is the interactions of very high energy (equivalent) photons with the countermoving (equivalent) photons and hadrons (protons/ions). The physics of these interactions is quite different from and complementary to the physics of the strong fields achieved with current and future lasers.     

Poincaré’s Relativistic Physics: Its Origins and Nature

Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) developed a relativistic physics by elevating the empirical inability to detect absolute motion, or motion relative to the ether, to the principle of relativity, and its mathematics ensured that it would be compatible with that principle. Although Poincaré’s aim and theory were similar to those of Albert Einstein (1879–1955) in creating his special theory of relativity, Poincaré’s relativistic physics should not be seen as an attempt to achieve Einstein’s theory but as an independent endeavor. Poincaré was led to advance the principle of relativity as a consequence of his reflections on late nineteenth-century electrodynamics; of his conviction that physics should be formulated as a physics of principles; of his conventionalistic arguments on the nature of time and its measurement; and of his knowledge of the experimental failure to detect absolute motion. The nonrelativistic theory of electrodynamics of Hendrik A.Lorentz (1853–1928) of 1904 provided the means for Poincaré to elaborate a relativistic physics that embraced all known physical forces, including that of gravitation. Poincaré did not assume any dynamical explanation of the Lorentz transformation, which followed from the principle of relativity, and he did not seek to dismiss classical concepts, such as that of the ether, in his new relativistic physics. Shaul Katzir teaches in the Graduate Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Bar Ilan University.