Ultrasound absorption due to electrons and phonons in alkali liquid metals

The excess longitudinal ultrasonic absorption over and above the classical value in four alkali liquid metals near their melting points has been accounted for by the mechanisms of interaction of sound waves with the conduction electrons and the thermal phonons (Akhieser mechanism), both exhibiting a quadratic dependence on sound frequency. An expression, similar to the Bridgman relation for liquids, for the phonon conductivity in the liquid metals has been developed. This approach briefly reported here yields good results.     

Universality in the effective pair interaction ofd-shell metals — Compressibility and vacancy formation energy of 3d-liquid metals

Like liquid alkali metalsd-shell liquid metals show scaling behaviour in structure and interaction potentials. A realistic interaction potential model, properly parametrized can reasonably describe the universality in the isothermal compressibility and vacancy formation energy of 3d-liquid metals in electron ion plasma model.     

Detection of a P-induced liquid ⇌ solid-phase transformation using multiple acoustic transducers in a multi-anvil apparatus

A technique for detecting and measuring phase transitions in a multi-anvil apparatus by measuring the change in travel time for a longitudinal sound wave as a function of pressure is reported. The system measures the time for pulsed ultrasonic signals to travel through a high pressure assembly with a sample in the center. Upon phase change from liquid to solid, the travel time shows an abrupt decrease due to the intrinsic increase in velocity in the sample and a reduced delay between the triggering of an amplitude threshold and the arrival of the waveform. As a proof of concept, results are shown for mercury as it undergoes pressure-induced liquid ? solid transitions at room temperature. We propose that this non-destructive technique may be valuable in situations where other in situ probing techniques cannot be readily used to provide information about changes of state and potentially to study transition kinetics at high pressures as well.     

A comparative study on the modeling of sound pressure field distributions in a sonoreactor with experimental investigation

In sonochemical reactors the effect of emerging cavitation bubbles has significant influence on the amplitude and structure of the developing sound field. Calculations show that the damping parameter and the phase velocity may, depending on the pressure amplitude, change by several orders of magnitude. For example, the sound velocity in water comes to 1500 ms⁻¹, whereas in a bubbly liquid it may decrease to 20 ms⁻¹, which is much below the velocity of sound in air (about 340 ms⁻¹). In this paper, a method of calculating the time dependent three-dimensional pressure field in sonochemical reactors of various shapes is presented. It takes into account inhomogeneous distributed wave parameters which are a function of the spatial depending pressure amplitude. The modeled results are then compared with experimentally measured values of a certain kind of reaction vessel. The agreement is found to be satisfactory.     

Application of a structure factor-potential relationship to the electrical resistivity of the liquid alkali metals

In the Ziman formulation for the electrical properties of liquid metals, the resistivity depends on an average of the product of the structure factor and the pseudopotential. Ascarelli, Harrison and Paskin have derived a relationship for small wave vector between the structure factor and the pseudopotential for liquid metals such as the alkali metals. This formulation has been used over the entire range of wave vector (k = 0 to 2k _F). The resistivities of Na, K, Rb and Cs calculated with no adjustable parameters are within 25% of the observed values, while Li is underestimated by about a factor of five. The temperature dependencies of all but Li (which is anomalously non-linear) are in similar agreement with experiments made at constant volume.     

Parameters of microparticles responsible for the monopole sound scattering in a liquid

A monopole scattering of sound by microparticles in a liquid is considered for microparticles of two types: spherically symmetric particles similar to gas bubbles in a liquid and disk-shaped gas-filled particles whose bases may oscillate in antiphase. A transformation of the scattering amplitude to the function that, in particular, describes the oscillations of a particle removed from the liquid is proposed. This function extends the possibilities of the acoustic diagnostics of such particles. Estimates of the sound velocity in water containing disk-shaped particles suggest that the sound velocity increase observed in sea water with plankton can be explained by the monopole scattering of sound from a single plankton particle modeled as a rigid gas-filled disk with oscillating parts of its bases.     

Longitudinal viscosity of liquid alkali metals

Summary The viscosity coefficient entering sound wave attenuation is evaluated for the liquid alkali metals in an ion-electron plasma approach. It is shown that the contribution from electrical conduction, though small, is by no means negligible. The calculated longitudinal viscosity is very close to the measured shear viscosity contribution, the bulk viscosity being expected to be small in the present approach.     

Molecular dynamics of liquid alkaline-earth metals near the melting point

Results of the studies of the properties like binding energy, the pair distribution function g(r), the structure factor S(q), specific heat at constant volume, velocity autocorrelation function (VACF), radial distribution function, self-diffusion coefficient and coordination number of alkaline-earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) near melting point using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique using a pseudopotential proposed by us are presented in this article. Good agreement with the experiment is achieved for the binding energy, pair distribution function and structure factor, and these results compare favourably with the results obtained by other such calculations, showing the transferability of the pseudopotential used from solid to liquid environment in the case of alkaline-earth metals.     

Dissociation and dissociative phase transition in dense hydrogen

A simple physical model is proposed for dissociating dense fluid hydrogen. We propose that free dissociated atoms interact via quantum electron-electron exchange analogously to the interaction in the liquid-metal phase of alkali metals. The density dependence of a hydrogen atom’s binding energy in such a quasi-liquid is calculated. It is shown that the transition from the molecular fluid to liquid hydrogen is a first-order phase transition. The critical parameters of the transition are determined: P _c = 72 GPa, T _c = 10500 K, and ρ _c = 0.5 g/cm³. The possibility of the metastable existence of atomic liquid hydrogen in a dissociated molecular fluid under decreased pressure is established.     

High pressure behaviour of liquid caesium

This paper deals with the anomalous behaviour of liquid caesium at high pressures. A model for the phenomenon of electron collapse in the liquid phase, based on the anomalous density variation of liquid caesium with pressure has been proposed. The process of 6s→5d electron collapse is pictured as the formation of a virtual bound state and the tunnelling process accounts for the 6s⇌5d dynamic conversion. The same model together with the Friedel sum rule has been used to explain the resistivity variation of liquid caesium with pressure. The resistivity minimum observed in most of the liquid alkali metals in the low pressure region has been explained. The agreement with the experimental curve is good in the low pressure region whereas a large discrepancy exists at higher pressures. This may be due to the breakdown of the Ziman’s resistivity formula under conditions of resonance scattering.     

Neutron brillouin scattering and liquid metal-molten salt mixtures

Summary The dispersion of collective density fluctuations (extended sound modes) has been measured in mixtures of liquid alkali metals and the corresponding molten alkali-halide salts. Mixtures with salt concentrations from 10 to 40% were investigated for momentum transfersQ between 4 and 14 nm⁻¹. ForQ-values larger than 11 nm⁻¹ the collective modes could even in the most favourable case no longer be separated from the quasi-elastic peak, the width of which increases roughly ∼Q ² in this region of momentum transfers. At a concentration of 10% RbCl in Rb we find a dispersion which would correspond to expanded liquid Rb at the temperature of the mixture (∼1000 K), demonstrating the dominant metallic character of the mixture (screening by nearly free electrons) at this salt concentration. At higher concentrations of salt, where influences from different partial dynamic structure factors interplay, the dispersions deviate from this simple structured dispersion curve, most likely due to the influence of an early onset of some ionic type of screening in the liquid. The proofs of this paper have been supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

Pressure effect on the melting point of alkali metals

The mean-square displacement of alkali metals is studied theoretically using our local Heine-Abarenkov-type model potential in the perturbational scheme. The temperature-dependent mean-square displacement of alkali metals decreases as function of the compressed volume. Lindemann's criterion for melting x_m, which is defined as the ratio of two times the root-mean-square displacement to the nearest-neighbour distance, is found to be nearly constant for five alkali metals. The volume effect on the melting temperature of alkali metals is studied by keeping x_m constant. The obtained melting curve increases as function of the compressed volume and are qualitatively in good agreement with the observed tendency for alkali metals.     

High temperature—high pressure neutron scattering experiments on expanded liquid alkali metals

Abstract

We present neutron diffraction investigation of the static structure factor S(Q) of liquid alkali metals expanded by heating towards conditions close to their liquid-vapour critical point. The experiments were designed to obtain the characteristic changes of the macroscopic structure as a function of temperature and density. The data give information on the density dependent changes in the interatomic forces. as the metal-nonmental transition is approached in the expanded liquid metal.     

Thermodynamische Untersuchung der Systeme Kalzium-Strontium,Kalzium-Barium und Strontium-Barium

Regarding the thermodynamic properties of the liquid alloys of the earth alkali metals (Calcium, Strontium, Barium), due to considerable experimental difficulties up to now scarcely any investigations have been undertaken. These systems, however, similar to the alloys of the alkali metals, are peculiarly suitable for theoretical considerations about the energetics of alloy formation, as their electronic properties are easily to comprehend. Therefore it was necessary to perform experiments on liquid alloys of the earth alkali metals in order to get reliable data for the enthalpies of mixing as a basis for some theoretical calculations.     

Effect of operating parameters on noise emission from individual road vehicles

A noise survey has been undertaken on over 1000 vehicles operating on public roads. By the use of a remote device, vehicle velocity and acceleration have been measured and related to the instantaneous sound pressure level emission from the vehicle. The relationship is expressed in terms of A-weighted sound pressure level as a function of both velocity and acceleration. Octave band sound pressure levels are also expressed as functions of these variables. Light and heavy vehicle groups are considered separately.     

一种高密度玻璃的多形性高压相变和物态方程研究

在二级轻气炮上用无氧铜飞片直接撞击重玻璃平板样品(密度为4.817 g/cm³,材料牌号:ZF6)开展了冲击压缩实验研究,压力范围为52.1—167.8 GPa,并采用多通道瞬态辐射高温计和光分析技术测量了其雨贡纽线、高压声速和冲击波温度等动态特性.实验结果显示,上述性质在三个不同压力区间出现不连续性变化,表明冲击压缩下该样品材料存在多形性高压相变,相变起始压力分别为23,78和120 GPa.实测声速先是随冲击压力的增高而增加,并在78 GPa附近出现急剧下降,之后又随压力增长,并在120 GPa之后下降到体波声速,表明材料进入高压熔化相.温度数据同样在78和120 GPa处出现明显的不连续变化,并在120 GPa之后变化趋于平缓与计算的Lindeman熔化线相符,进一步印证了上述相变行为.实测雨贡纽数据与LASL数据库中的重玻璃数据相符,结果显示除23 GPa附近有一明显的突变外,高压区数据几近线性变化,表明重玻璃的两个高压相变均为二级相变.本文报道的重玻璃材料高压物性数据和序列相变认识对于发展反向加载技术、提高材料声速测量精度和适用压力范围具有实用价值. 关键词： 重玻璃 冲击温度 卸载声速 冲击相变     

Ionization Equilibrium in Nonideal Alkali and Noble Gas Plasmas

Using the method of thermodynamic Green functions, a generalized Saha equation is derived which accounts for different non-ideality effects, as, e. g., interaction between charged particles and neutral composites (atoms). The degree of ionization was calculated for the alkali metals Li—Cs and for Xe in a wide n-T range. Furthermore, the chemical potential μ and the pressure p were determined for these elements.     

Extinction coefficient and skin depth of alkali metals from 10 to 1000 nm

The alkali metals have often been characterized as being transparent to optical radiation in the ultraviolet. An investigation was performed to evaluate the feasibility of exploiting this so-called transparency phenomenon for laser doppler velocimetry in these metals. The extinction coefficient, skin depth and skin depth divided by wavelength were determined from the literature for wavelengths between 10 and 1000 nm. Data is included for lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and a sodium-75% potassium alloy. The results show that the skin depths are less than 3 μm, and the prospects for perfoming liquid metal laser doppler velocimetry are poor. The compilation of the data in one document and in a common format may be useful to other researchers.     

运用液体声学理论研究超临界二氧化碳的声特性

利用液体声学模型，根据美国国家标准局提供的二氧化碳声速、密度、摩尔体积和绝热压缩系数数据，计算了气态、液态和超临界态二氧化碳在不同温度和压力条件下的摩尔声速、摩尔压缩系数及Van der Waals 常数. 分析发现，在较宽的温度和压力范围内，液体中的声学模型能够很好地运用于超临界态二氧化碳的研究. 并在液体声学模型适用范围内，计算了超临界二氧化碳在不同温度及压力状态下的表面张力、粘度、自扩散系数，为超临界流体技术提供了参考数据，并分析了这些参量的变化规律.     

运用液体声学理论研究超临界二氧化碳的声特性

利用液体声学模型,根据美国国家标准局提供的二氧化碳声速、密度、摩尔体积和绝热压缩系数数据,计算了气态、液态和超临界态二氧化碳在不同温度和压力条件下的摩尔声速、摩尔压缩系数及Van der Waals 常数. 分析发现,在较宽的温度和压力范围内,液体中的声学模型能够很好地运用于超临界态二氧化碳的研究. 并在液体声学模型适用范围内,计算了超临界二氧化碳在不同温度及压力状态下的表面张力、粘度、自扩散系数,为超临界流体技术提供了参考数据,并分析了这些参量的变化规律. 关键词： 超临界二氧化碳 声速 摩尔声速 摩尔压缩系数