Structural feature and catalytic performance of Cu species distributed over TiO2 nanotubes

Copper oxide was deposited on tubular TiO2 via Cu2+ introduction into a titanate nanotube aggregate followed by calcination. The titanate has a layered structure allowing Cu intercalation and can readily transform into anatase TiO2 via calcination for condensation of the constituting layers. The activity of the tubular catalysts, with a Cu content of 2 wt %, in selective NO reduction with NH3 was compared with those of other 2 wt % Cu/TiO2 catalysts using TiO2 nanoparticles as the support. The Cu species supported on the nanotubes showed a higher activity than those supported on the nanoparticles. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis showed that the Cu species on all the TiO2 supports are in the +2 state. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) investigations of these catalysts reflected higher degrees of CuO dispersion and Cu2+ dissolution into the TiO2 lattice for the tubular Cu/TiO2 catalysts. Absence of CuO bulk detection by a temperature-programmed reduction analysis for the tubular catalysts confirmed the high CuO-dispersion feature of the tubular catalysts. The dissolution of Cu2+ to form a CuxTi1-xO2 type of solid solution was improved by using an in-situ ion-intercalation method for Cu deposition on the nanotubes. A fraction as high as 40% for Cu2+ dissolution was obtained for the tubular catalysts while only 20% was obtained for the particulate catalysts. The CuxTi1-xO2 species were considered one form of the active sites on the Cu/TiO2 catalysts.     

Synthesis of conductive rutile-phased Nb0.06Ti0.94O2 and its supported Pt electrocatalysts (Pt/Nb0.06Ti0.94O2) for the oxygen reduction reaction

In this paper, Nb-doped TiO(2) with anatase and rutile phases was synthesized by the acid-catalyzed sol-gel method, and used as catalyst supports for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were used to characterize the support materials in terms of material structures, morphology, composition, and surface area. XRD analysis showed that both the high concentration of hydrochloric acid present in the synthesis and the presence of Pt in the support could favor the formation of conductive rutile phased TiO(2), resulting in the improvement of electronic conduction of the Nb-doped TiO(2) support, which was confirmed by measured conductivities. For electrochemical characterization and ORR catalyst activity validation, Pt particles were deposited on the supports synthesized in this paper to form several catalysts, which were tested for electrochemical Pt surface area, ORR mass activity and specific activity. A monotonic increase in Pt ORR mass activity with increasing catalyst support's conductivity suggested that the support conductivity plays an important role in enhancing catalyst mass activity. The results showed that these non-carbon supported catalysts are promising as PEM fuel cell cathode catalysts.     

Supported Ru catalysts prepared by two sonication-assisted methods for preferential oxidation of CO in H2

The preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in the presence of H(2) is an important step in the production of pure H(2) for industrial applications. In this report, two sonochemical methods (S1 and S2) were used to prepare highly dispersed Ru catalysts supported on mesoporous TiO(2) (TiO(2)(MSP)) for the PROX reaction, in which a reaction gas mixture containing 1% CO + 1% O(2) + 18% CO(2) + 78% H(2) was used. The supported Ru catalysts performed better than the supported Au and Pt catalysts, and the S1 and S2 methods are superior to the impregnation method. The Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalysts were active for the PROX reaction below 200 °C and good for the methanation reactions of CO and CO(2) above 200 °C. The presence of residual chlorine in the catalysts severely suppressed their PROX reaction activity, and a higher dispersion of Ru particles led to better catalytic performances. The addition of Au in the Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalyst also caused a poorer catalytic activity for both the PROX and the methanation reactions. TPR results showed that in the active catalysts prepared by the S1 and S2 methods, the well dispersed Ru particles, after calcination in air, had a stronger interaction with the support than those in the catalyst prepared by the impregnation method and in the Au-Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalyst. In situ CO absorption experiments performed with the diffusion reflectance Fourier transform infra red (DRIFT) method showed that the bridged adsorbed CO species on isolated Ru(0) sites correlated with the catalytic performances, indicating that these isolated Ru(0) sites are the most active sites of the Ru/TiO(2)(MSP) catalysts in the PROX reaction.     

X-ray absorption fine structure combined with x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Part 15. Monitoring of vanadium site transformations on titania and in mesoporous titania by selective detection of the vanadium K alpha1 fluorescence

X-ray absorption fine structure combined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was applied to various V+TiO2 hybrid samples. Emitted V K alpha1 fluorescence from the sample was selectively counted by using a high-energy-resolution (0.4 eV) spectrometer equipped with a Ge(331) crystal. Two advantages of this method, extremely high signal/background ratio and the compatibility of measurements in the atmosphere of reaction gas (in situ study in relation to heterogeneous catalysis), were effective at the V K-edge. Structure transformation of the V sites was spectroscopically followed for the V/TiO2 catalyst. The monooxo tetrahedral vanadate site was demonstrated to exist at 473 K. It transformed into dispersed species of 5-fold coordination in ambient air and further into polymeric VO(x) species in 0.85 kPa of water at 290 K. In the presence of 3.2 kPa of 2-propanol, dissociative adsorption of 2-propanol on the dispersed V species was strongly suggested at 290-473 K. In situ structure changes of V sites on TiO2 were reported by means of XAFS for the first time. The V(V) sites for the V/TiO2 catalysts were essentially identical with those for V supported on mesoporous (high-surface-area) TiO2 and V-TiO2 sample prepared by the sol-gel method. However, predominant V(IV) sites were found for mesoporous V-TiO2. The V(IV) sites substituted on the Ti sites of TiO2. When the molar ratio of V/Ti increased from 1/100 to 1/5.0, major octahedral V sites in the TiO2 matrix looked to transform into tetrahedral ones.     

过渡金属（Cu，Fe，Mn，Co）改性高分散V2O5/TiO2作为高效NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前固定源及移动源中控制NOx排放最为有效的技术手段之一.工业上应用最广泛的商业SCR催化剂是钒基催化剂.钒基催化剂经钨(钼)改性后具有较好的活性、稳定性和抗水抗硫性能,但在应用过程中仍存在N2选择性较低、活性温度窗口(300–400 oC)较窄及高温下V2O5极易流失等不足,且钨(钼)的价格十分昂贵.因此,用廉价组分提高钒基催化剂的催化性能在实际工业应用中仍具有重要意义.研究发现,很多非贵金属(如Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Ce, Zr, Nb, Sn, La等)都可以代替钨(钼)用来提高钒基催化剂的选择性、活性温度窗口和(热)稳定性能等.引入的金属通常以氧化物或钒酸盐形式存在,并与活性组分钒物种有很强的相互作用,从而提高钒物种的氧化还原性能及分散度,同时增大表面酸性位数量,抑制锐钛矿向金红石相转变.近年来很多研究发现,经金属改性的钒基催化剂以钒酸盐形式存在时可有效提高催化剂活性和 N2选择性,尤其可显著提高催化剂的(热)稳定性.本文采用浸渍法以廉价易得、储量丰富的过渡金属改性钒基催化剂,得到高度分散的M-V/TiO2(M = Cu, Fe, Mn, Co)脱硝催化剂.结果发现, Cu-V/TiO2和Fe-V/TiO2催化剂表现出较好的催化活性和N2选择性以及优异的稳定性和抗H2O/SO2性能,其中Cu-V/TiO2的工作温度窗口扩展到225–375oC. X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和EDX-mapping表征结果证明,钒物种及引入的金属高度分散在TiO2载体表面,并生成了钒酸盐.氢气程序升温还原结果表明,钒酸盐的形成导致钒物种的还原峰向低温区移动,有利于催化剂氧化还原性能的提升. X射线光电子能谱结果表明, Cu-V/TiO2催化剂表面具有更多的活性氧物种(Oα),且具有较强的电子间相互作用,是SCR活性提高的关键原因之一. NH3程序升温脱附和原位红外光谱实验结果表明,金属的引入可以提高酸量和酸强度; Cu-V/TiO2催化剂表面主要为Lewis酸性位,而Fe-V/TiO2催化剂表面主要为Br?nsted酸性位,两者可能导致不同的SCR反应机理,但均可以提高催化剂在高温下的N2选择性.综上所述,过渡金属改性的钒基催化剂中Cu-V/TiO2具有最好的活性和N2选择性以及较强的稳定性和抗H2O/SO2性能,可能得益于其表面更多的活性氧物种和更多更强的酸性位.     

负载型Pd/SnO2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200℃)焙烧所得SnO2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO2催化剂,研究了SnO2焙烧温度对CH4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO2(1200)表现出最高的CH4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390℃.在反应温度为300℃时,Pd/SnO2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO2(<800℃),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(>1000℃),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1000)上PdO的(101)晶面与载体SnO2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O2-TPD和CH4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O2的脱附量是Pd/SnO2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO2(600)高出45%.因此,PdO和SnO2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO2界面的活化,同时载体SnO2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面PdO/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO2的焙烧温度可强化SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

Oxidation of CO on gold supported catalysts prepared by laser vaporization: direct evidence of support contribution

Gamma-Al2O3, ZrO2, and TiO2 gold supported model catalysts have been synthesized by laser vaporization. Structural characterization using Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy experiments have shown that the gold clusters deposited on the different supports have similar distribution of size centered around 3 nm and are in the metallic state. However, X-ray photoemission measurements also indicate lower binding energies than the usual Au 4f(7/2) at 84.0 eV for both alumina and titania supported catalysts, indicating a modification of the electronic structure of the metal. One has taken benefit of these features to study the influence of the nature of the support toward CO oxidation activities without being hindered by particle size or gold oxidic species effects. By comparing the activities of the different catalysts, it is concluded that the nature of the support directly affects the activity of gold. The following tendency is observed: titania and zirconia are superior to alumina as supports, titania being slightly better than zirconia. From XPS and activity results we can conclude that the existence of negatively charged clusters is not the key point to explain the high activity observed for Au/ZrO2 and Au/TiO2 catalysts and also that metallic Au is the major catalytically active phase. Hence, due to their very nature, titania and to a less extent zirconia should participate to the catalytic process.     

Monolayer binary active phase (Mo-V) and (Cr-V) supported on titania catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3

Monolayer catalysts containing binary active phases (VOx-CrOx, VOx-MoOx) were prepared by simultaneous deposition of the corresponding transition metal-oxo species on the TiO2 (anatase) surface using the equilibrium deposition filtration technique. The prepared samples contained various amounts of each transition metal but almost the same total metal loading. They were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and tested for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 in the temperature range 250-450 degrees C. It was found that the transition-metal ionic species used for the preparation of these catalysts compete for the same surface sites of the TiO2 carrier upon co-deposition. Small amounts of the second phase (Mo- or Cr-oxo phase) are sufficient in order to promote the catalytic activity at relatively high temperatures, in contrast to what happens in the corresponding industrial catalysts prepared by conventional methods. An electronic interaction between V- and Cr-oxo species favored at a V/Cr atomic ratio around 3 is probably responsible for the relatively high catalytic performance of the corresponding TiCrV catalyst. The activity of the studied catalysts is well correlated with the intensity of a DRS absorption band that appeared at ca. 400 nm, which is considered as a measure of the magnitude of interactions exerted between the monolayer transition metal-oxo species and the TiO2 carrier. This correlation is independent of the transition metals combination used and follows the same linear relationship found previously for single-active-phase catalysts.     

载体对负载型金催化剂上甲醛催化氧化的影响

采用沉积.沉淀法和氨水络合法制备了Al2O3,TiO2,CeO2和SiO2负载的纳米金催化剂,利用元素分析、x射线衍射、氮气物理吸附、程序升温还原、透射电镜和拉曼光谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其低温催化甲醛氧化活性.结果表明,Au/CeO2的催化性能最佳,在40℃时甲醛转化率仍能保持在80%以上.催化剂的活性同时受Au的化学状态和载体性质的影响.Au/CeO2催化剂较高的低温活性可能与离子态的Au物种有关,同时AuxCe1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成产生了大量的氧缺位,提高了氧的活化能力,也有助于提高催化剂的低温活性.     

Influence of pretreatment conditions on low-temperature CO oxidation over Au/MOx/Al2O3 catalysts

Composite oxide MO_x/Al₂O₃ supported gold catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation were prepared and investigated. The presence of transition metal oxide was proved to be beneficial to the improvement of catalytic performance of Au/Al₂O₃ catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. Furthermore, the influence of various pretreatment conditions on Au/MO_x/Al₂O₃ catalysts was studied carefully. The image of TEM showed that gold catalyst with small gold particles only in the form of a fine dispersion exhibited highly catalytic activity. The XPS, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy characterization results of Au/FeO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst showed that gold catalysts having partially oxidized gold species have the best catalytic performance. One possible pathway for CO oxidation on Au/FeO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst is that the CO adsorbed on gold particles reacts with adsorbed oxygen, which is possible to occur on oxygen vacancies on the support or at the metal–support interface.     

氨法选择性还原氮氧化物 V2O5/TiO2-PILC催化剂的抗硫性能

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前去除氮氧化物最有效的方法之一. V2O5/TiO2催化剂被广泛应用于氨法选择性还原氮氧化物(NH3-SCR)反应,但该催化剂存在工作温度高(300–400oC)及 SO2氧化率高引起设备腐蚀和管路堵塞等问题,开发低温 SCR催化剂具有重要意义.过渡金属氧化物(如 Fe2O3, MnOx和 CuO等)催化剂用于低温SCR先后见诸文献报道,但这些催化剂在 SO2和 H2O存在下易失活.近年来柱撑黏土(PILC)引起科学家广泛关注, Yang等首次将 V2O5/TiO2-PILC催化剂应用于 NH3-SCR反应,发现其催化活性高于传统 V2O5/TiO2催化剂.柱撑黏土基催化剂在 NH3-SCR反应中也显示出良好抗硫性能,但 V2O5/TiO2-PILC催化剂的抗硫机理至今尚未见深入研究.因此我们制备了一系列 V2O5/TiO2-PILC催化剂,采用原位漫反射红外等方法详细研究了其抗硫性能较好的原因.
　　首先采用离子交换法制备出 TiO2-PILC载体,之后采用浸渍法制备了不同钒含量(质量分数x/%=0,3,4,5)的xV2O5/TiO2-PILC催化剂.同时,制备了传统 V2O5/TiO2和 V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂作为对比.活性评价结果显示,4V/TiO2-PILC催化剂具有最高的催化活性,其催化性能与传统钒钛催化剂相当.在160oC时, NO转化率可达80%以上.同时,4V/TiO2-PILC催化剂还具有较宽的反应温度窗口,在260–500oC范围内, NO转化率保持在90%以上.向反应体系中加入0.05% SO2和10% H2O后,在低温(160oC以下)时所有催化剂的反应活性都有一定提高,可能是由于 SO2的加入提高了催化剂的表面酸性.继续升高温度,4V/TiO2和4V6Mo/TiO2催化剂活性均明显下降,而4V/TiO2-PILC催化剂的活性则未出现明显下降.原位漫反射红外光谱结果显示, SO2在三种催化剂表面的吸附以表面硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐物种以及离子态 SO42–物种形式存在,而在4V/TiO2-PILC催化剂表面离子态 SO42–物种的量最少. X射线光电子能谱及 O2程序升温脱附结果显示,在4V/TiO2-PILC催化剂上,表面吸附氧(Oads)的量最少.综合上述分析可以得出,在 SO2气氛下,离子态 SO42–物种在 SCR催化剂表面的累积可能是导致其失活的主要原因,而离子态 SO42–物种的形成可能与催化剂表面吸附氧的量有关.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.     

A density functional theory study of hydrogen dissociation and diffusion at the perimeter sites of Au/TiO2

Reactivity of supported gold catalysts is a hot topic in catalysis for many years. This communication reports an investigation on the dissociation of molecular hydrogen at the perimeter sites of Au/TiO(2) and the spillover of hydrogen atoms from the gold to the support using density functional theory calculations. It is found that the heterolytic dissociation is favoured in comparison with homolytic dissociation of molecular hydrogen at the perimeter sites. However, the surface oxygen of the rutile TiO(2)(110) surface at these sites can be readily passivated by the formed OH, suggesting that further dissociation of molecular hydrogen may occur at pure gold sites.     

载体焙烧温度对RuO_2/TiO_2催化HCl氧化性能的影响

以不同温度焙烧TiO(OH)_2得到的TiO_2为载体,采用湿法浸渍法制备RuO_2/TiO_2-C(C=450、550、650及750℃)催化剂,利用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、TEM和H_2-TPR等表征手段研究催化剂的物理化学性质,并对其在HCl氧化反应中的催化性能进行考察.结果表明:载体焙烧温度对催化剂的结构与活性有显著影响.随着载体焙烧温度(≤650℃)的升高,RuO_2与TiO_2之间的晶面匹配度逐渐变高,促进了RuO_2在TiO_2表面的分散,其中RuO_2/TiO_2-650催化剂表现出最优的催化性能.而当载体焙烧温度过高时,RuO_2/TiO_2-750催化剂的反应活性大大下降,可能是由于过高的焙烧温度导致载体出现严重的烧结团聚现象,以及RuO_2与TiO_2之间过强的相互作用,阻碍了HCl氧化反应的进行.此外,减小RuO_2的粒径可以促进HCl氧化活性的提升.动力学结果显示,催化剂表面的HCl氧化反应主要受O_2分压的影响,表明O_2从催化剂表面的解离吸附为决速步骤.     

Promoting Effects of Iron on CO Oxidation over Au/TiO2 Supported Au Nanoparticles

Fe-doped TiO₂ supported gold nanoparticles as high-performance CO oxidation catalysts were prepared. XRD data revealed that TiO₂ support was in an anatase phase. After calcination at 300℃, the sample showed nanotube structure, and the size of gold nanoparticles was 3.1 nm. When calcined at 500℃, most nanotubes broke, and gold nanoparticles grew up to 5.9 nm. XPS spectrum indicated the presence of Fe in the +3 oxidation state. Au/Fe-TiO₂(Au:1.44%, Fe:1.35%) calcined at 300℃ possessed the best catalytic activity, and it could completely convert CO at 25℃. The temperature of 100% CO conversion(T_100%) of Fe-free catalyst was 40℃. After the catalysts were stored at room temperature for 7 d, T_100% of Au/Fe-TiO₂ increased from 25℃ to 30℃, while T_100% of Fe-free catalyst increased from 40℃ to 80℃. The catalytic activity and storage stability of Au/TiO₂ could be improved by Fe-doping. The increase of specific surface area, generation of oxygen vacancies and new adsorption sites, depression of the growth of gold nanoparticles, and strong metal-support interaction were responsible for the promoting effect of iron on the catalytic performance of Au/TiO₂ for CO oxidation.     

Localized Partial Oxidation of Acetic Acid at the Dual Perimeter Sites of the Au/TiO(2) Catalyst-Formation of Gold Ketenylidene

Chemisorbed acetate species derived from the adsorption of acetic acid have been oxidized on a nano-Au/TiO(2) (～3 nm diameter Au) catalyst at 400 K in the presence of O(2)(g). It was found that partial oxidation occurs to produce gold ketenylidene species, Au(2)═C═C═O. The reactive acetate intermediates are bound at the TiO(2) perimeter sites of the supported Au/TiO(2) catalyst. The ketenylidene species is identified by its measured characteristic stretching frequency ν(CO) = 2040 cm(-1) and by (13)C and (18)O isotopic substitution comparing to calculated frequencies found from density functional theory. The involvement of dual catalytic Ti(4+) and Au perimeter sites is postulated on the basis of the absence of reaction on a similar nano-Au/SiO(2) catalyst. This observation excludes low coordination number Au sites as being active alone in the reaction. Upon raising the temperature to 473 K, the production of CO(2) and H(2)O is observed as both acetate and ketenylidene species are further oxidized by O(2)(g). The results show that partial oxidation of adsorbed acetate to adsorbed ketenylidyne can be cleanly carried out over Au/TiO(2) catalysts by control of temperature.     

Direct gas-phase epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide using air as oxidant on supported gold catalyst

Gold catalysts supported on SiO2, TiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and ZrO2-SiO2 supports were prepared by impregnating each support with a basic solution of tetrachloroauric acid. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） techniques were used to characterize their structure and surface composition. The results indicated that the size of gold particles could be controlled to below 10 nm by this method of preparation. Washing gold catalysts with water could markedly enhance the dispersion of metallic gold particles on the surface, but it could not completely remove the chloride ions left on the surface. The catalytic performance of direct vapor-phase epoxidation of propylene using air as an oxidant over these catalysts was evaluated at atmospheric pressure. The selectivity to propylene oxide （PO） was found to vary with reaction time on the stream. At the reaction conditions of atmosphere pressure, temperature 325 ℃, feed gas ratio V（C3H6）/V（O2）= 1/2, and GHSV =6000h^-1, 17.9% PO selectivity with 0.9% propylene conversion were obtained at initial 10 min for Au/SiO2 catalyst. After reacting 60 min only 8.9% PO selectivity were detected, but the propylene conversion rises to 1.4% and the main product is transferred to acrolein （72% selectivity）. Washing Au/TiO2-SiO2 and Aa/ZrO2-SiO2 samples with magnesium citrate solution could markedly enhance the activity and PO selectivity because smaller gold particles were obtained.     

Synthesis of highly active sulfate-promoted rutile titania nanoparticles with a response to visible light

Highly active sulfate-promoted rutile titania (SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)) with smaller band gap was prepared by an in situ sulfation method, that is, under moderate conditions, sulfate-promoted rutile titania was directly obtained via precipitating Ti(SO(4))(2) in NaOH solution followed by peptizing in HNO(3) without the phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Thus, the negative impacts of phase transformation from anatase to rutile on the structure, surface, and photoactivity properties of the catalysts due to higher calcination temperature can be avoided. The catalysts were characterized by means of thermal analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR pyridine adsorption, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The results show sulfate species are sensitive to the variation of calcination temperature. In the process of peptizing, sulfate species are homogeneously dispersed throughout the bulk of catalysts, allowing sulfate species to penetrate into the network of TiO(2) effectively. After being calcined at 300 degrees C, sulfate species occupy oxygen sites to form Ti-S bonds, as evidenced by XPS results. As calcination temperature is further increased to 600 degrees C or above, the active sulfate species on the catalyst surface are destroyed, and the sulfate species in the network of TiO(2) are expelled out onto the surface to form inactive sulfate species. Thus, Ti(3+) defects will be produced on the catalyst surface. Accompanying this process, surface area is decreased promptly, and crystalline size is greatly increased via two fast growth phases due to the decomposition of sulfate species with different binding forces. Most importantly, the band gap of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2) is remarkably shifted to the visible light region due to the formation of Ti-S bonds, and with increasing calcination temperature the visible light absorption capability is reduced due to breakage of Ti-S bonds. The excellent photoactivity of 300 degrees C calcined SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2) can be explained by its small crystalline size, high surface area, loose and porous microstructure, and the generation of Br?nsted acidity on its surface.     

以ZrO2-TiO2为载体的整体式锰基催化剂应用于低温NH3-SCR反应

以MnO2为活性组分,Fe2O3为助剂,制备了以TiO2及ZrO2-TiO2为载体的整体式催化剂.考察了它们在不同温度焙烧后应用于富氧条件下,NH3选择性催化还原.(NH3-SCR)氮氧化物的低温反应性能和高温稳定性.用X射线衍射(XRD)实验、比表面积测定(BET)、储氧性能测定(OSC)及程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,以ZrO2-TiO2为载体的催化剂具有很好的高温热稳定性,并具有较高的比表面积和储氧能力.同时具有较强的氧化能力.催化剂的活性测试结果表明,以ZrO2-TiO2为载体的整体式锰基催化剂明显地提高了NH3-SCR反应的低温活性,具有良好的应用前景.     

TiO2纳米棒载Pd催化剂的制备及其对甲酸的电催化氧化

利用水热合成和无机溶胶法,分别制备了具有棒状(TiO2-R)和无规则结构(TiO2-I)的锐钛矿相TiO2,并以之为载体制备得到Pd/TiO2电催化剂.循环伏安测试显示,与无规则TiO2相比,具有棒状结构的TiO2载Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能提高了70%;计时电流测试显示,运行3000 s后,甲酸在棒状TiO2载Pd催化剂上的氧化电流是无规则TiO2载Pd催化剂的16倍.其原因可能与TiO2纳米棒拥有更好的电子传导性且表面拥有较多的活性含氧基团有关,从而能够有效提高催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和抗毒化性能.