Electrical conduction in γ-irradiated and unirradiated pure and Mn-doped MgAl2O4 spinel

The electrical conductivity of pure and Mn-doped MgAl₂O₄ spinel has been studied in nitrogen atmosphere as a function of temperature. The conduction process is explained by the motion of cation vacancies in each of -irradiated and unirradiated samples. The effect of -irradiation on the conductivity and activation energy has been discussed.     

SnO2-Nb2O5/MgAl2O4/α-Al2O3催化环氧乙烷水合制乙二醇

采用水热稳定的MgAl2O4尖晶石对-αAl2O3载体表面进行修饰,采用具有较强亲水性能的SnO2对活性组分Nb2O5进行修饰,制备了SnO2-Nb2O5/MgAl2O4/-αAl2O3催化剂,并用于环氧乙烷水合制乙二醇反应.采用X射线衍射、红外光谱和程序升温脱附研究了Sn/Nb摩尔比对催化剂酸性、环氧乙烷在催化剂表面的吸附状态和吸附强度以及催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,Sn/Nb摩尔比明显影响催化剂的组成和结构;催化剂的结构不同,环氧乙烷在催化剂表面的吸附强度存在明显差别,催化剂的催化性能明显不同.     

Pt-Sn/MgAl2O4催化剂的TPR和H2-TPD研究

Pt Sn/MgAl 2O 4 catalysts prepared by co impregnation with nominal 0 35% platinum and varying content of tin (0～2 5%) were characterized by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature programmed desorption of hydrogen (H 2 TPD). TPR results showed that platinum catalyzed the reduction of tin. However, the average oxidation state of tin after reduction depended upon the concentration of tin on the catalysts. H 2 TPD data indicated that tin addition inhibited the inactivated adsorption of hydrogen but promoted the activated adsorption, implying that tin modified both the ensembles of platinum and metal support interface, thus increasing hydrogen mobility and promoting hydrogen spillover.     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气的La2O3助Ni/MgAl2O4催化剂

 用MgO与载体Al2O3在高温下焙烧成MgAl2O4尖晶石,防止了Ni在反应过程中与载体形成NiAl2O4, 促进了Ni在载体表面的分散. 应用CODEX软件优化了La2O3在Ni/MgAl2O4催化剂中的加入量和活化温度. La2O3助Ni/MgAl2O4在本文实验条件下经100 h反应后活性和选择性均未发生变化. 程序升温烧碳结果表明,催化剂表面仅存在一种较高温度下才可除去的碳物种,它可能是石墨碳. XRD和BET结果证实,催化剂具有较高的结构稳定性. 荧光分析结果表明,在100 h的反应过程中活性组分未发生明显流失. 根据脉冲反应结果对以Niδ+-(La2O4-x)δ-作为氧的活性位和Ni0作为甲烷的活性位的直接氧化反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

Al2O3担载Ni-Cr/MgAl2O4催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究

利用浸渍法制备了担载于γ-Al2O3上的Ni-Cr/MgAl2O4尖晶石催化剂,考察了催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整的性能,结合X射线衍射(XRD)的表征结果,研究了催化剂的构效关系.实验结果表明,Ni、Cr担载量为15%和5%的催化剂对乙醇中低温水蒸气重整反应(SRE)表现出较高的催化活性和选择性,400℃时乙醇转化率可达到98.9%,氢气选择性为51.4%;450℃时,转化率可达到100%,氢气选择性为73.8%.     

Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of MnCl2·2H2O and MnCl2·2D2O

The heat capacities of MnCl₂·2H₂O and MnCl₂·2D₂O have been experimentally determined from 1.4 to 300 K. The smooth heat capacity and the thermodynamic functions (H°_T − H°₀) and S°_T are reported for the two compounds over the 10 and 300 K temperature range. The error in the thermodynamic functions at 10 K is estimated at 3%. Additional error in the tabulated values arising from the heat capacity data above 10 K is thought to be less than 1%. Lambda-shaped heat capacity features associated with antiferromagnetic ordering were observed at 6.67 ± 0.08 and 6.61 ± 0.08 K for the dihydrate and dideuterate, respectively. In addition, compound heat capacity anomalies consisting of a small lambda-shaped feature at 57.7 ± 0.5 K with a comparably large high-temperature shoulder extending to approximately 70 K were observed in both the dihydrate and dideuterate. The entropies associated with these anomalies are 0.42 ± 0.04 and 1.04 ± 0.04 J/mole-K, respectively.     

新型高水热稳定性MoNi/MgAl2O4加氢脱氧催化剂的制备

为了制备高水热稳定性MoNi/MgAl_2O_4加氢脱氧催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了镁铝尖晶石,并以之为载体负载活性组分Ni和Mo,然后使用体积分数20%小桐子油的正辛烷溶液作为原料在连续固定床反应器中评价了催化剂的加氢脱氧活性。采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附和SEM对载体进行了表征,考察了焙烧温度、pH值和(Mg+Al)/CA摩尔比对催化剂加氢脱氧性能的影响。结果表明,(Mg+Al)/CA摩尔比1.0,pH值1,焙烧温度800℃时催化剂MoNi/MgAl_2O_4的加氢脱氧活性最高,与催化剂MoNi/γ-Al_2O_3相比催化剂MoNi/MgAl_2O_4具有更加优异的水热稳定性和催化活性。     

Ca对PtSn／MgAl2O4结构及丙烷脱氢性能的影响

比较研究了Ｃａ改性的ＰｔＳｎ／ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４在氮气及水蒸汽稀稀释下的丙烷脱氢性能，并利用ＴＰＲ、Ｈ２－ＴＰＤ、ＸＰＳ及脉冲氢吸附对催化剂进行了表征，结果表明，ＰｔＳｎ／ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４中加入０．５％的Ｃａ，增加了催化剂的丙烷脱氢活性，抑制了积炭失活，过量Ｃａ的加入则促进了催化剂中Ｓｎ组分的还原，生成了零价锡并可能与Ｐｔ形成合金，从而导致催化剂失活。在水汽中反应哩，水蒸汽一方面可调变催化剂结构，增加其     

A single source precursor for low temperature processing of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel: synthesis and characterization of [MgAl2(μ3-O)(μ2-O(i)Pr)4(O(i)Pr)2]4

A novel polynuclear single-source precursor was prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Nano-crystalline MgAl(2)O(4) spinel was synthesized via sol-gel processing of [MgAl(2)(μ(3)-O)(μ(2)-O(i)Pr)(4)(O(i)Pr)(2)](4). XRD, TGA-DSC and HRTEM confirmed the formation of a spinel phase at 475 °C, a temperature lower than any known processing temperature for MgAl(2)O(4).     

Synthesis and thermochemical characteristics of Na2O · Al2O3 · 2.5H2O

A pure phase of monosodium aluminate hydrate Na₂O · Al₂O₃ · 2.5H₂O (MAH) is synthesized and characterized by means of XRD, IR, SEM, TGA, and DSC. The heat capacity of the compound is measured in the temperature range of ?100 to 100°C, and the thermal contributions to enthalpy and entropy are calculated. The standard entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs energy of formation of MAH at 298 K are estimated.     

MgAl2O4尖晶石的合成及作为甲烷部分氧化反应的良好催化剂载体

γ-Al2O3 has been intensively studied as a catalyst support in alkane conversion due to its large surface area. However, it is susceptible to crystal phase transition and favors catalyst sintering while the operaing temperature is higher than 700℃. Therefore, its application in industrial reactions is limited.     

Synthesis and crystal structure of the hydrated magnesium diphosphate Mg2P2O7·3.5H2O and its high temperature variant Mg2P2O7·H2O

The synthesis and crystal structure of a novel hydrated magnesium diphosphate and its high temperature variant are described. Both structures were solved from powder X-ray diffraction data. The room temperature variant with composition Mg₂P₂O₇·3.5H₂O crystallises in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c (No. 14) with a=10.9317(1), b=8.05578(9), c=9.2774(1) Å, β=90.201(1)°, V=816.99(2) ų and Z=4. The structure consists of sheets stacked along [100] which are linked through MgO₂(H₂O)₄ pillars into a three-dimensional framework with cavities containing water molecules. Within the sheets there are infinite edge-sharing chains of Mg octahedra along [010] which are cross linked by P₂O₇⁴⁻ groups. A high temperature variant exists around 200°C. The crystal structure of this compound with composition Mg₂P₂O₇·H₂O was solved and refined in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with a=18.6596(4), b=7.9769(1), c=8.9757(2) Å, β=107.378(1)°, V=1275.01(4) ų, Z=8. The transformation to Mg₂P₂O₇·H₂O involves removal of the water molecules in the cavities and the water molecules of the Mg octahedral pillars in Mg₂P₂O₇·3.5H₂O. The sheets in Mg₂P₂O₇·3.5H₂O however remain unchanged during the transformation as the water molecule coordinating Mg here is retained. These sheets are linked through tetrahedral MgO₄ pillars into a three-dimensional structure containing infinite 10-membered ring channels along [001]. Both compounds have been further characterised by ³¹P MAS NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and high temperature powder X-ray diffraction.     

Pt在MgAl2O4载体上的分散程度对催化苯甲醛加氢反应影响

构建催化剂特别是在亚纳米尺度下分散的贵金属催化剂的构效关系是多相催化研究领域中的主要任务之一.我们采用与金属Pt具有强相互作用的MgAl2O4尖晶石作为载体,通过简单浸渍法制备了在纳米、亚纳米和单原子尺度上分散的Pt催化剂.首先利用X射线衍射和原子分辨的球差校正电镜,确定了Pt在MgAl2O4尖晶石载体表面上随负载量增大逐渐形成孤立的和相邻的单原子Pt,然后逐渐形成无定形Pt聚集体和小晶粒;然后利用电感耦合等离子体光谱和CO化学吸附测定了催化剂中Pt的含量和分散度;进一步通过测定CO在Pt表面吸附的红外光谱,区分了载体表面单原子和金属颗粒表面原子的CO吸附特征结构,并据此对不同结构的Pt原子进行了半定量估算.考察了具有不同Pt分散结构的Pt/MgAl2O4催化剂的催化苯甲醛选择性加氢能力,发现以载体表面Pt单原子物种为主的催化剂,可在较宽的温度区间内保持较高的部分加氢产物苯甲醇的选择性(60–150oC,苯甲醇选择性99.4–97.9％,甲苯选择性～0.4％),而以Pt纳米颗粒为主的催化剂上苯甲醇选择性降低显著,同时生成较多深度加氢产物甲苯(60–150oC,苯甲醇选择性99.0–93.1％,甲苯选择性0.7–5.0％).此外,我们测定了各催化剂在不同转化率(～20–90％)时催化剂加氢反应的质量比活性和转化频率(TOF),并在较低苯甲醛转化率(～20％)时,估算了不同结构Pt物种对苯甲醛加氢反应的本征活性,发现Pt纳米颗粒表面原子比MgAl2O4载体表面Pt单原子本征活性更高(4807 h–1 versus 3277 h–1).综上,Pt单原子催化剂具有贵金属原子利用率高,本征活性和加氢选择性高等优点;Pt纳米催化剂表面原子深度加氢能力强,加氢选择性较差,虽本征活性更高,但不足以补偿贵金属原子利用率降低带来的活性损失,Pt质量比活性显著低于单原子催化剂.此外,MgAl2O4尖晶石负载的单原子Pt催化剂也具有良好的催化反应循环稳定性,是一种较为理想的催化苯甲醛选择性加氢制苯甲醇催化剂.     

Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of N2O− and (N2O)−2

We have recorded the photoelectron spectra of the gas phase negative ions N₂O⁻ and (N₂O)₂⁻ both of which were prepared in a nozzle ion source. The shift between the maxima of the two spectra is interpreted in terms of the dissociation energy of the dimer ion.     

载体焙烧温度对Ru/MgAl2O4催化剂液相苯部分加氢性能的影响

采用水热合成法制备了镁铝尖晶石(MgAl2O4)材料,制备了其负载的Ru催化剂,研究了MgAl2O4焙烧温度对Ru/MgAl2O4催化剂上液相苯部分加氢催化性能的影响.采用X射线粉末衍射、27A1固体核磁共振、傅里叶变换红外光谱、H2-程序升温还原、H2-程序升温脱附、N2物理吸附、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱等手...     

A combined experimental and model analysis on the effect of pH and O2(aq) on γ-radiolytically produced H2 and H2O2

The effects of pH and dissolved O₂ on the γ-radiolysis of water were studied at an absorbed dose rate of 2.5 Gy s⁻¹. Argon- or air-saturated water with no headspace was irradiated and the aqueous samples were analyzed for molecular radiolysis products (H₂ and H₂O₂) as a function of irradiation time. The experimental results were compared with computer simulation results using a comprehensive water-radiolysis kinetic model, consisting of the primary radiolysis production, subsequent reactions and related acid–base equilibria. Both the experimental and computer model results were discussed based on the steady-state kinetic analysis of smaller reaction sets consisting of key production and removal reactions. While the main production path for a water decomposition product is the primary radiolysis, the main removal path varies. For H₂O₂ the main removal path is the reactions with e_aq⁻ and OH, whereas for H₂ it is the reaction with OH. As a result, the presence of a dissolved species, or a change in chemical environment, affects the concentrations of H₂O₂ and H₂ through interaction with radicals e_aq⁻ and OH. Over a wide range of conditions, there exist quantitative but simple relationships between the radical and the molecular product concentrations. The experimental and model analyses show that dissolved oxygen increases the steady-state concentrations of H₂O₂ and H₂ by reacting with OH and e_aq^–, and the impact of oxygen is more noticeable at pH below 8. The steady-state concentrations of water decomposition products are nearly independent of pH in the range 5–8. However, raising pH above the pKa value of the acid–base equilibrium of H (⇆e_aq⁻+H⁺) significantly increases [H₂O₂] and [H₂] at the expenses of [OH] and [e_aq^–]. At pH >10, the radiolytical production of O₂ becomes significant, but at a finite rate. This considerably increases the time for the irradiated system to reach a steady state, and is responsible for different impacts on [H₂O₂] and [H₂] due to radically produced O₂, compared to impacts due to initially dissolved O₂. Model sensitivity analysis has shown that at higher pHs (pH >10) transient species such as O₂⁻ and O₃⁻ play a major role in determining the steady-state concentration of molecular products H₂ and H₂O₂. Further validation of the water radiolysis model, particularly at higher pHs, is also discussed.     

Apparent Molar Volumes and Adiabatic Compressibilities of Crown Ethers and Glymes in H2O and D2O at 25°C

The apparent molar volumes and adiabatic compressibilities of 18-Crown-6, 15-Crown-5, 12-Crown-4, tetraglyme, and triglyme were measured at 25°C in H₂O and D₂O. The contribution of the -CH₂CH₂O- group to the limiting partial molar volumes and compressibilities of cyclic and open-chain ethers in both solvents are compared and solvent isotope effects calculated. It is concluded, based on the compressibility results, that there is a subtle difference between the hydration of the ethene oxde group in cyclic and open-chain ethers and that this difference persists in D₂O. These results indicate that the calculation of limiting apparent molar compressibilities using additivity schemes will have to account for whether the group is in a cyclic or open-chain compound.