“Almost direct” photons

Quantum chromodynamics has intensified the interest and enhanced the importance of measuring the production of direct photons in hadron collisions. We point out that lepton pairs of low invariant mass (m² < m²_ψ) provide an equally good probe for testing Q.C.D. Their experimental observation is not only easier, the relevant data may already exist.     

A possible identification of x (3.45) with a “time-like” c excitation

We identify the four observed intermediate states between J/ψ and ψ′ with the four j^PC = j⁺⁺P waves of a relativistic bound state model. Assuming a point-like quark photon vertex we calculate bounds on their radiative couplings to J/ψ and ψ′ by the help of four-dimensional dipole sum rules. These bounds also imply upper bounds on the total widths.     

Comments on the unification of electromagnetism and gravitation through “Generalized Einstein manifolds”

Akbar-Zadeh [J. Geom. Phys. 17 (1995) 342] has recently proposed a new geometric formulation of Einstein-Maxwell system with source in terms of what are called “Generalized Einstein manifolds”. We show that, contrary to the claim, Maxwell equations have not been derived in this formulation, and that the assumed equations can be identified only as source-free Maxwell equations in the proposed geometric setup. A genuine derivation of source-free Maxwell equations is presented within the same framework. We draw a conclusion that the proposed unification scheme can pertain only to source-free situations.     

Corrections to “Space-like submanifolds in de Sitter spaces”: [J. Geom. Phys. 40 (2002) 370–378]

In this paper, we corrected some errors in [J. Geom. Phys. 40 (2002) 370]. In [J. Geom. Phys. 40 (2002) 370], the errors in Eqs. (32) and (44) influenced the conclusion of Theorem 3.1, Corollary 3.1 and Theorem 3.2.     

Zuckerwasser statt Öl: süßes “Frittieren”

Frittiert wird meist in Öl, aber muss das sein? Frittierfette haben of einen schlechten Ruf, und die Suche nach Alternativen nimmt kein Ende. Wie schön wäre es, mit schlichtem Wasser zu frittieren. Das hätte keine Kalorien, und viele Vorbehalte träten erst gar nicht auf. Aber Wasser siedet unter Normaldruck bei 100 °C – zu niedrig zum Frittieren. Durch Zuckerzugabe lässt sich der Siedepunkt deutlich erhöhen. Aber reicht dies zum Frittieren?     

Das „Isotopenthermometer”︁ im ewigen Eis: Mechanismen globaler Klimaschwankungen

Die Analysen von zwei Bohrkernen im grönländischen Eis haben unser Wissen über Klimaschwankungen und deren mögliche Ursachen stark erweitert. Die δ¹⁸ O‐Messreihe zeigt, dass der Übergang von der letzten Eiszeit zur Nacheiszeit in drastischen Sprüngen erfolgte und dass es auch während der Eiszeit schnelle, drastische Klimaänderungen, so genannte Dansgaard‐Oeschger ‐Ereignisse gab. Basierend auf der heute gültigen Beziehung zwischen mittlerer Jahrestemperatur und δ¹⁸ O‐Wert nahm man an, dass der Temperaturanstieg zwischen Eiszeitmaximum und Nacheiszeit rund 12°C und zu Beginn eines Dansgaard‐Oeschge‐Ereignisses rund 8°C betrugen. Neue Kalibrationsmethoden haben gezeigt, dass die Temperatursprünge praktisch doppelt so groß waren, wie die mit der Dansgaard‐Beziehung ermittelten. Erstaunlich sind vor allem die schnellen Temperaturanstiege. Ein Temperaturanstieg von mehr als 10°C e folgte oft in wenigen Jahrzehnten. Die Methanmessreihe ergab, dass die Dansgaard‐Oeschger ‐Ereignisse kein auf Grönland beschränktes Phänomen sind. Es sind Klimaschwankungen von globaler Bedeutung. Die zeitliche Synchronisation von Messreihen auf Grönland und der Antarktis mithilfe von Methanvariationen ergab, dass einer abrupten Erwärmung in Grönland oft eine Erwärmung in der Antarktis vorausging. Von zwei Kernbohrungen im Rahmen des „European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica”︁ erwartet man vor allem neue Erkenntnisse über Klimawechselwirkungen zwischen den beiden Hemisphären und über die Ursachen der Variationen von Treibhausgaskonzentrationen parallel zu globalen Klimaschwankungen.     

“T-odd effects” in unpolarized Drell–Yan scattering

We consider the leading twist “T-odd” contributions as the dominant source of the cos2 azimuthal asymmetry in unpolarized di-lepton production in Drell–Yan scattering. This asymmetry contains information on the distribution of quark transverse spin in an unpolarized proton. In a parton-spectator framework we estimate these asymmetries at 50 GeV center of mass energy. This azimuthal asymmetry is interesting in light of proposed experiments at GSI, where an anti-proton beam is ideal for studying the transversity properties of quarks due to the dominance of valence quark effects.     

Antimonide type-II “W” lasers: growth studies and guided-mode leakage into substrate

The lasing characteristics of mid-IR type-II “W” [InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlAsSb] structures are found to correlate strongly with the growth conditions and low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) properties. The highest PL intensities and narrowest PL lines are obtained when the wafers are grown at ≈480–510°C with mixed interface bonds. A number of structures grown at a non-optimal lower temperature (≈425°C) nonetheless yielded lower lasing thresholds, lower internal losses, and longer Shockley-Read lifetimes than any grown previously on the present Riber 32P MBE system. All of the laser spectra display regularly-spaced multiple peaks that are consistent with periodic modulation of the cavity loss due to mode-leakage into the GaSb substrate.     

Single-oscillator model and determination of optical constants of spray pyrolyzed amorphous SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> thin films

It has recently been shown that growth of a multilayer structure with one or more delta-layers at high temperature leads to spreading and asymmetrization of the dopant distribution [see, for example, E.F.J. Schubert, Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 8, 2980 (1990), A.M. Nazmul, S. Sugahara, M. Tanaka, J. Crystal Growth 251, 303 (2003); R.C. Newman, M.J. Ashwin, M.R. Fahy, L. Hart, S.N. Holmes, C. Roberts, X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 54, 8769 (1996); E.F. Schubert, J.M. Kuo, R.F. Kopf, H.S. Luftman, L.C. Hopkins, N.J. Sauer, J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1969 (1990); P.M. Zagwijn, J.F. van der Veen, E. Vlieg, A.H. Reader, D.J. Gravesteijn, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 4933 (1995); W.S. Hobson, S.J. Pearton, E.F. Schubert, G. Cabaniss, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1546 (1989); Delta Doping of Semiconductors, edited by E.F. Schubert (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996); Yu.N. Drozdov, N.B. Baidus', B.N. Zvonkov, M.N. Drozdov, O.I. Khrykin, V.I. Shashkin, Semiconductors 37, 194 (2003); E. Skuras, A.R. Long, B. Vogele, M.C. Holland, C.R. Stanley, E.A. Johnson, M. van der Burgt, H. Yaguchi, J. Singleton, Phys. Rev. B 59, 10712 (1999); G. Li, C. Jagadish, Solid-State Electronics 41, 1207 (1997)]. In this work analytical and numerical analysis of dopant dynamics in a delta-doped area of a multilayer structure has been accomplished using Fick's second law. Some reasons for asymmetrization of a delta-dopant distribution are illustrated. The spreading of a delta-layer has been estimated using example materials of a multilayer structure, a delta-layer and an overlayer.     

Comment on: “Solution of the Dirac equation for the Woods–Saxon potential with spin and pseudospin symmetry” [Phys. Lett. A 338 (2005) 90]

The bound-state method employed by Guo and Sheng [J.Y. Guo, Z.-Q. Sheng, Phys. Lett. A 338 (2005) 90] is shown inadequate since only one of their solutions remains compatible, in the spin-symmetric low-mass regime, with the physical boundary conditions. We clarify the problem and construct a new, correct solution in the pseudospin-symmetric regime.     

Bound on the ratio of decay amplitudes for -B0-->J/psiK*0 and B0-->J/psiK*0

We have measured the time-dependent decay rate for the process B-->J/psiK(*0) (892) in a sample of about 88x10(6) Upsilon(4S)-->B(-)B decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC. In this sample we study flavor-tagged events in which one neutral B meson is reconstructed in the J/psiK(*0) or J/psi(-)K(*0) final state. We measure the coefficients of the cosine and sine terms in the time-dependent asymmetries for J/psiK(*0) and J/psi(-)K(*0), find them to be consistent with the standard model expectations, and set upper limits at 90% confidence level (C.L.) on the decay amplitude ratios |A((-)B(0)-->J/psiK(*0))|/|A(B0-->J/psiK(*0))|<0.26 and |A(B0-->J/psi(-)K(*0))|/|A((-)B(0)-->J/psi(-)K(*0))|<0.32. For a single ratio of wrong-flavor to favored amplitudes for B0 and (-)B(0) combined, we obtain an upper limit of 0.25 at 90% C.L.     

“Loop the loop”

The applicability of the collective coordinate method (saddle-point approximation) for large-N planar models is discussed. Some unstated assumptions are clarified. Statements that Wilson loops form a complete set of gauge invariant operators are also examined and a set of generalized algebraic Mandelstam relations among Wilson loops is presented. The inclusion of loops that wind around themselves and cross many times, as independent variables, is stressed.     

Designing the “perfect” projection screen

A perfect diffuser would place 100% of the light leaving the projector in that small region of space where there will be audience eyes to observe it. It would not allow light from sources other than the projector to reach the eyes from the screen. The screen should be affordably priced and cosmetically unremarkable, e.g. seamless. The image seen by any observer should be equally bright over the whole screen. I discuss a way to approximate the perfect projection screen using kinoform diffusers, a Fresnel lens and a mirrored surface.     

Schlieren “PIV” for turbulent flows

The possibility of using commercial PIV equipment combined with schlieren optics to measure the velocity fields of turbulent flows is explored. Given a sufficiently high Reynolds number and adequate refractive flow differences, turbulent eddies can serve as the PIV “particles” in a schlieren image or shadowgram. The PIV software analyzes motion between consecutive schlieren or shadowgraph frames to obtain velocity fields. Velocimetry examples of an axisymmetric sonic helium jet in air and a 2D turbulent boundary layer at Mach 3 are shown. Due to optical path integration, axisymmetric flows require the inverse Abel transform to extract center-plane velocity data. Conditions for optimum schlieren sensitivity are examined. In its present embodiment, “schlieren PIV” is not useful for laminar flows nor for fully 3D flows. Otherwise it functions much like standard PIV under conditions where individual particles are not resolved and velocimetry is instead based on correlation of the motion of turbulent structures. “Schlieren PIV” shows significant promise for general refractive turbulent flow velocimetry if its integrative nature can be overcome through sharp-focusing optics.     

On “diagonal” Bianchi cosmologies

A list of the possible “diagonal” Bianchi cosmologies is given, with a proof that it is complete.     

Deformed “commutative” Chern–Simons’ system

Noncommutative Chern–Simons’ system is non-perturbatively investigated at a full deformed level. A deformed “commutative” phase space is found by a non-canonical change between two sets of deformed variables of noncommutative space. It is explored that in the “commutative” phase space all calculations are similar to the case in commutative space. Spectra of its energy and angular momentum of the Chern–Simons’ system are obtained at the full deformed level. The noncommutative–commutative correspondence is clearly showed. Formalism for the general dynamical system is briefly presented. Some subtle points are clarified.