Fe3O4 (111)|(110)和(001)表面结构的密度泛函理论研究

使用密度泛函理论对Fe₃O₄ (111),(110)和(001)的表面结构及稳定性进行了研究。Fe₃O₄ (111)表面有六种不同的终结形式,其中以四面体或八面体铁层终结的结构最稳定。对于(110)和(001)表面而言,分别有两种终结,且能量相近。计算结果与实验结果非常吻合并且合理解释了实验结果的争议性和复杂性。表面自由能的计算表明,(111)表面在热力学上不如(110)和(001)表面稳定,它的形成应该是动力学控制过程。     

基于一氧化碳、二氧化碳和氧气分子吸附为探针的碳化钼、碳化钨、氮化钼和氮化钨的表面化学性质：密度泛函理论分析

作为具有吸引力的电极材料,过渡金属碳化物与氮化物被应用在许多电化学储能及能量转换领域. 本工作中,通过密度泛函理论计算,以及一氧化碳 （CO）, 二氧化碳（CO₂）和 氧气（O₂）分子的吸附来表征钼和钨的碳化物及氮化物,如碳化钼（Mo₂C）、碳化钨（W₂C）、氮化钼（Mo₂N）和氮化钨（Mo₂C）的表面化学性质. 这些探针分子可为研究钼和钨的碳化物及氮化物表面在酸性/碱性的氧化还原性质提供衡量方法. 计算结果表明,CO₂分子的吸附发生在路易斯碱位,其碱性降低顺序为α-W₂C(001) > α-W₂N(001) > β-Mo₂C(001) > γ-Mo₂N(100). 此外,CO和O₂分子吸附可用于评估上述碳化物及氮化物的还原能力,其还原性减小顺序为β-W₂C(100) > α-Mo₂C(100) > α-W₂N(001) > α-W₂C(001) > β-Mo₂C(001) > γ-Mo₂N(100). 由于还原本性,使得上述这些碳化物和氮化物成为在各种催化反应中有可能取代贵金属的良好候选材料.     

CePO4低指数晶面结构性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论系统研究了CePO₄三个低指数晶面的几何结构、原子弛豫和表面能。通过观察表面结构以及比较表面能大小得出最优晶面。结果表明：表面原子均存在不同程度的弛豫,表面原子弛豫程度导致表面能的差异。表面能的大小顺序为(010)<(100)<(001),(010)晶面是CePO₄晶体稳定表面。稳定表面几何结构表明,终止末端暴露原子为O原子。使用Wulff结构计算的平衡形态表明(001)晶面、(010)晶面和(100)晶面面积分别占总晶体形状面积的14%,45%和41%。低能表面在Wulff结构中起主导作用,表面能越低的晶面面积占比越大。稳定的CePO₄晶面存在不饱和键,有利于气体分子的吸附。这项工作对CePO₄在其他方面的密度泛函理论(DFT)研究具有指导性意义,并将为CePO₄基催化剂上的吸附和解离提供稳定表面。     

交流碳弧法合成碳包碳化铁纳米晶

采用交流碳弧法高效合成碳包碳化铁纳米晶磁性微粉,磁性微粉产率达90%以上.用热重分析法(TG)测得磁性微粉中Fe的质量分数为17.5%.X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明,在碳包碳化铁微粉中存在Fe₃C和Fe₅C₂两种结构形式,不含纯Fe晶粒,碳层结构与石墨相似.在透射电镜(TEM)下观察了纳米晶的形貌和粒径分布,碳化铁纳米晶尺寸分布在3～10nm,并呈颗粒状分散在碳层中,碳层为巴基管和巴基葱的堆积体,形状各异,尺寸分布在几十纳米到几微米之间.讨论了碳包碳化铁纳米晶的形成机理.测定了磁性微粉的磁滞回线,其饱和磁感应强度Bs,剩磁Br和矫顽力Hc分别为2.6×10^-2T,2.5×10^-3T和5.52kA/m.     

二维Ti2C与Ti3C2表面OH、O、F、Au的吸附活性

较高的比表面积与稳定性使得二维Ti₂C与Ti₃C₂结构在贵金属催化剂载体、锂离子电池、储氢材料等领域具有重要的应用前景. 研究Ti₂C、Ti₃C₂的表面吸附活性有助于认识其表面特征. 第一性原理计算研究显示:Ti₂C与Ti₃C₂对O、OH、F具有较强的吸附活性. 通过比较Ti₂C、Ti₃C₂、Ti(001)、TiC(001)的表面电子结构, 我们发现Ti₂C与Ti₃C₂较强的表面吸附活性来自于表面Ti 原子未极化的3d轨道. 这使得Ti₂C、Ti₃C₂表面通常覆盖有O、F、OH. 吸附了O、OH基团的Ti₂C与Ti₃C₂结构(Ti₂CO_2-2x(OH)_2x、Ti₃C₂O_2-2x(OH)_2x)对Au原子的吸附能随OH比例的增大而增大.     

费托合成铁基催化剂中Fe3O4含量对CO2选择性的影响

本研究以共沉淀法制备的α-Fe₂O₃催化剂为前驱体，通过调变碳化温度和碳化时间制备了不同物相组成的系列催化剂，采用XRD、M?ssbauer谱、XPS和Raman光谱等技术考察了催化剂体相和表面物相组成，在此基础上研究了不同条件下(不同CO转化率和H₂O分压)催化剂的物相组成与催化剂性能之间的关系，重点探究了费托合成条件下CO₂生成的活性相。结果表明，升高碳化温度和延长碳化时间有利于Fe₃O₄向碳化铁转变。在典型的费托合成条件下，催化剂的活性受到碳化铁含量和积炭程度的共同影响。当H₂O分压较低时，动力学因素限制了水煤气变换(WGS)反应的进行，CO₂选择性仅受CO转化率的影响，Fe₃O₄含量变化对CO₂选择性无明显影响；而在较高的H₂O分压下，随着催化剂中Fe₃O₄含量增加，CO     

氟、硅掺杂对CeO2(001)表面结构及还原性能影响的第一性原理研究

使用DFT+U的方法研究了F,Si掺杂CeO₂(001)表面的结构和电子结构，分析了F,Si掺杂对CeO₂(001)表面还原性能的影响。结果表明：F,Si掺杂的CeO_1.963(001)体系中表层氧空位形成能均小于次表层氧空位形成能。CeO_1.963F_0.037(001)面的氧空位形成能比CeO_1.963(001)面的要大，而Ce_0.926Si_0.074O_1.963(001)面的氧空位形成能比CeO_1.963(001)面的要小。Si掺杂的CeO₂(001)面局部晶格发生畸变，结构变得不稳定。CeO₂(001)面的Ce 4f电子态部分占据费米能级，禁带宽度变为零，并且上下自旋电子态不对称；CeO_1.926F_0.037-sur面的Ce 4f电子态和O 2p电子态分布变得局域，费米能级处产...     

MgF2表面结构稳定性及电子特性的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了MgF₂(010)、MgF₂(001)、MgF₂(011)及MgF₂(110)四种表面10种构型的稳定性和电子特性. 结果表明: 四种表面的邻近表面几层原子均出现了明显的驰豫现象, 终止于单层F原子的表面相对稳定; 进一步对比分析四种表面(终止于单层F原子的稳定构型)的表面能发现, 稳定性依次减弱排列为MgF₂(110)、MgF₂(011)、MgF₂(010)、MgF₂(001); 最稳定的MgF₂(110)表面的态密度显示在费米能级以下较多的成键电子处于低能级区, 同时由于表面的影响, 导致表面F原子电荷聚集显负电性, 促使表面活性增加.     

新型二维碳化物晶体储锂性能的理论研究

MXenes是一类新型的二维金属碳化物或碳氮化物.本文使用密度泛函理论,分别研究了其中Ti₂C、Nb₂C和V₂C的结构与储锂性能,以及表面氟(F)官能团对其结构和储锂性能的影响.吸附能、态密度和电荷布居的计算结果表明:该二维晶体表面可以吸附双层锂原子. Ti₂C、V₂C和Nb₂C最高储Li的理论比容量分别为995.04、941.31、541.93 mAh·g^-1.此外, F官能团可以有效提高这三种二维晶体锂化结构的稳定性与导电性.     

S掺杂Fe-N-C高活性氧还原反应催化剂

采用微波加热和高温碳化技术, 以ZIF-8为前驱体, 在甲醇-水双溶剂体系中先后引入Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O和KSCN, 制备了一系列S掺杂的Fe-N-C催化剂（Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC）, 并通过X射线粉末衍射、 扫描透射电子显微镜和氮气吸附-脱附测试等表征手段进行分析. 结果表明, Fe和S两种元素的合理掺杂使Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC催化剂具有明显的分级多孔结构, 比表面积达到673 m²/g, 在酸、 碱电解质中均表现出了优异的氧还原催化性能. 在0.1 mol/L KOH中, Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC催化剂的半波电位达到0.880 V(vs. RHE), 高于商业Pt/C催化剂, 且表现出了比商业Pt/C更优的稳定性. 在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄中, Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC电催化氧还原的性能也与商业Pt/C催化剂相当.     

氮原子在铁低指数面上的吸附位和吸附态

应用原子和表面簇合物相互作用的5参数Morse势方法(5-MP)对N-Fe低指数表面体系进行了系统的研究, 并获得了全部临界点特性, 如吸附位、吸附几何、结合能、正则振动频率等. 计算结果表明: 在Fe(100)面, N原子吸附在四重洞位; 在Fe(110)表面, 趋向于吸附在膺式三重位; 而在Fe(111)表面最稳定的吸附位是近似桥位.     

CO2在金属表面活化的UBI-QEP方法研究

应用UBI-QEP方法估算了金属表面上形成的活化吸附态CO₂^-在Cu(111),Pd(111),Fe(111)和Ni(111)表面上的吸附热,计算了各种相关反应的活化能垒.结果表明,CO₂^-在4种过渡金属表面的相对稳定性的顺序为Fe>Ni>Cu>Pd;在Fe和Ni表面上CO₂^-较易生成,且容易进一步发生解离反应,在Fe表面会解离成C和O吸附原子,而在Ni表面上解离的最终产物为CO和O;在Cu表面上,CO₂^-虽较难形成,但其加氢反应的活化能比解离反应低,因此加氢反应是其进一步活化的有效模式;在Pd表面上,CO₂^-吸附态在能量上很不稳定,所以CO₂在Pd表面上不容易活化.     

HCN Adsorption on the Fe(100), Fe(111) and Fe(110) Surfaces: a Density Functional Theory Study

Twenty kinds of adsorptions of HCN on the Fe(100), Fe(111) and Fe(110) surfaces at the 1/4 monolayer coverage are found using the density functional theory. For Fe(100), the adsorption energy of the most stable configuration where the HCN locates at the fourfold site with the C-N bonded to four Fe atoms is 1.928 eV. The most favored adsorption structure for HCN on Fe(111) is f-η3(N)-h-η3(C), in which the C-N bond is almost parallel to the surface, and the adsorption energy is 1.347 eV. On Fe(110), the adsorption energy in the most stable configuration in which HCN locates at the two long-bridge sites is 1.777 eV. The adsorption energy of the parallel orientation for HCN is larger than that of the perpendicular configuration. The binding mechanism of HCN on the Fe(100), Fe(111) and Fe(110) surfaces is also analyzed by Mulliken charge population and the density of states in HCN. The result indicates that the configurations in which the adsorbed HCN becomes the non-linear are beneficial to the formation of the addition reaction for hydrogen. The nature that the introduction of Fe into the catalyst could increase the catalytic activity of the bimetallic catalyst in the addition reaction of hydrogen for nitriles is revealed.     

Density Functional Theory Study of C2Hx（x=4～6） Adsorption on the Fe（110） Surface

The density functional theory(DFT) and self-consistent periodic calculation were used to investigate the C2Hx(x = 4～6) species adsorption on the Fe(110) surface. The adsorption energy and equilibrium geometry of the species C2Hx(x = 4～6) on four possible sites(top,hcp,SB and LB) on the Fe(110) surface were predicted and compared. Mulliken charges and density of states analysis of the most stable site have been discussed. It is found that the species of C2H6 and C2H5 are adsorbed strongly on the Fe(110) surface with calculated adsorption energy of -80.24 and -178.89 kJ·mol-1 at the Fe-LB(long-bridge) ,respectively. However,the C2H4 is adsorbed strongly on the Fe(110) surface with calculated adsorption energies of -114.96 kJ·mol-1 at the top. The results indicate that the charge transferring process can be completed by chemisorption between Fe(110) surface and the species. Moreover,the chemical bands can be formed by chemisorptions between the Fe(110) surface and the species,too.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of （SiCl3）2Fe（CO）4

The compound （SiCl3）2Fe（CO）4 was synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. It crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P2 1/n with α = 8.287（2）, b = 9.829（2）, c = 9.042（2） A, β = 96.19（3）°, V= 732.2（3） A^3, C4Cl6FeO4Si2, Mr = 436.77, Z = 2, Dc = 1.981 g/cm^3, F（000） = 424, μ（MoKα） = 2.282 mm^-1, the final R = 0.048 and wR = 0.164 for 1109 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. The crystal structure of （SiCl3）2Fe（CO）4 reveals that the Si（l）- Fe-Si（l）^a sequence is linear and perpendicular to the Fe（CO）4 cross-shaped plane.     

Time‐Resolved High and Low Temperature Phase Transitions of the Nanocrystalline Cubic Phase in the Y2O3‐ZrO2 and Fe2O3‐ZrO2 System

The nanocrystalline cubic Phase of zirconia was found to be thermally stabilized by the addition of 2.56 to 17.65 mol % Y₂O₃ (5.0 to 30.0 mol % Y, 95.0 to 70.0 mol % Zr cation content). The cubic phase of yttria stabilized zirconia was prepared by thermal decomposition of the hydroxides at 400°C for 1 hr. 2.56 mol % Y₂O₃‐ZrO₂ was stable up to 800°C in an argon atmosphere. The samples with 4.17 to 17.65 mol % Y₂O₃ were stable to 1200°C and higher. All samples at temperatures between 1450°C to 1700°C were cubic except the sample with 2.56 mol % Y₂O₃ which was tetragonal. The crystallite sizes observed for the cubic phase ranged from 50 to 150 Å at temperatures below 900°C and varied from 600 to 800 nm between 1450°C and 1700°C. Control of furnace atmosphere is the main factor for obtaining the cubic phase of Y‐SZ at higher temperature. Nanocrystalline cubic Fe‐SZ (Iron Stabilized Zirconia) with crystallite sizes from 70 to 137 Å was also prepared at 400°C. It transformed isothermally at temperatures above 800°C to the tetragonal Fe‐SZ and ultimately to the monoclinic phase at 900°C. The addition of up to 30 mol % Fe(III) thermally stabilized the cubic phase above 800°C in argon. Higher mol % resulted in a separation of Fe₂O₃. The nanocrystalline cubic Fe‐SZ containing a minimum 20 mol % Fe (III) was found to have the greatest thermal stability. The particle size was a primary factor in determining cubic or tetragonal formation. The oxidation state of Fe in zirconia remained Fe³⁺. Fe‐SZ lattice parameters and rate of particle growth were observed to decrease with higher iron content. The thermal stability of Fe‐SZ is comparable with that of Ca‐SZ, Mg‐SZ and Mn‐SZ prepared by this method.     

H2O在Fe3O4 (111)表面吸附的结构及热力学研究

使用密度泛函理论（GGA/PBE）对H₂O在Fe_tet1-和Fe_oct2-终结Fe₃O₄ (111)表面的吸附行为进行了研究。对于Fe_tet1-终结表面,在1/5 ML覆盖度下,带有氢键的H₂O分子以及异裂解离的结构具有最高的稳定性,而类似水合氢离子的OH₃⁺-OH结构出现在2/5 ML覆盖度下,其次为带有氢键的水的聚合体。这些结果与实验中观测到的现象一致。对于Fe_oct2-终结表面,在1/6 ML覆盖度下,分子态H₂O的吸附是有利的,而在1/3 ML覆盖度下多种吸附形式共存。H₂O吸附在Fe_tet1-终结表面比吸附在Fe_oct2-终结表面热力学上更有利。此外,通过计算局域态密度（LDOS）对吸附机理进行了分析。     

Density function theory study of CO adsorption on Fe3O4(111) surface

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out for CO adsorption on the Fe(oct2)- and Fe(tet1)-terminated Fe(3)O(4)(111) surfaces, which are considered as active catalysts in water-gas shift reaction. It is found that the on-top configurations are most stable on these two surfaces. Some bridge configurations are also stable in which the new C-O bond formed between the surface O atom and the C atom of CO. The adsorption on the Fe(oct2)-terminated surface is more stable than on the Fe(tet1)-terminated surface. The density of state reveals the binding mechanism of CO adsorption on the two surfaces. Our calculations have also shown that the absorbed CO can migrate from the on-top site to the bridge site or 3-fold site. The oxidation of CO via surface oxygen atoms is feasible, which is in good agreement with experimental results.     

Fe/Fe3C Nanoparticles Encapsulated in N-Doped Hollow Carbon Spheres as Efficient Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction over a Wide pH Range

Nonprecious-metal-based electrocatalysts with low cost, high activity, and stability are considered as one of the most promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, an economical and easy-to-fabricate catalyst is developed, that is, Fe/Fe₃C embedded in N-doped hollow carbon spheres (Fe/Fe₃C/NHCS), which gave the half-wave potential of 0.84 V in 0.1 m KOH, similar to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Surprisingly, the favorable ORR performance of the as-prepared catalyst was obtained in both acidic and neutral conditions with almost a four-electron pathway and low H₂O₂ yield, which desirable the development of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) technology. Additionally, the obtained catalyst demonstrated better long-term stability and high methanol tolerance over a wide range of pH. These features could be mainly attributed to the synergistic effect between Fe/Fe₃C and Fe-N_x sites, the hollow structure with mesopores, and the well-dispersed Fe/Fe₃C nanoparticles owing to the existence of the abundant hydrophilic groups within the HCS precursor. As such, designing an efficient and cheap ORR catalyst that can operate at alkaline, acidic, and neutral solutions is highly desirable, yet challenging.