同时具有动力学破缺和普通自发破缺的手征SU(2)L SU(2)R σ-模型

本文研究了真空同时具有动力学破缺和普能自发破缺的手征SU(2)_L SU(2)_R σ-模型,得到了有质量的π介子,并对π介子获得质量的机制做了讨论.     

EMC效应与光锥量子场论

本文指出应用无穷大动量坐标系的编时微扰理论,或其等效形式,一般坐标系的光锥微扰理论处理轻子原子核深度非弹散射时,脉冲近似的适用条件成立并可忽略末态相互作用的贡献.为此,本文把光锥量子场论应用于强子-介子场,引入一个原子核的相对论性复合粒子模型,然后在此模型中应用脉冲近似来讨论轻子原子核深度非弹散射.     

在半内含过程中用动力学破缺计算π介子的碎裂函数

本文用QCD理论,计算π介子的碎裂函数.在高能时,应用渐近自由的微扰论.但在夸克飞行一段距离后,由于囚禁的作用,夸克碎裂成强子.囚禁的影响是发生在大距离的低能现象,此时π介子应该是Goldstone粒子,此粒子是动力学自发破缺的结果.因此本文用动力学自发破缺机制计算低能现象的π介子碎裂函数.     

动力学破缺和普通自发破缺的手征SU(2)×SU(2)σ模型(Ⅱ)

本文应用复合场的有效作用量,研究了同时具有动力学破缺和普通自发破缺情况下,SU(2)×SU(2)σ模型中π介子的质量谱;证明了在考虑了微扰效应后,π介子仍具有质量.在最低阶近似下,π介子的质量谱与我们以前的结论一致.     

动力学破缺和普通自发破缺的手征SU(2)×SU(2)σ模型(Ⅱ)

本文应用复合场的有效作用量,研究了同时具有动力学破缺和普通自发破缺情况下,SU(2)×SU(2)σ模型中π介子的质量谱;证明了在考虑了微扰效应后,π介子仍具有质量.在最低阶近似下,π介子的质量谱与我们以前的结论一致.     

Z~0的辐射衰变和重轻子

用SU(2)⊕U(1)规范理论,假定轻子为两个左手二重态两个右手二重态,两个中性左手单态。自发破缺的结果除电子和电子中微子外,还出现新的中微子以及一个带电的和两个中性重轻子。假定带电重轻子质量介于Z~0和W之间,至少有一个中性重轻子比较重,则Z~0的辐射衰变实验可以得到解释。     

Z0的辐射衰变和重轻子

用SU(2)⊙U(1)规范理论, 假定轻子为两个左手二重态两个右手二重态, 两个中性左手单态. 自发破缺的结果除电子和电子中微子外, 还出现新的中微子以及一个带电的和两个中性重轻子. 假定带电重轻子质量介于Z⁰和W之间, 至少有一个中性重轻子比较重, 由Z⁰的辐射衰变实验可以得到解释.     

低能π介子—核子散射

本文应用向前方向附近的定角色散关系推出了π介子-核子散射的s波和p波振幅的积分方程。方程中包含湮没过程的贡献,其中主要贡献来自二π介子中间态,为了检验ππ作用在π介子-核子散射过程中的效应,将散射相移观察值代入方程中作了数值计算。利用了核子电磁结构形式因子的实验知識,取共振能量平方t_r=20,得到了I=J=1ππ散射共振宽度参数r≌0.1。此结果可同时符合三个低角动量分波振幅的实验材料,但共振宽度要比观察值小。     

动力学破缺和真空自发破缺的手征SU(2)L×SU(2)R×U(1)σ模型

将SU(2)_L×SU(2)_R手征对称的σ模型推广到带电磁场情况下的手征σ模型,采用研究自恰性方程的方法研究了同时具有动力学破缺和真空自发破缺的手征SU(2)_L×SU(2)_R×U(1)σ模型,得到了考虑动力学自发破缺、真空自发破缺和电磁相互作用后,σ、π介子和核子都出现了不同的质量修正,并得到此模型中σ,π和核子以不同方式依赖于动力学破缺的具体表示.     

超弦低能模型对称性的破缺

本文通过单圈辐射修正的方法,讨论了一个具有规范对称群SU(3)_C×SU(2)_L×SU(2)_R×SU(1)²的超弦低能模型在中间质量M₁处对称性的破缺.在唯象讨论的基础上,我们解决了一般超弦低能模型中存在的中微子质量问题,同时给出了软破缺参数A、m和M初值的取值范围.     

The nonlinear effects of quantum electrodynamics at high energies

In this paper we considere ⁺ e ^? scattering with intermediate photon-photon scattering as a possibility for getting information about the nonlinear effects of quantum electrodynamics (QED) at high energies. This process is a higher-order correction to double bremsstrahlung. However, these two processes have quite different behaviour with the photon-photon scattering angle. Here we calculate the unpolarized differential cross section of thee ⁺ e ^? scattering with intermediate γγ scattering and also the interference terms with the double bremsstrahlung. Moreover, we show that the sum of these two contributions predominates over the contribution of the double bremsstrahlung for sufficiently large scattering angles of the photons. This result enables us to extract the differential cross section of the γγ scattering. Through extrapolation to different kinematical conditions we can get the cross sections for nearly real photon-photon scattering, photon splitting and Delbrück scattering. As a quantitative example we use the result for a test of the electron propagator in a gauge-invariant way with the usual minimal interaction. We give also numerical examples of this test, which will improve the present values of the testing parameters.     

Pseudo-observables in axial gauge

We have given a first application of the axial gauge à la Dams and Kleiss to the standard model (SM) physics at the LHC. We have focused on the issue of providing a well-behaved signal definition in presence of potentially strong gauge cancellations at high energies. As a first illustration, we have analyzed the production of WZ vector-boson pairs, which gives rise to four final-state fermions. Purely leptonic finalstates, pp→lν̄_ll^′l^′̄, have been numerically investigated in the region of high center-of-mass energies and large scattering angles, which are particularly sensitive to gauge dependences. We have found that the axial gauge is the appropriate framework to recover a meaningful separation of signal and irreducible background over the full energy domain.     

On total photon cross sections and contributions of the new quark states

The vector dominance model is used to calculate the contributions of the ψ-family to total photon cross sections, the parameters being estimated from the radiative and leptonic decays of the ψ-states. This is found to be rather small when compared to the recent data of Caldwell et al. on σ_tot(γp) at Fermilab energies. To explain this discrepancy, it is then conjectured that, within the context of VDM, one may have to invoke the recently hypothesized multiquark states to give the observed increase in σ_tot(γp); upper limits are set on their contributions.     

Meson exchange and isobar current effects in nuclear photon scattering

Explicit expressions of meson exchange and isobar current contributions to the nuclear two-photon amplitude are derived in the non-relativistic limit. In connection with this amplitude the requirement of gauge invariance on the photon scattering amplitude and on the nuclear electromagnetic interaction operator is discussed in detail.     

Helicity conservation in gauge boson scattering at high energy

We remark that the high energy gauge boson scattering processes involving two-body initial and final states satisfy certain selection rules described as helicity conservation of the gauge boson amplitudes (GBHC). These rules are valid at the Born level, as well as at the level of the leading and subleading 1-loop logarithmic corrections, in both the standard model and the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). A "fermionic equivalence" theorem is also proved, which suggests that GBHC is valid at all orders in the MSSM at sufficiently high energies, where the mass suppressed contributions are neglected.     

On the 1-Loop Renormalization of the Electroweak Standard Model and its Application to Leptonic Processes

A renormalization scheme for the electroweak standard model is presented in which the electric charge and the masses of the gauge bosons, Higgs particle and fermions are used as physical parameters. The photon is treated such that quantum electrodynamics is contained as a simple substructure. Field renormalization respecting the gauge symmetry gives finite propagators and vertex functions. The Ward identities between the Green functions of the unphysical sector allow a renormalization that maintains the simple pole structure of the propagators in the t'Hooft-Feynman gauge. We give a complete list of self energies and all renormalization constants also in the unphysical Higgs and ghost sector. Explicit results are given for the renormalized self energies, vertex functions and boxes that enter the evaluation of 1-loop radiative corrections to fermionic processes. We calculate the 1-loop radiative corrections to purely leptonic reactions like μ decay, vμ_μe scattering and μ pair production in e⁺e⁻annihilation. A test of the standard model is performed by comparing these low energy data with the results of the PP collider experiments for the W and Z boson masses.     

Photon-photon elastic scattering in the visible domain

We are investigating the direct detection of photon-photon elastic scattering at optical energies. In a first experiment using two high-intensity pulsed laser beams, we have explored the feasibility of the method, and in particular the rejection of back-ground noise. We obtained an upper limit of the photon-photon elastic scattering cross section at 95% confidence level of 10^?39 cm². This limit can be lowered by twenty orders of magnitude by stimulating the scattering by a third beam, and by using high repetition rate existing lasers.     

Towards a nonperturbative foundation of the dipole picture: II. High energy limit

This is the second of two papers in which we study real and virtual photon-proton scattering in a nonperturbative framework. In the first paper we have identified the leading contributions to this process at high energies and have derived expressions for them which take into account the renormalisation of the photon-quark-antiquark vertex. In the present paper we investigate the approximations and assumptions that are necessary to obtain the dipole model of high energy scattering from the results derived in the first paper. We discuss the gauge invariance of different contributions to the scattering amplitude and point out some subtleties related to gauge invariance in the correct definition of a perturbative photon wave function. As a phenomenological consequence of the dipole picture we derive a bound on the ratio of the cross sections for longitudinally and transversely polarised photons. This bound is independent of any particular model for the dipole-proton cross section and allows one to test the validity of the assumptions leading to the dipole picture in particular at low photon virtualities. We conclude that the naive dipole model formula should be supplemented by two additional terms which can potentially become large at small photon virtualities.     

The accelerated scaling attractor solution of the interacting agegraphic dark energy in Brans–Dicke theory

We study the deeply virtual Compton scattering off a spin-one particle, as the case for the coherent scattering off a deuteron target. We extend our approach, formulated initially for a spinless case, and discuss the role of twist three contributions for restoring the gauge invariance of the amplitude. Using twist three contributions and relations, which emanate from the QCD equations of motion, we derive the gauge invariant amplitude for the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) off hadrons with spin 1. Using the derived gauge invariant amplitude, the single spin asymmetry is discussed.     

Vibrational spectra of ammonia chemisorbed on platinum (111): II. The electron scattering mechanism

We have measured the angle and energy dependence of the inelastic cross sections for NH₃ chemisorbed on Pt(111). The relative contributions of dipole and nondipole processes in the on-specular intensities were determined. The angular dependence (off-specular scattering) was found to be more useful than the impact energy dependence for discrimination between the two scattering mechanisms. For both molecular states of NH₃/Pt(111), strong impact scattering contributions were found in the NH stretching mode intensities. One particular mode, the degenerate stretch [ν_d(NH)] was selectively excited by impact scattering. The energy dependence showed an enhancement of all of the inelastic intensities at low impact energies (1 eV). This enhancement was found to be a result of a surface reflectivity increase, coupled with an increase in the inelastic cross section. The latter increase is not predicted by dipole theory. Determination of the molecular orientation was not possible, due to the complex contributions of dipole and impact scattering.