Assessment of transmission of the shear stress in potted anchors for composite rods 1. Sleeve of constant thickness

The key problem facing the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) stay cables and tendons is the anchorage. Potted (bond-type) anchors have been used more extensively than anchors of any other type. The main aim in the design of anchors is to minimize the peak shear stress at the FRP rod-pottant interface. To this end, parametric analyses of the stress state in the anchors are carried out. Since parametric studies can not be easily performed by the finite-element method, an analytical model of the anchor is proposed. The model involves significant simplifying assumptions and allows one to obtain a relatively simple analytical solution for shear-stress distributions at the FRP rod-pottant interface. The use of this solution at various boundary conditions and various geometrical and mechanical parameters of anchor components enables one to search for and evaluate, at least qualitatively, different methods for decreasing the peak interfacial shear stress in the anchor. In this part of the investigation, an anchor consisting of a sleeve of constant thickness is considered. Russian tanslation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 321-346, May-June, 2009.     

Assessment of transmission of the shear stress in potted anchors for composite rods 3. Bipotted anchor

Our previous investigation into the means for decreasing the peak interfacial shear stress in bond-type anchors for fiber-reinforced polymer rods [1, 2] is extended to include the case where the bonded length of the rod is divided into two regions, each having a potting material with a different elastic modulus. Based on the analytical model developed earlier, a detailed parametric analysis of the influence of such parameters of a bipotted anchor as the relative lengths of anchorage zones and the pottant moduli is carried out for two schemes of anchor loading.     

An improved closed-form solution to interfacial stresses in rc beams strengthened with a composite plate

The strengthening of concrete structures in situ with externally bonded fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite sheets is increasingly being used for the repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. However, debonding along the FRP-concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses have played a significant role in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. In this paper, an improved theoretical analysis of the interfacial stresses is presented for a simply supported concrete beam bonded with a FRP plate. The shear strains of the adherends have been included in the present theoretical analysis by assuming a parabolic distribution of shear stress across their thickness. Contrary to some existing studies, the assumption that both adherends have the same curvature is not used in the present investigation. The results of this numerical study are beneficial for understanding the mechanical behavior of material interfaces and for the design of hybrid FRP-reinforced concrete structures.     

A comparative study of fiber-matrix interactions by using micromechanical models

The purpose of this study is to describe the interfacial interactions in terms of stress distributions on short fibers in fiber-matrix unit-cell models. The fiber and matrix are subjected to tensile loading. The study consists of three main parts. First, fiber-matrix cell segments are modeled using a 3D finite-element analysis (FEA) with ANSYS. Three different finite-element geometrical unit-cell models are generated in order to simulate the Cox analytical model: a fiber-matrix combination, a single fiber, and a single matrix element. The second part contains the results of 3D FE analyses, which are applied to the Cox formulations by using a computer program developed. In the last part, the analytical solutions for distributions of normal and shear stresses are investigated. Cox 2D linear elasticity solutions, together with finite-element ones, are presented in detail in graphs. The interfacial interactions between the fibers and matrix are also discussed considering the relative changes in the distributions of normal and shear stresses. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 505–520, July–August, 2008.     

Finite element analysis of pressure vessel using beam on elastic foundation analysis

In this study, we first applied the variation principle to derive a new finite element method (FEM) based on the theory of beam on elastic foundation using line element. The derived FEM was then applied to solve, for the first time, the pressure vessel problems with uniform thickness. Our FEM results, obtained even by using only one line element, agreed exactly with the available closed-form solution, confirming the validity and computing efficiency of our finite element formulation. Moreover, we have applied our new FEM to solve pressure vessel problems with non-uniform thickness where no exact analytical solution is known to exist. The distributions of discontinuity stress in the cylindrical part were obtained. We found that shear force and bending moment were indeed discontinuous at the geometrically discontinuous juncture, due to the bending rigidity and elastic constant change by the non-uniform thickness. Finally, the case of discontinuity stresses in a bimetallic joint was also studied. The locations of maximum shear force and bending moment were found to be affected by the bending rigidity of the material.     

Imperfect interface effect for nano-composites accounting for fiber section shape under antiplane shear

This paper investigates the elastic responses of fibrous nano-composites with imperfectly bonded interface under longitudinal shear. The proposed imperfect interface model is the shear lag (or the spring layer) model; the presented nano interfacial stress model is the Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface model; and the three-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model is the geometry model accounting for the fiber section shape. By virtue of the complex variable method, a generalized self-consistent method is employed to derive the closed from solution of the effective antiplane shear modulus of the fibrous nano-composites with imperfect interface. Five existing solutions can be regarded as the limit form the present analytic expression. The influences of the interface elastic constant, the interfacial imperfection parameter, the size of the elliptic section fiber, the fiber section aspect ratio, the fiber volume fraction and the fiber elastic property on the effective antiplane shear modulus of the nano-composites are discussed. Particularly, numerical results demonstrate that the interfacial elastic imperfection will always cause a significant reduction in the effective antiplane shear modulus; and the fiber interface stress effect on the effective modulus of the fibrous nano-composites will weaken with the interfacial imperfection increases.     

Optimization of arches using genetic algorithm

An optimization procedure is presented for the minimum weight and strain energy optimization for arch structures subjected to constraints on stress, displacement and weight responses. Both thickness and shape variables defining the natural line of the arch are considered. The computer program which is developed in this study can be used to optimize thick, thin and variable thickness curved beams/arches. An automated optimization procedure is adopted which integrates finite element analysis, parametric cubic spline geometry definition, automatic mesh generation and genetic algorithm methods. Several examples are presented to illustrate optimal arch structures with smooth shapes and thickness variations. The changes in the relative contributions of the bending, membrane and shear strain energies are monitored during the whole process of optimization.     

Coupling effect of thickness and shear deformation on size-dependent bending of micro/nano-scale porous beams

A unified nonlocal strain gradient beam model with the thickness effect is developed to investigate the static bending behavior of micro/nano-scale porous beams. Size-dependent governing equations and corresponding analytical solutions for the bending of hinged-hinged beams are obtained by employing minimum total potential energy principle, the Navier solution method as well as the variational-consistent boundary conditions. For nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) with thickness effect, virtual strain energy function of shear beams can contain additional nonlocal shear stress and high-order nonlocal shear stress related to the thickness direction in comparison with that of Euler–Bernoulli beam, so the coupling of the shear and thickness effects should be drawn huge attention. By means of detailed numerical analysis, it is found that, the stiffness-hardening effect is underestimated in NSGT without the thickness effect, and the stiffness-hardening and stiffness-softening effects of NSGT with the thickness effect can be not only length-dependent but also thickness-dependent. Interestingly, the generalized Young’s modulus depends on half-wave number, which means that the generalized Young’s modulus may be different due to applied load types. In the context of NSGT with the thickness effect, the deflection of Euler–Bernoulli beam predicted is smaller than that of shear beam, especially for thick beams. Furthermore, porosities distributed in the top or bottom of beams can possess a greater influence on the decrease of overall stiffness of beam than those distributed in the vicinity of the middle plane of beams.     

Impact indentation of a rigid body into an elastic layer. Axisymmetric problem

An axisymmetric contact-impact problem is considered for an elastic layer subjected to normal indentation of a rigid body. An exact analytical solution is obtained in the case of a blunt shape of the indenter having a given velocity, and the stress pattern under multiple reflections is analyzed depending on the layer thickness. A numerical solution of the problem with arbitrary indenter shape is obtained on the basis of the simplified model of the theory of elasticity having a single displacement coincident with the impact direction. The explicit finite difference algorithm is designed on the basis of the mesh dispersion minimization technique. A parametric analysis is presented of the stress pattern developed with time with respect to variations of irregular shapes of the indenter and its masses.     

Complex variable solutions for tunnel excavation at great depth in visco-elastic geomaterial considering the three-dimensional effects of tunnel advance

This paper proposes complex variable solutions for stress and displacement fields for tunnel excavation at great depth in a visco-elastic geomaterial, considering the equivalent three-dimensional effect, liner installation, supporting delay, and the interaction between liner and geomaterial. The geomaterial is simulated by three typical visco-elastic models: the three-parameter solid model, the Poyting–Thomson model and the Burgers model. The proposed solutions can simulate both tunnel excavation and liner installation stages, which are continuous in the time dimension. In the derivation, the variable substitution, the Laplace transform, and their inverse computations are applied. The proposed solutions are verified in detail by comparing to a numerical solution and a set of field data. Good agreements between the analytical solution and the numerical solution/field data are observed, indicating the validity of the proposed solutions. Subsequently, a parametric study is performed to investigate the influences of tunnel geometry (including tunnel size and liner thickness), material parameters of liner and geomaterial (including Poisson's ratio, shear modulus and viscosity of both elements), tunnel advance rate, and liner installation time moment (denoting supporting delay) on the stress and displacement fields in liner and geomaterial. The proposed solutions may serve as an alternative method for the conceptual and preliminary designs in tunnel engineering.     

Quadruple Trigonometrical Series Equations and Their Application to an Inclusion Problem in the Theory of Elasticity

Closed form solution of quadruple series equations involving cosine kernels has been obtained by reducing the series equations into triple Abel's type integral equations which in turn are reduced to a single integral equation. Making use of finite Hilbert transforms the solution of the single integral equation is obtained in closed form. This solution is used to solve an electrostatic problem. The results of this paper have also been used in a two-dimensional elastostatic problem under anti-plane shear and the effect of rigid line inclusions with thickness on the Griffith cracks has been examined. The expressions for shear stress and stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack are obtained. Finally, some numerical results for the stress intensity factor and shear stress distribution are obtained.     

界面弧形裂纹对混凝土开裂强度的影响研究

混凝土由于水分蒸发、干缩、泌水以及骨料与砂浆变形不一致等原因会导致骨料与砂浆的界面层中产生弧形裂纹,从而对混凝土开裂强度产生很大影响.从细观角度将混凝土视作由粗骨料和水泥砂浆组成的两相复合材料,并将界面层视为粗骨料与水泥砂浆的接触层进行分析.首先基于相互作用直推估计(interaction direct derivative, IDD)法,考虑混凝土中骨料颗粒的相互作用,将施加在混凝土表征体积元的远场外荷载等效为无限大基体中含单一骨料的等效外荷载.然后,将等效外荷载转化为最大和最小主应力,基于断裂力学理论得到界面层中弧形裂纹的应力强度因子,并根据复合型裂纹幂准则判断弧形裂纹是否发生开裂,进而来研究混凝土开裂强度的变化规律.通过与数值模拟结果的比较,验证了界面弧形裂纹应力强度因子解析解的有效性,参数分析结果表明,当裂纹与最大主应力垂直或与最小主应力呈45°夹角时,骨料周围弧形裂纹最易发生开裂破坏.随着裂纹长度增加,混凝土受拉和受压开裂强度先减小后增大,且均存在最不利的裂纹长度.混凝土开裂强度随着骨料体积分数的增加而增大,随着骨料粒径的增大而减小.在裂纹长度较小时,增大骨料的弹性模量有利于提高混凝土开裂强度.骨料周围承受同号应力可以提高混凝土的开裂强度,反之,异号应力会降低开裂强度.     

A (3,2) reduced degree-of-freedom unified zigzag laminated beam theory

A (3,2) unified zigzag beam theory is developed with a reduced number of degree-of-freedom. Comparing to previous methods in the field of zigzag beam theory, the main novelty in this paper's method is that a more general non-vanishing top/bottom surface's shear stress boundary conditions are satisfied automatically in strong form. The bottom surface shear stress condition and the interface shear stress continuity conditions are used to uniquely determine the coefficients of zigzag functions. For the top surface shear stress condition, it is used to eliminate one degree-of-freedom, changing the 7°-of-freedom (3,2) zigzag beam to a 6°-of-freedom (3,2) zigzag beam. The zigzag coefficients are derived with an explicit formulation. Since the proposed method's formula is based on the unified beam theory, the formulation can be applied to any specific beam theory. The corresponding zigzag coefficients are also dependent on the specific beam theory's thickness basis function.In the numerical test section, several benchmark problems are solved to verify the accuracy. It is observed that the proposed beam has accurate solution for both thick and thin beams. The shear stress accuracy is also good for both vanishing and non-vanishing shear stress boundary conditions on top/bottom surfaces.     

A geometrically nonlinear (3,2) reduced degree-of-freedom unified zigzag laminated beam element for large deformation analysis

A geometrically nonlinear (3,2) unified zigzag beam element is developed with a reduced number of degree-of-freedom for the large deformation analysis. The main merit of the beam element model is the Kirchhoff and Cauchy shear stress solution for large deformation and large strain analysis is more accurate. The geometrically nonlinearity is considered in the calculation of the zigzag coefficients. Thus, the results of shear Cauchy stress are matching well with solid element analysis in case of the beam with aspect ratio greater than 20 under large deformation. The zigzag coefficients are derived explicitly. The Green strain and the second Piola Kirchhoff stress are used. The second Piola Kirchhoff shear stress is continuous at the interface between adjacent layers priori. The bottom surface second Piola Kirchhoff shear stress condition is used to determine the zigzag coefficient and the top surface second Piola Kirchhoff shear stress condition is used to reduce one degree-of-freedom. The nonlinear finite element equations are derived. In the numerical tests, several benchmark problems with large deformation are solved to verify the accuracy. It is observed that the proposed beam has accurate solution for beam with aspect ratio greater than 20. The second Piola Kirchhoff and Cauchy shear stress accuracy is also good. A convergence study is also presented.     

The diffusion of a discontinuity of the shear stress at the boundary of a viscoplastic half-plane

For the problem of the diffusion of a discontinuity of the shear stress at the boundary of a half-plane, which is a special case of the general problem of the diffusion of a vortex layer, the classes of media and types of assignment of boundary conditions for which self-similar solutions exist are discussed. For a viscoplastic medium in a half-plane the problem reduces to the problem in a layer of time-variable thickness, the solution of which does not possess the property of analyticity. The long-term asymptotic of this problem are investigated. In the case where, at an accessible boundary, it is possible simultaneously to measure both the shear stress and the horizontal velocity, an algorithm is proposed for finding a quantity that is difficult to measure, A namely, the thickness of the zone of viscoplastic flow.     

Analysis of functionally graded plates using higher order shear deformation theory

This work addresses a static analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) plates using higher order shear deformation theory. In the theory the transverse shear stresses are represented as quadratic through the thickness and hence it requires no shear correction factor. The material property gradient is assumed to vary in the thickness direction. Mori and Tanaka theory (1973) [1] is used to represent the material property of FGM plate at any point. The thermal gradient across the plate thickness is represented accurately by utilizing the thermal properties of the constituent materials. Results have been obtained by employing a C° continuous isoparametric Lagrangian finite element with seven degrees of freedom for each node. The convergence and comparison studies are presented and effects of the different material composition and the plate geometry (side-thickness, side–side) on deflection and temperature are investigated. Effect of skew angle on deflection and axial stress of the plate is also studied. Effects of material constant n on deflection and the temperature distribution are also discussed in detail.     

Elastic fields in two imperfectly bonded half-planes with a thermal inclusion of arbitrary shape

A general method is presented for the rigorous solution of Eshelby’s problem concerned with an arbitrary shaped inclusion embedded within one of two dissimilar elastic half-planes in plane elasticity. The bonding between the half-planes is considered to be imperfect with the assumption that the interface imperfections are uniform. Using analytic continuation, the basic boundary value problem is reduced to a set of two coupled nonhomogeneous first-order differential equations for two analytic functions defined in the lower half-plane which is free of the thermal inclusion. Using diagonalization, the two coupled differential equations are decoupled into two independent nonhomogeneous first-order differential equations for two newly defined analytic functions. The resulting closed-form solutions are given in terms of the constant imperfect interface parameters and the auxiliary function constructed from the conformal mapping which maps the exterior of the inclusion onto the exterior of the unit circle. The method is illustrated using several examples of an imperfect interface. In particular, when the same degree of imperfection is realized in both the normal and tangential directions between the two half-planes, a thermal inclusion of arbitrary shape in the upper half-plane does not cause any mean stress to develop in the lower half-plane. Alternatively, when the imperfect interface parameters are not equal, then a nonzero mean stress will be induced in the lower half-plane by the thermal inclusion of arbitrary shape in the upper half-plane. Detailed results are presented for the mean stress and the interfacial normal and shear stresses caused by a circular and elliptical thermal inclusion, respectively. Results from these calculations reveal that the imperfect bonding condition has a significant effect on the internal stress field induced within the inclusion as well as on the interfacial normal and shear stresses existing between the two half-planes especially when the inclusion is near the imperfect interface.     

基于粘弹性本构模型的双搭接胶结接头应力分析

采用广义Maxwell（麦克斯韦尔）粘弹性本构模型表征胶黏剂的时间相关力学特性,采用Yeoh本构模型描述橡胶材料的超弹性,建立了钢-橡胶双搭接胶结接头的有限元计算模型.在此基础上分析了加载时间对接头粘接界面剪切应力的影响.计算结果表明,剪切应力绝对值随着加载时间的增长而减小.此外,分析了胶层厚度对接头粘接界面剪切应力的影响,随着胶层厚度的增加,剪切应力绝对值呈现明显的增大趋势.     

Micromechanical analysis of the stress transfer in single-fiber composite: The influence of the uniform and graded interphase with finite-thickness

A theoretical model is developed to analyze the stress transfer between fiber and matrix through the interphase with finite thickness. The Young's modulus of interphase is assumed to be homogeneous uniform or power-graded along radial direction while other material parameters are constants. The bonds between fiber and interphase as well as between interphase and matrix are perfect. The geometrical equations are strictly satisfied except that the radial displacement gradient with respect to the axial direction is neglected, as its magnitude is much smaller than that of the axial displacement gradient with respect to the radial direction. The equilibrium equations along radial direction are strictly satisfied, while the equilibrium equations along axial direction are satisfied in the integral forms. In addition, both the interfacial displacement and stress continuity conditions as well as stress boundary conditions are enforced exactly. Two coupled 2nd-order ordinary differential equations can be obtained in terms of average axial stresses in fiber and matrix. Finite element analysis (FEA) with refined mesh for single-fiber composite containing uniform interphase with finite thickness is developed to validate the present model. Series of parameter studies are performed to investigate the influence of interphase properties and thickness as well as the fiber volume content and model length on the stress distribution in composites.     

Bending of a two-layer beam with non-rigid contact between the layers

The bending, under plane stress state conditions, of a two-layer beam-strip with identical isotropic linearly elastic layers with non-rigid contact between them is considered. The effect of the contact interaction between the layers, simulated by an elastic or elastoplastic gasket of negligibly small thickness with a finite shear stiffness, on the deflection of the beam is studied. Absolute slippage and rigid contact between the layers are the two limiting values of the shear stiffness. The values of the flexural stiffness of the beam differ by a factor of four in these limiting situations. The problem is reduced to a one- dimensional problem in the case of harmonic external load and an asymptotic solution is constructed for it. In the case of a load of general form, the Kirchhoff - Love hypotheses are used to construct an approximate solution and the problem is reduced to a one-dimensional problem. The difficulties which arise in simulating of the interaction forces between the layers using Coulombic dry friction forces are discussed.