含镧的Bi2Te3基化合物的溶剂热合成及微观结构

以BiCl3,LaCl3和Te粉为原料,用溶剂热合成法制备了含稀土元素的单相LaxBi4Te6(x≤1)热电材料纳米粉末.研究发现,三元化合物LaxBi4Te6具有与二元Bi2Te3化合物相同的晶体结构和相似的晶格常数。LaxBi4Te6中的La含量随合成温度升高而增加,但与反应时间没有显著关系。LaxBi4Te6合成粉末的颗粒尺寸在30nm左右,并且几乎与反应温度和反应时间没有关系。在120℃合成的粉末基本上为不规则多面体形状,在150℃及以上温度合成的粉末则趋向于薄片状．并存在一些直径在50～80nm之间的纳米管。     

具有多级孔MCM-41/Y复合分子筛的合成及表征

采用晶种法和纳米组装法合成了MCM-41/Y复合分子筛,通过粉末XRD、SEM、TEM和BET等手段对其物性进行表征,结果显示:采用晶种法合成的形貌以包埋型为主,采用纳米组装法合成的材料为附晶生长和自组装型.二者均具有微、介孔多级孔道结构,比表面积达到665.1和849.3 m2·g-1,总孔容分别为0.6438和0.6529 cm3·g-1,相对于单一Y分子筛明显增大.纳米组装法合成样品的比表面积增大更为显著,这是由于两种合成体系粒子表面电荷和集聚方式不同.     

纳米结构Bi2Te3化合物的低温湿化学合成

通过对溶液pH值和颜色以及粉末结构的原位分析, 研究了低温湿化学Bi₂Te₃纳米粉末合成过程中的化学和物理反应机制. 结果表明, 碱性添加剂对合成Bi₂Te₃是必要的. 采用65 ℃低温湿化学合成方法, 在添加乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)的情况下, 制备了Bi₂Te₃纳米囊. 高分辨电镜观察表明, 这种内空管状结构纳米囊的壁厚约为6 nm.     

纳米结构Bi2Te3化合物的低温湿化学合成

通过对溶液pH值和颜色以及粉末结构的原位分析, 研究了低温湿化学Bi₂Te₃纳米粉末合成过程中的化学和物理反应机制. 结果表明, 碱性添加剂对合成Bi₂Te₃是必要的. 采用65 ℃低温湿化学合成方法, 在添加乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)的情况下, 制备了Bi₂Te₃纳米囊. 高分辨电镜观察表明, 这种内空管状结构纳米囊的壁厚约为6 nm.     

一种新型纺锤状α-Fe_2O_3纳米晶的合成、表征及其表面性能(英文)

合成了一种新型的具有单晶结构的α-Fe2O3纳米晶(NFO-1).在我们的合成方法中,样品的形貌和结构在低反应浓度体系中运用无机盐和有机模板进行双重调控,同时用溶剂挥发诱导自组装(EISA)来加速反应和在不改变形貌结构的前提下获得高产率样品.所得α-Fe2O3纳米晶的形貌和结构对其表面修饰功能有明显的影响,NFO-1因其特殊的纺锤状形貌而与表面功能试剂(多巴胺)之间的化学作用有明显的增强.并且,本文所描述的合成方法同样适用于其他过渡金属氧化物纳米单晶的合成.我们预期,这种方法可为新型纳米材料的合成提供新的途径.     

纳米Y_2O_3对14CrSiMnV硬质合金涂层耐磨耐热氧化性影响

利用激光熔覆表面复合纳米Y_2O_3颗粒的14CrSiMnV铁基合金粉体,制备了14CrSiMnV硬质合金钢涂层。研究了纳米Y_2O_3对涂层微观结构、微观硬度、耐热以及耐滑动摩擦的影响。结果表明:在合金涂层成型过程中,添加小于1%(质量分数)纳米Y_2O_3可以促进涂层组织中的树状晶向等轴晶转变,且减少涂层在600℃高温条件的氧化腐蚀现象,改善表面滑动摩擦的塑性剥离,从而使涂层拥有更好的耐热性能和耐滑动摩擦性能。     

水相合成荧光纳米晶与碱性蛋白酶的偶联及纯化

利用水相中合成的巯基丙酸包覆的Cd Te荧光纳米晶与碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase)进行偶联标记.荧光光谱分析表明,Cd Te纳米晶体具有较窄的粒度分布和较高的光稳定性,室温下30 d时荧光强度降低8.36%.透射电子显微镜结果显示,Cd Te纳米晶的直径约为3 nm;X射线衍射结果表明,Ce Te纳米晶具有闪锌矿结构.利用1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺磺酸钠盐(NHSS)偶联方法将Cd Te纳米晶与Alcalase进行偶联,通过超滤离心、凝胶柱层析及凝胶电泳技术对偶联后的Cd Te-Alcalase进行分离和纯化.荧光光谱显示偶联产物具有很好的光稳定性和较高的酶活力(61.06 U/μg).在荧光显微镜下可观察到标记蛋白的荧光,为研究酶反应的示踪及酶的构效关系等提供了实验基础.     

晶相调控对金属纳米粒子催化性能的影响

尺寸在1–10 nm的金属纳米催化剂广泛地应用于石油化工,精细化学品合成,能源与环境保护等领域。大量研究表明,金属纳米粒子的催化性能与其微观结构,即尺寸、形貌和晶相等密切相关。近年来,对金属纳米粒子的尺寸和形貌效应已经有了较为系统深入的研究,但对晶相效应的研究则较少涉及。这主要是由于介稳晶相的金属纳米粒子在合成过程中或反应条件下极易转化为热力学稳定的晶相结构。根据金属原子密堆积形式,金属纳米粒子的晶相结构主要有立方面心(fcc)、立方体心(bcc)和六方密堆积(hcp)三种晶相;而金属合金由于d带电子存在着多种杂化方式,因而其晶相结构呈现出多样性且与单一金属有很大的不同。金属和合金纳米粒子晶相结构的调控,不仅会改变金属原子的配位环境,调控了其电子分布状态,还可影响反应物和产物的吸附、活化和脱附,进而调变催化性能。首先,我们简要总结了液相合成和固相转变调控金属纳米粒子晶相的原理和方法。纳米粒子的液相合成一般包括前驱体还原成核和晶核生长两个阶段,通过对液相合成条件的优化,尤其是表面活性剂的选择,可有效调控合成过程中的热力学和动力学因素,从而实现金属晶相的可控合成。固相转变则主要是对具有一定晶相结构的纳米粒子于一定气氛和温度条件下进行加热处理,利用金属粒子与活性气体之间(H2, CO等)的化学作用来实现晶相转变。利用上述方法,可以合成出fcc-Co、fcc-Ru、L10-AuCu等热力学介稳的金属或合金纳米粒子。在此基础之上,我们分别以Co纳米粒子(fcc和hcp晶相)催化FT合成, Fe模型催化剂(fcc和bcc晶相)活化N2和CO, Ru纳米粒子(fcc和hcp晶相)催化CO氧化和氨硼烷水解制氢, Pd纳米粒子(PdHx物种)催化加氢等为例分析了晶相对金属纳米粒子催化性能的影响;在合金催化剂方面,以Pt3Co(无序的fcc和有序的L12), AuPdCo(P3–m、Fm3–m和R3–m混合晶相)和FePt纳米粒子(fcc和fct相)催化O2电化学还原、PtRhSn (碲铂矿晶相和fcc晶相)和ZrPt3纳米粒子(hcp和fcc晶相)催化乙醇电氧化、Ag3In合金(无序的Fm3–m相和有序的Pm3–m晶相)催化对硝基苯酚加氢、PdRu纳米粒子(fcc和hcp混合晶相)催化CO氧化等为例分析了合金催化剂的晶相对催化性能的影响。上述研究进展表明,金属纳米粒子的晶相也是影响制备剂高效金属催化剂的主要因素。最后,我们结合纳米催化的发展现状,提出了金属纳米粒子的晶相调控在纳米催化和纳米材料领域可能的发展态势。第一,通过对金属纳米粒子溶液相合成机理的深入研究,有助于发展出尺寸、形貌和晶相同时可控的新合成方法。第二,金属纳米粒子在晶相转化过程中往往伴随着烧结及组分的偏析等难题。利用氧化物包覆的核壳型或蛋壳型纳米结构以及碳纳米管的空间限域效应,或许有助于解决上述难题。第三,具有亚稳晶相结构的金属纳米粒子在反应条件下极易转变为热力学稳定的结构,因此,利用原位、动态、实时的表征技术对催化剂在真实工作状态下的微观结构进行细致的分析是阐明晶相效应的前提。     

有机硅烷辅助合成特殊形貌SAPO分子筛

以异丙胺(IPA)为模板剂, 3-哌嗪基丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(PZPMS)为助剂, 水热合成出由纳米片组装而成的鸟巢状SAPO-5和纳米晶组装体SAPO-34. 考察了模板剂、 有机硅烷和硅投料量对晶化的影响, 发现合成产品的晶相和形貌随有机硅烷的添加依次变为SAPO-14, SAPO-5和SAPO-5/SAPO-34的混相. 固定PZPMS的量不变, 产物晶相随硅烷投料量的增加从SAPO-5逐渐转变成SAPO-34分子筛. 对合成的特殊形貌SAPO分子筛进行了表征, 并结合对比实验揭示PZPMS与IPA的复配是获得特殊形貌SAPO分子筛的关键. 此外, 所制备的SAPO-34样品由于良好扩散传质性能, 在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应中显示了优异的催化性能, 乙烯加丙烯选择性最高可达86.95%.     

纳米晶枝CuAu合金催化剂对二氧化碳电催化还原性能的研究（英文）

利用可再生清洁能源将CO_2转化为CO和其他小分子是合成含碳燃料的可观方法之一。间歇性可再生能源存储的重要策略之一是将二氧化碳进行电化学还原。选择具有高活性和稳定性的电催化剂对于电化学还原CO_2至关重要。在这项研究中,我们使用简单的电沉积方法合成了具有纳米晶枝状结构的CuAu合金电极。各项表征显示原子比约为1:1的CuAu纳米枝晶对CO_2的电化学还原具有出色的催化活性。合成的主要产物是H2和CO,这是合成气体是合成天然气,氨和甲醇合成的中间体。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测量表明,相对于Cu和Au电沉积催化剂,CuAu纳米晶枝状催化剂具有相对低的电荷转移阻力。CuAu纳米枝晶催化剂是一种具有潜在的转化CO_2为合成气体的高活性电催化剂。     

Nanostructured Bi2Te3 synthesized by low temperature aqueous chemical route

Chemical and physical reactions during the low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of nanostructured Bi₂Te₃ powders were investigated in-situ by pH measurement, color observation of the solution and X-ray diffraction analysis of the powders. It was found that Bi₂Te₃ could be synthesized only in a strong alkaline solution. Bi₂Te₃ nanocapsules were synthesized by the aqueous chemical route at 65 °C with the addition of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate salt. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation indicates that the nanocapsules are hollow-structured with a wall thickness of about 6 nm. __________ Translated from CHIMICA SINICA, 2005, 63(16)(in Chinese)     

钨酸钙核/卤化银壳微晶乳剂的二次定影研究

近２０年来,随着卤化银微晶合成技术的进步,合成出了诸如Ｔ－颗粒、核壳乳剂和外延复合颗粒乳剂等性能优异的微晶体,极大地提高了乳剂的感光性能．但这些乳剂也有一个共同的缺点,即大量消耗贵金属银,且未成影像的银均随定影过程而浪费．为改善此类乳剂的不足,各国科...     

A copper(II) ion-selective on-off-type fluoroionophore based on zinc porphyrin-dipyridylamino

A new copper(II) fluorescent sensor 5,10,15,20-tetra((p-N,N-bis(2-pyridyl)amino)phenyl)porphyrin zinc (1) has been designed and synthesized by the Ullmann-type condensation of bromoporphyrin zinc with 2,2'-dipyridylamine (dpa) under copper powder as a catalyst as well as with K2CO3 as the base in a DMF solution. It consists of two separately functional moieties: the zinc porphyrin performs as a fluorophore, and the dpa-linked-to-zinc porphyrin acts as a selected binding site for metal ions. It displays a high selectivity and antidisturbance for the Cu2+ ion among the metal ions examined (Na+, Mg2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, and Fe3+) and exhibits fluorescence quenching upon the binding of the Cu2+ ion with an "on-off"-type fluoroionophoric switching property. The detection limit is found to be 3.3 x 10(-7) M (3s blank) for Cu2+ ion in methanol solution, and its fluorescence can be revived by the addition of EDTA disodium solution. The design strategy and remarkable photophysical properties of sensor 1 help to extend the development of fluorescent sensors for metal ions.     

Study of optical,dimensional, and catalytic properties of nanodispersed CdS–Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> powders

Composite powders of the CdS–Na₂SiO₃(SiO₂) type were synthesized. It was found that varying the amount of Na₂SiO₃ introduced in the synthesis stage affects both the texture characteristics of the powders obtained and their optical and photocatalytic properties. All the powders absorb electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectral range (~420–620 nm). It was shown for the example of photodestruction of Nile Blue and Rhodamine C dyes that the powders exhibit good photocatalytic properties under exposure to visible light (λ ≥ 410 nm). One of important advantages of the composites used as photocatalysts is that the transfer of cadmium ions under photoirradiation, characteristic of CdS particles, does not occur.     

Influence of combustion reagent and microwave drying method on the characteristics of nano-sized Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript>:YAG powders synthesized by the gel combustion method

Nanosized Nd³⁺ doped Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (Nd³⁺:YAG) powders have been synthesized by the gel combustion method using different combustion reagent such as citric acid, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), glycine, glycol and the combination of citric acid and EDTA with different ratio. The pure YAG phase was obtained at relatively low temperature around 950 °C for citric acid or EDTA and 1,050 °C for glycine or glycol as combustion reagent, respectively by the gel combustion method. It was found that citric acid and EDTA are the better combustion reagents and yield rather homogeneous and well dispersed club-shape Nd³⁺:YAG samples, and the particle size synthesized by EDTA is larger than that by citric acid. Moreover, the particle size of Nd:YAG was enlarged when the ratio of EDTA was increased in the combination reagent, and the better dispersion of YAG was obtained when the ratio of citric acid to EDTA was 1:1 compared to that of other ratios and pure one as combustion reagent. On the other hand, the results showed that the microwave assisted in drying process of gel to xerogel produced more smaller Nd³⁺:YAG particles in size, and more homogeneous dispersion of the Nd³⁺:YAG particles than that of the traditional dry method.     

A highly selective fluorescence sensor for Tin (Sn(4+)) and its application in imaging live cells

A naphthalimide-rhodamine B derivative was synthesized as a fluorescence turn-ON chemodosimeter for Sn(4+). A colour change and marked enhancement of fluorescence was found in the presence of Sn(4+), Cu(2+) and Cr(3+) due to the ring open reaction of rhodamine and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer process. Addition of the strong chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) partly released the cation from the complex with Sn(4+) and restored the yellow fluorescence. In addition, the compound can be used as a fluorescent probe for Sn(4+) in biological systems and may act as a tool with which to study the physiological functions of tin or pathogenesis in the human body.     

Metallurgy in a beaker: nanoparticle toolkit for the rapid low-temperature solution synthesis of functional multimetallic solid-state materials

Intermetallic compounds and alloys are traditionally synthesized by heating mixtures of metal powders to high temperatures for long periods of time. A low-temperature solution-based alternative has been developed, and this strategy exploits the enhanced reactivity of nanoparticles and the nanometer diffusion distances afforded by binary nanocomposite precursors. Prereduced metal nanoparticles are combined in known ratios, and they form nanomodulated composites that rapidly transform into intermetallics and alloys upon heating at low temperatures. The approach is general in terms of accessible compositions, structures, and morphologies. Multiple compounds in the same binary system can be readily accessed; e.g., AuCu, AuCu3, Au3Cu, and the AuCu-II superlattice are all accessible in the Au-Cu system. This concept can be extended to other binary systems, including the intermetallics FePt3, CoPt, CuPt, and Cu3Pt and the alloys Ag-Pt, Au-Pd, and Ni-Pt. The ternary intermetallic Ag2Pd3S can also be rapidly synthesized at low temperatures from a nanocomposite precursor comprised of Ag2S and Pd nanoparticles. Using this low-temperature solution-based approach, a variety of morphologically diverse nanomaterials are accessible: surface-confined thin films (planar and nonplanar supports), free-standing monoliths, nanomesh materials, inverse opals, and dense gram-scale nanocrystalline powders of intermetallic AuCu. Importantly, the multimetallic materials synthesized using this approach are functional, yielding a room-temperature Fe-Pt ferromagnet, a superconducting sample of Ag2Pd3S (Tc = 1.10 K), and a AuPd4 alloy that selectively catalyzes the formation of H2O2 from H2 and O2. Such flexibility in the synthesis and processing of functional intermetallic and alloy materials is unprecedented.     

Catalytic functions of Mo/Ni/MgO in the synthesis of thin carbon nanotubes

The functions and structures of Mo/Ni/MgO catalysts in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Thin 2-5-walled CNTs with high purities (over 90%) have been successfully synthesized by catalytic decomposition of CH(4) over Mo/Ni/MgO catalysts at 1073 K. It has been found that the yield of CNTs as well as the outer diameter or thickness correlates well with the contents of these three elements. The three components Mo, Ni, and MgO are all necessary to synthesize the thin CNTs at high yields since no catalytic activity was observed for CNT synthesis when one of these components was not present. The outer diameter of the CNTs increases from 4 to 13 nm and the thickness of graphene layers also increases with increasing Mo content at a fixed Ni content, while the inner diameter stays at 2-3 nm regardless of their contents. Furthermore, the average outer diameter is in good agreement with the average particle size of metal catalyst. That is, the thickness or the outer diameter can be controlled by selecting the composition of the Mo/Ni/MgO catalysts. XRD analyses have shown that Mo and Ni form a Mo-Ni alloy before CNT synthesis, while the Mo-Ni alloy phase is separated into Mo carbide and Ni. These alloy particles are supported on MgO cubic particles 15-20 nm in width. It has been found that only small Mo-Ni alloy particles 2-16 nm in size catalyze CNT synthesis, with larger particles over 15 nm exhibiting no activity. Mo carbide and Ni should play different roles in the synthesis of the thin CNTs, in which Ni is responsible for the dissociation of CH(4) into carbon and Mo(2)C works as a carbon reservoir.     

无氨湿法制备纳米晶In2O3及表征

Preparation of In₂O₃nano-scale powders by ultrasonic and homogeneous precipitation, using metal In and urea as raw materials, was reported for the first time, while the effects of reaction temperature, the ratio of the materials and the pH etc. on the preparation was dicussed. This method can be operated and industrialized easily with very low cost． The structural properties of precursor and In₂O₃were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, ESCA and TEM. The results show that In₂O₃produced are very pure, monophase and spherical nano-scale powders with average size of 25 nm.