UV-Enhanced Room Temperature Ozone Sensor Based on Hierarchical SnO2-In2O3

SnO₂-In₂O₃ hierarchical microspheres were prepared by the hydrothermal and solvothermal method. The morphology, phase crystallinity of the obtained SnO₂-In₂O₃ were measured by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scan electron microscopy(SEM), respectively. A room temperature ozone sensor based on SnO₂-In₂O₃ hierarchical microspheres was fabricated and investigated. The gas sensing properties of the sensor using SnO₂-In₂O₃ strongly depended on the proportion of SnO₂ and In₂O₃. The sensitivity and response/recovery speed were greatly enhanced by UV illumination. A gas sensing mechanism related to oxygen defect was suggested.     

纳米氧化锡在锌-硝基苯电池反应中的电催化

以氯化锡为原料,四丙基溴化铵为表面活性剂水热法制备纳米二氧化锡（SnO₂）催化剂,并以钛网为基材,制备催化电极. 应用SEM,XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征. 考察了反应物浓度、反应温度和反应时间对催化剂形貌的影响. 研究了纳米SnO₂催化剂对锌还原硝基苯原电池反应的电催化性能. 结果表明,当 NaOH浓度为0. 5 mol•L^-1、水热反应温度160 ℃、水热反应时间15 h时,得到的SnO₂催化剂是由纳米片构成的刺球状颗粒,粒径最小,约17 nm. 与平板铂电极相比,制备的催化电极对硝基苯电还原具有更高的催化活性,硝基苯转化率为74%,最大放电功率为21.9 mW•cm^-2,远大于平板铂电极. 硝基苯的主要还原产物为苯胺、对乙氧基苯胺和对氯苯胺.     

不同载体对负载型氧化钨催化剂在己二酸合成反应中的结构及性能影响

以SBA-15、六角介孔二氧化硅(HMS)和SnO2为载体,通过浸渍法合成了含钨负载型催化剂,并考察了三种催化剂在环氧环己烷选择氧化制备己二酸反应中的催化性能.通过X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜/场发射透射电镜(TEM/FETEM),紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS),拉曼(Raman)光谱,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱等手段对各种催化剂的结构进行表征.结果表明,载体与催化剂的性能有密切的关系.以SnO2为载体的WO3/SnO2催化剂活性最高,其次是WO3/HMS催化剂,WO3/SBA-15催化剂的活性最差.XRD分析显示WO3/SnO2催化剂中氧化钨物种的晶化程度最低,TEM和XPS结果表明氧化钨物种在WO3/SnO2催化剂表面高度分散并且粒径尺寸很小(约2 nm),UV-Vis DRS结果表明在WO3/SnO2催化剂中存在孤立[WO4]四面体和低聚态的钨物种,这些物种的存在可能是WO3/SnO2催化剂具有高活性的主要原因.此外,WO3/SnO2催化剂可以重复使用多次,6次反应后己二酸(AA)得率仍然保持在80%以上,说明氧化钨物种与SnO2载体间存在强烈的相互作用,从而提高了催化剂的稳定性.     

ZnO掺杂的SnO_2纳米纤维的制备、表征及气敏机理(英文)

以二水氯化亚锡(SnCl2·2H2O)为盐原料,采用静电纺丝的方法制备了SnO2纳米纤维.为了研究ZnO掺杂对SnO2形貌、结构及化学成分的影响,分别制备了不同含量ZnO掺杂的SnO2/ZnO复合材料.利用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪、扫描电镜(SEM)及能量色散X射线(EDX)光谱对材料的结晶学特性及微结构进行了表征.制备的SnO2/ZnO复合材料是由纳米量级的小颗粒构成的分级结构材料.ZnO含量不同,对应的SnO2/ZnO复合材料结构不同.表征结果表明ZnO的掺杂量对SnO2材料的形貌及结构均起着重要作用.将制备的不同ZnO含量的SnO2/ZnO复合材料进行气敏测试,测试结果表明,Sn:Zn摩尔比为1:1制作的气敏元件对甲醇的灵敏度优于其它摩尔比的气敏元件.讨论了SnO2/ZnO复合材料气敏元件的敏感机理.同时针对Sn:Zn摩尔比为1:1时表现出最好的气敏响应,分析了其原因,包括Zn的替位式掺杂行为、ZnO的催化作用、过量ZnO对SnO2生长的抑制作用以及SnO2与ZnO晶粒界面处的异质结.     

SnO_2/TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的性能及失活再生

基于微波水热法和微乳液法合成SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、配有能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)的透射电镜(TEM)和电化学手段对光催化剂进行表征.以甲苯为模型污染物,考察光催化剂在紫外光(UV)和真空远紫外光(VUV)下的性能及失活再生.结果表明,SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂形成三元异质结(锐钛矿相TiO2(A-TiO2)/金红石相TiO2(R-TiO2)、A-TiO2/SnO2和R-TiO2/SnO2异质结),促使光生电子-空穴对的有效分离,提高光催化活性.SnO2/TiO2表现出最佳的光催化性能,UV和VUV条件下的甲苯降解率均达100%,CO2生成速率(k2)均为P25的3倍左右.但由于UV光照矿化能力不足,中间产物易在催化剂表面累积.随着UV光照时间的增加,SnO2/TiO2逐渐失活,20 h后k2由138.5 mg·m-3·h-1下降到76.1 mg·m-3·h-1.利用VUV再生失活的SnO2/TiO2,过程中产生的·OH、O2-·、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3等活性物质可氧化吸附于催化剂活性位的难降解中间产物,使催化剂得以再生,12 h后k2恢复到143.6 mg·m-3·h-1.UV和VUV的协同效应使UV降解耦合VUV再生成为一种可持续的光催化降解污染物模式.     

A novel rose flower-like SnO hierarchical structure synthesized by a hydrothermal method in an ethanol/water system

Rose flower-like SnO hierarchical 3D architectures consisting of well-ordered microsheets were synthesized by a template-free and surfactant-free hydrothermal method based on the reaction between SnCl2 and NaOH in ethanol/water. The ethanol amount is a crucial factor in controlling the size and morphology of the microsheets. Ethanol can accelerate the delamination of the SnO blocks to the microsheets, and the microsheets changed from a quasi square to an octodecahedral shape with the increase of the ethanol ratio. When the volume ratio of ethanol/water is 2：1, the microstructure of SnO presents a rose flower-like hierarchical architecture with a diameter of about 40 μm, which is regularly composed of numerous well-ordered thin microsheets with octodecahedral shape, and the microsheets were formed by countless nanoparticles. A possible growth mechanism of the architectures was proposed. Moreover, SnO2 nanospheres were synthesized by a similar experiment only without NaOH, which showed that NaOH was crucial to the formation of SnOx.     

Preparation and Gas Sensing Performance of Hierarchical Porous ZnO-based Materials with Sunflower Rods as a Biological Template

A graded porous structure SnO2/ZnO composite was prepared with sunflower rods as a biological template. The prepared samples were subjected to phase analysis by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffractiometry(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).ZnO sample was a pure phase of hexagonal wurtzite, and the template had been completely removed. The surface of the sample presented a honeycomb-like structure of a sunflower rod template, which was formed by interconnecting the porous channels, and had a smaller average size and exhibited n-n heterojunction at tlie n-type ZnO interface. Compared with that of pure ZnO, the response of the hierarchical porous structure SnO2/ZnO composite to 100 mg/L w-butanol reached a maximiuTi of 40.61 at 240℃, about 2.7 times higher than that of pure ZnO. Its response time and recovery time are 6 and 3 s, respectively, which are also better than those of pure ZnO. SnO2/ZnO composite exhibits good gas selectivity, which is related to the improvement of the structure and the forming of n-n heterojunctions of the material.     

Effect of Nanoparticle Size on Gas-sensing Properties of Tin Dioxide Sensors

Sn(OH)₄ was prepared by the conventional solution precipitate method, followed by supercritical CO₂ drying. The resultant Sn(OH)₄ was divided into three aliquots and calcined at 400, 600 and 800℃, respectively, thus SnO₂ nanoparticles with average crystallite sizes of 5, 10 and 25 nm were obtained. Furthermore, three SnO₂ thick film gas sensors(denoted as sensors S-400, S-600 and S-800) were fabricated from the above SnO₂ nanoparticles. The adhesion of sensing materials on the surface of alumina tube is good. Compared to the sensors S-600 and S-800, sensor S-400 showed a much higher sensitivity to 1000 μL/L ethanol. On the other hand, sensor S-800 showed a much lower intrinsic resistance and improved selectivity to ethanol than sensors S-400 and S-600. X-Ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and selective area electron diffraction(SAED) measurements were used to characterize the SnO₂ nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures. The differences in the gas sensing performance of these sensors were analyzed on the basis of scanning electron microscopy(SEM).     

二氧化锡/石墨烯柔性电极的制备及其在锂离子电池中的应用

采用简便的抽滤装置制备了三明治结构的不同粒径大小的二氧化锡(SnO_2)/石墨烯柔性薄膜电极,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、比表面积(BET)和电化学等测试技术手段对样品结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征,研究了二氧化锡颗粒大小对复合电极电化学性能的影响。结果表明,当SnO_2纳米颗粒的粒径为6 nm时柔性复合电极表现出最优的电化学性能,在100 m A/g的电流密度下经过100次循环后,可逆比容量保持在555 m A·h/g,远高于纯SnO_2和粒径过大或过小的SnO_2/石墨烯复合电极。     

PdO,Au, CdO修饰SnO2纳米纤维的制备及其气敏特性

采用静电纺丝的方法制备了SnO₂纳米纤维,并分别用PdO、Au、CdO对该纳米纤维材料进行表面修饰.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDX)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)比表面积测试对材料进行表征.修饰前后, SnO₂纳米纤维都是由约15 nm的纳米颗粒构成的直径约为200 nm的多级结构材料.采用静态测试系统对纯SnO₂及不同物质修饰的SnO₂的气敏特性进行测试,结果表明,未修饰的SnO₂纳米纤维气敏元件对甲醛具有较好的响应.修饰后的SnO₂材料的气敏特性都有明显的改善. CdO修饰的SnO₂气敏元件对甲醛的响应值最高,且响应恢复时间短,选择性好. Au修饰的SnO₂气敏元件对甲醛响应的最佳工作温度从300 ℃降到了200 ℃.经PdO修饰后, SnO₂纳米纤维对甲苯的响应值变得最高.初步分析了经过修饰的SnO₂气敏材料的敏感机理.     

物理混合法制备分级混晶TiO2微纳米材料及其光催化性能

通过物理混合法可控合成了分级混晶TiO₂微纳米材料, 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和固体紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)等对该微纳米材料进行了表征, 并评价了不同混晶比材料的光催化性能. 结果表明, 所得材料是由均匀负载金红石纳米颗粒的锐钛矿纳米片组装的三维分级结构. 其具有很高的光催化活性, 分级结构和混晶异相结的同时引入是提高材料光催化活性的关键.     

Synthesis of nano-TiO2 assisted by diethylene glycol for use in high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) consisting of anatase TiO_2 nanoparticles that were synthesized via a hydrothermal method was studied.The synthesized TiO_2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),nitrogen sorption analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and UV-vis spectroscopy.Then the J-Vcurve,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and open-circuit voltage decay(OCVD) measurement were applied to evaluate the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs.Compared with the commercial TiO_2nanoparticles(P25),the synthesized-TiO_2 nanoparticles showed better performance.By adding diethylene glycol(DEG) before the hydrothermal process,the synthesized TiO_2 nanoparticles(hereafter referred to as TiO_2-DEG particles) shows narrower size distribution,larger specific surface area,higher crystallinity,and less surface defects than TiO_2(DEG free) particles.The analysis of photovoltaic properties of DSSCs based on TiO_2-DEG particles showed that the recombination of electron-hole pairs was decreased and the trapping of carries in grain boundaries restrained.It was believed that the photoelectrode fabricated with the as-prepared TiO_2 nanoparticles improved the loading amount of dye sensitizers(N719).and enhanced the photocurrent of the DSSCs.As a result,the TiO_2-DEG particle based cells achieved a photo-to-electricity conversion efficiency(η) of 7.90%,which is higher than 7.53%for the cell based on TiO2(DEG free) and 6.59%for the one fabricated with P25.     

Bi2Sn2o7的不同水热法制备及其可见光光催化除As(Ⅲ)性能分析

利用微波和普通水热法合成出了具有可见光响应的Bi₂Sn₂o₇纳米光催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子顺磁共振谱(ESR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对样品的晶相、比表面积、光吸收性能、形貌、光催化活性物种等结构与性质进行了系统表征,比较微波水热Bi₂Sn₂o₇(MH-BSo)与普通水热Bi₂Sn₂o₇(TH-BSo)形貌和微结构,并考察两者在可见光光照下光催化氧化As(Ⅲ)的性能差别。实验结果表明, MH-BSo具有更细小的粒径和更大的比表面积,而在可见光照射下, MH-BSo样品比TH-BSo样品具有更好的As(Ⅲ)的光催化氧化能力(可达98.7%)。此外,对Bi₂Sn₂o₇纳米光催化剂氧化去除As(Ⅲ)的光催化机理进行初步探索,结果表明超氧自由基(o₂^-•)和空穴(hVB+)是主要起作用的中间反应活性物种。     

Anodic oxidation of formic acid on PdAuIr /C-Sb_2O_5·SnO_2 electrocatalysts prepared by borohydride reduction

PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts with Pd∶Au∶Ir molar ratios of 90∶5∶5,70∶20∶10 and 50∶45∶5 were prepared by borohydride reduction method.These electrocatalysts were characterized by EDX,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and the catalytic activity toward formic acid electro-oxidation in acid medium investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV),chroamperometry(CA)and tests on direct formic acid fuel cell(DFAFC)at 100℃.X-ray diffractograms of PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts showed the presence of Pd fcc phase,Pd-Au fcc alloys,carbon and ATO phases,while Ir phases were not observed.TEM micrographs and histograms indicated that the nanoparticles were not well dispersed on the support and some agglomerates.The cyclic voltammetry and chroamperometry studies showed that PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(50∶45∶5)had superior performance toward formic acid electro-oxidation at 25℃compared to PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(70∶20∶10),PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(90∶5∶5)and Pd/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts.The experiments in a single DFAFC also showed that all PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts exhibited higher performance for formic acid oxidation in comparison with Pd/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts,however PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(90∶5∶5)had superior performance.These results indicated that the addition of Au and Ir to Pd favor the electro-oxidation of formic acid,which could be attributed to the bifunctional mechanism(the presence of ATO,Au and Ir oxides species)associated to the electronic effect(Pd-Au fcc alloys).     

纳米SnO2高效催化烯烃与H2O2环氧化反应研究

构建了用于催化烯烃与过氧化氢环氧化反应的高效、 绿色催化反应体系. 首先, 通过水热合成法制备了纳米SnO₂, 并在320 ℃下煅烧. 随后, 对所有催化剂进行X射线衍射(XRD)、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征. 进一步将催化剂用于以H₂O₂水溶液为氧化剂环氧化各种官能化烯烃(包括环烯烃, 苯乙烯和直链烯烃)的反应, 以高转化率和高选择性得到了环氧化物. 在相似的反应条件下, 发现合成的纳米SnO₂-170催化剂在催化1-甲基环己烯与H₂O₂的环氧化反应中的活性最佳, 在2 h内1-甲基环己烯的转化率达到100%, 环氧化物选择性达到100%.     

碳包覆纳米SnO2中空纤维的制备及电容性能

采用同轴静电纺丝法制备了碳包覆纳米SnO₂中空纤维超级电容器电极材料.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和比表面积分析仪(BET)对材料进行表征.结果表明,纤维呈现中空形貌,平均直径为1 μm; SnO₂颗粒均匀分布于碳壳结构中,平均粒径为3-15 nm.材料的比表面积为565 m²·g^-1.在三电极体系中,当电流密度为0.25 A·g^-1时,电极材料的比容量达397.5 F·g^-1;在1.0A·g^-1电流密度下,充放电循环3000次后比容量仍保持为初始值的88%.在对称型双电极体系中,电流密度为0.25 A·g^-1时,电极材料的比容量达162.0 F·g^-1,在1.0 A·g^-1电流密度下,充放电循环3000次后比容量仍保持为初始值的84%.     

Oxygen Electroreduction on CoSe2 Nanoparticles Prepared via Hydrothermal Method in Acidic Medium

CoSe₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, and characterized by means of X^-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The synthesized CoSe₂ was composed of crystalline orthorhombic phase and displayed a morphology of short and thin nanobelts. The results of the catalyst experiment demonstrate that the CoSe₂ nanocrystals show high catalytic activity and methanol tolerance in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with an open circuit potential(OCP) of 0.80 V(vs. NHE) in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₂ at 25 ℃. The transfer process of about 3.7 electrons per oxygen molecule was determined during the reduction process and the transfer coefficient and Tafel slope were 0.50 and 118 mV, respectively, in the potential region of 0.64-0.75 V(vs. NHE). The high catalytic activity might be related to the high crystallization of the CoSe₂ powder and the modification of selenium on the cobalt element.     

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Flowerlike Zn2GeO4 and Mn2+-Doped Zn2GeO4 Hierarchical Architectures

Three-dimensional(3D) flowerlike hierarchical Zn₂GeO₄ and Mn²⁺-doped Zn₂GeO₄ microstructures have been prepared by a facile hydrothermal approach. X-Ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and photoluminescence(PL) spectrometry were employed to characterize the samples. Such flowerlike hierarchical Zn₂GeO₄ microstructures with an average diameter of 3―4 μm were found to be constructed by abundant single crystalline nanorods of about 90 nm in diameter. The luminescent properties of Zn₂GeO₄:xMn phosphors with different contents of Mn²⁺ as an activator were investigated. The Mn²⁺-doped samples showed green luminescence corresponding to the d-d transition of Mn²⁺ under the irradiation of UV light. The red shift(from 531 nm to 538 nm) in λ_em with increasing Mn²⁺ content was observed in the luminescent spectra, which should be attributed to a weak crystal field because of the substitution of Zn²⁺ by Mn²⁺ at a distorted tetrahedral lattice site.     

多级孔ZSM-5负载的钴催化剂的费-托合成催化性能

采用水蒸气辅助转晶(SAC)法合成了粒径均一(180 nm)的纳米ZSM-5颗粒,颗粒间堆积形成大量的开放介孔,与ZSM-5的微孔共同形成多级孔结构。以该材料为载体采用满孔浸渍法制备了负载量为15%(质量分数)的钴催化剂。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、N_2物理吸附-脱附等表征技术对多级孔ZSM-5载体及其负载催化剂的形貌和结构进行了表征,并对催化剂的费-托合成催化性能进行了测试。结果表明,相比于大颗粒的ZSM-5和商业ZSM-5,多级孔ZSM-5负载的钴催化剂的费-托合成活性最高,CH_4选择性最低,C_(5-20)产物的选择性高达68.9%,这归因于多级孔ZSM-5的介孔孔道有效地促进反应过程中产物的传质扩散以及ZSM-5微孔骨架上的酸中心促进了长链烃产物的二次加氢裂解。     

Se-decorated SnO2/rGO composite spheres and their sodium storage performances

SnO₂ is considered a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost.However,the poor electrical conductivity and dramatic volume variation during cha rge/discharge cycling is a major limitation in its practical applicability.Here we propose a simple onepot spray pyrolysis process to construct unique pomegranate-like SnO₂/rGO/Se spheres.The ideal structural configuration of these architectures was effective in alleviating the large volume variation of SnO₂,besides facilitating rapid electron transfer,allowing the devised anode to exhibit superior sodium sto rage performances in terms of capacity(506.7 mAh/g at 30 mA/g),cycle performance(397 mAh/g after100 cycles at 50 mA/g) and rate capability(188.9 mAh/g at an ultrahigh current density of 10 A/g).The experimental evidence confirms the practical workability of p-SnO₂/rGO/Se spheres in SIBs.