Impact of Electrospinning Parameters and Post-Treatment Method on Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Chitosan Nanofibers

Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, is an ideal candidate to prepare biomaterials capable of preventing microbial infections due to its antibacterial properties. Electrospinning is a versatile method ideally suited to process biopolymers with minimal impact on their physicochemical properties. However, fabrication parameters and post-processing routine can affect biological activity and, therefore, must be well adjusted. In this study, nanofibrous membranes were prepared using trifluoroacetic acid and dichloromethane and evaluated for physiochemical and antimicrobial properties. The use of such biomaterials as potential antibacterial agents was extensively studied in vitro using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as test organisms. The antibacterial assay showed inhibition of bacterial growth and eradication of the planktonic cells of both E. coli and S. aureus in the liquid medium for up to 6 hrs. The quantitative assay showed a significant reduction in bacteria cell viability by nanofibers depending on the method of fabrication. The antibacterial properties of these biomaterials can be attributed to the structural modifications provided by co-solvent formulation and application of post-treatment procedure. Consequently, the proposed antimicrobial surface modification method is a promising technique to prepare biomaterials designed to induce antimicrobial resistance via antiadhesive capability and the biocide-releasing mechanism.     

Azobenzene quaternary ammonium salt for photo-controlled and reusable disinfection without drug resistance

The abuse of antibiotics causes severe bacterial resistance, and the shortage of antibiotics has created a global public health crisis. This situation has prompted people to develop new antibacterial agents independent of traditional antibiotics. Here, we created a series of photosensitive azobenzene-quaternary ammonium salt smart antibacterial agents by connecting azobenzene with amines with different chain lengths to improve the antibacterial selectivity of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and prevent the accumulation of active QAS in the environment. After trans-cis isomerization, the solubility of the title compound (compound 4) increased and the antibacterial property enhanced. The experimental results suggested that the antibacterial effect of compound 4 was significantly enhanced after 365 nm light irradiation, and it had photosensitive intelligent antibacterial activity and could be reused. Notably, we did not obtain any mutants of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli resistant to compound 4. In general, compound 4 has the advantages of high yield, photo-controllable antibacterial properties, reusability, and does not induce bacterial resistance. This photosensitive antibacterial compound provides a new idea for the construction of intelligent disinfectants and is expected to be a candidate for disinfectants in public facilities and medical architecture.     

Effect of D-Limonene Nanoemulsion Edible Film on Banana (Musa sapientum Linn.) Post-Harvest Preservation

D-limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene) is an important compound in several citrus essential oils (such as orange, lemon, tangerine, lime, and grapefruit). It has been used as a flavoring agent and as a food preservative agent, with generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. D-limonene has been well-studied for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties. The antibacterial activity of D-limonene against food-borne pathogens was investigated in this study by preparing a D-limonene nanoemulsion. The D-limonene solution and nanoemulsion have been prepared in six concentrations, 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% (v/v), respectively, and the antibacterial activity was tested against four food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli). The results showed that the D-limonene nanoemulsion had good nanoscale and overall particle size uniformity, and its particle size was about 3~5 nm. It has been found that the D-limonene solution and nanoemulsion have a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.336 mg/mL, and that they could inhibit the growth of microorganisms efficiently. The data indicate that the D-limonene nanoemulsion has more antibacterial ability against microorganisms than the D-limonene essential oil. After bananas are treated with 1.0% and 1.5% D-limonene nanoemulsion coatings, the water loss of the bananas during storage and the percentage of weight loss are reduced, which can inhibit the activity of pectinase. The application of a biocoating provides a good degree of antibacterial activity and air and moisture barrier properties, which help with extending the shelf life of bananas.     

Synthesis,Antibacterial and Anthelmintic Activity of Novel 3-(3-Pyridyl)-oxazolidinone-5-methyl Ester Derivatives

In this study, a series of 3-(3-pyridyl)-oxazolidone-5-methyl ester derivatives was synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and LC-MS. The conducted screening antibacterial studies of the new 3-(3-pyridyl)-oxazolidone-5-methyl ester derivatives established that the methyl sulfonic acid esters have broad activity spectrum towards Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Among them, compound 12e has the most potent activity, with an MIC of 16 μg/mL against B.subtilis, and could reduce the instantaneous growth rate of bacteria. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were also simulated for compound 12e to predict the specific binding mode of this compound. In addition, anthelmintic activity of these compounds was also evaluated against adult Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuman). The results showed that compound 11b had the best effect. These results above can provide experimental reference for the development of novel antibacterial and anthelmintic drugs.     

Antimicrobial Activity and Barrier Properties against UV Radiation of Alkaline and Enzymatically Treated Linen Woven Fabrics Coated with Inorganic Hybrid Material

One of the directions of development in the textiles industry is the search for new technologies for producing modern multifunctional products. New solutions are sought to obtain materials that will protect humans against the harmful effects of the environment, including such factors as the activity of microorganisms and UV radiation. Products made of natural cellulose fibers are often used. In the case of this type of material, it is very important to perform appropriate pretreatment before subsequent technological processes. This treatment has the aim of removing impurities from the surface of the fibers, which results in the improvement of sorption properties and adhesion, leading directly to the better penetration of dyes and chemical modifiers into the structure of the materials. In this work, linen fabrics were subjected to a new, innovative treatment being a combination of bio-pretreatment using laccase from Cerrena unicolor and modification with CuO-SiO₂ hybrid oxide microparticles by a dip-coating method. To compare the effect of alkaline or enzymatic pretreatment on the microstructure of the linen woven fabrics, SEM analysis was performed. The new textile products obtained after this combined process exhibit very good antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, significant antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, as well as very good UV protection properties (ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) > 40). These innovative materials can be used especially for clothing or outdoor textiles for which resistance to microorganisms is required, as well as to protect people who are exposed to long-term, harmful effects of UV radiation.     

Antibacterial Activity of a Promising Antibacterial Agent: 22-(4-(2-(4-Nitrophenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-acetyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-22-deoxypleuromutilin

A novel pleuromutilin derivative, 22-(4-(2-(4-nitrophenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-acetyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-22-deoxypleuromutilin (NPDM), was synthesized in our laboratory and proved excellent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this study, more methods were used to further study its preliminary pharmacological effect. The antibacterial efficacy and toxicity of NPDM were evaluated using tiamulin as the reference drug. The in vitro antibacterial activity study showed that NPDM is a potent bactericidal agent against MRSA that induced time-dependent growth inhibition and a concentration-dependent post-antibiotic effect (PAE). Toxicity determination showed that the cytotoxicity of NPDM was slightly higher than that of tiamulin, but the acute oral toxicity study proved that NPDM was a low-toxic compound. In an in vivo antibacterial effect study, NPDM exhibited a better therapeutic effect than tiamulin against MRSA in a mouse thigh infection model as well as a mouse systemic infection model with neutropenia. The 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) of NPDM in a Galleria mellonella infection model was 50.53 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetic properties of NPDM were also measured, which showed that NPDM was a rapid elimination drug in mice.     

The Isorhamnetin-Containing Fraction of Philippine Honey Produced by the Stingless Bee Tetragonula biroi Is an Antibiotic against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Honey exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant activities that are ascribed to its diverse secondary metabolites. In the Philippines, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as the bioactive metabolite contents of the honey, have not been thoroughly described. In this report, we investigated the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of honey from Apis mellifera and Tetragonula biroi, identified the compound responsible for the antibacterial activity, and compared the observed bioactivities and metabolite profiles to that of Manuka honey, which is recognized for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The secondary metabolite contents of honey were extracted using a nonionic polymeric resin followed by antibacterial and antioxidant assays, and then spectroscopic analyses of the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results showed that honey extracts produced by T. biroi exhibits antibiotic activity against Staphylococcal pathogens as well as high antioxidant activity, which are correlated to its high flavonoid and phenolic content as compared to honey produced by A. mellifera. The bioassay-guided fractionation paired with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) and tandem MS analyses found the presence of the flavonoid isorhamnetin (3-methylquercetin) in T. biroi honey extract, which was demonstrated as one of the compounds with inhibitory activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-44. Our findings suggest that Philippine honey produced by T. biroi is a potential nutraceutical that possesses antibiotic and antioxidant activities.     

Novel C60 Fullerenol-Gentamicin Conjugate–Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Properties

This study aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of novel fullerene derivative composed of C₆₀ fullerenol and standard aminoglycoside antibiotic–gentamicin (C₆₀ fullerenol-gentamicin conjugate). The successful introduction of gentamicin to fullerenol was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which together with thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis revealing the formula of the composition as C₆₀(OH)₁₂(GLYMO)₁₁(Gentamicin)_0.8. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that conjugate possessed ability to form agglomerates in water (size around 115 nm), while Zeta potential measurements demonstrated that such agglomerates possessed neutral character. In vitro biological assays indicated that obtained C₆₀ fullerenol-gentamicin conjugate possessed the same antibacterial activity as standard gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, which proves that combination of fullerenol with gentamicin does not cause the loss of antibacterial activity of antibiotic. Moreover, cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated that obtained fullerenol-gentamicin derivative did not decrease viability of normal human fibroblasts (model eukaryotic cells) compared to control fibroblasts. Thus, taking into account all of the results, it can be stated that this research presents effective method to fabricate C₆₀ fullerenol-gentamicin conjugate and proves that such derivative possesses desired antibacterial properties without unfavorable cytotoxic effects towards eukaryotic cells in vitro. These promising preliminary results indicate that obtained C₆₀ fullerenol-gentamicin conjugate could have biomedical potential. It may be presumed that obtained fullerenol may be used as an effective carrier for antibiotic, and developed fullerenol-gentamicin conjugate may be apply locally (i.e., at the wound site). Moreover, in future we will evaluate possibility of its applications in inter alia tissue engineering, namely as a component of wound dressings and implantable biomaterials.     

Determination of the chemical composition and antioxidant,anticancer, and antibacterial properties of essential oil of Pulicaria crispa from Saudi Arabia

Essential oils obtained from plants play critical roles in food and medicine. In this study, the phytochemical composition of Pulicaria crispa essential oil, and its antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were determined in vitro. The essential oil was extracted from the aerial parts of P. crispa through hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and it was analyzed with GC-MS. The most dominant chemical constituents of the essential oil were sesquiterpenes (78.26%). The higher constituents were β-caryophyllene oxide (33.97%), modephene (23.34%), geranyl propionate (6.32%), geranyl isovalerate (6.74%), 4-cadinadiene (5%), humulene (4.05%), and β-caryophyllene (2.73%). The essential oil exhibited DPPH radical activity, and it exerted antibacterial effect against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, it had no antibacterial effect on gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). The P. crispa essential oil produced significant cytotoxic effects against Hep-G2, MCF-7, Coca-2, and HT-29 ?cells. The oil was most toxic to Hep-G2 cells, based on its IC₂₀ and IC₅₀ values. These results indicate that the essential oil from P. crispa has potent biological properties which can be useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material

In recent years, instead of the use of chemical substances, alternative substances, especially plant extracts, have been characterized for an active packaging of antibacterial elements. In this study, the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and mango (Mangifera indica) were extracted to obtain bioactive compound by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and maceration with water, ethanol 95% and water–ethanol (40:60%). All extracts contained phenolics and flavonoids. However, mangosteen peel extracted by MAE and maceration with water/ethanol (MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E, respectively) contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, both extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, α-mangostin conferring antibacterial property was found in both extracts. The MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E films exhibited 30.22 ± 2.14 and 30.60 ± 2.83 mm of growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and 26.50 ± 1.60 and 26.93 ± 3.92 mm of growth inhibition zones against E. coli. These clear zones were wider than its crude extract approximately 3 times, possibly because the film formulation enhanced antibacterial activity with sustained release of active compound. Thus, the mangosteen extracts have potential to be used as an antibacterial compound in active packaging.     

Prediction of the antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts against Staphylococcus aureus using artificial neural networks

The study of the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) on antibacterial activity in a series of new imidazole derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus was conducted using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Antibacterial activity against S. aureus was associated with a number of physicochemical and structural parameters of the examined imidazole derivatives. The designed regression and classification models were useful in determining the antibacterial properties of quaternary ammonium salts against S. aureus. The developed models of artificial neural networks were characterized by high predictability (93.57% accuracy of classification, regression model: training data R = 0.92, test data R = 0.92, validation data R = 0.91). ANNs are considered to be a useful tool in supporting the design of synthesis and further biological experiments in the logical search for new antimicrobial substances. Data analysis using ANNs enables the optimization and reduction of labor costs by narrowing the compound synthesis to achieve the desired properties.     

Straightforward Approach for Preparing Durable Antibacterial ZnO Nanoparticle Coatings on Flexible Substrates

Flexible antibacterial materials have gained utmost importance in protection from the distribution of bacteria and viruses due to the exceptional variety of applications. Herein, we demonstrate a readily scalable and rapid single-step approach for producing durable ZnO nanoparticle antibacterial coating on flexible polymer substrates at room temperature. Substrates used are polystyrene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, high density polyethylene and a commercial acrylate type adhesive tape. The deposition was achieved by a spin-coating process using a slurry of ZnO nanoparticles in toluene. A stable modification layer was obtained when toluene was a solvent for the polymer substrates, namely polystyrene and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). These coatings show high antibacterial efficiency causing >5 log decrease in the viable counts of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia. coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in 120 min. Even after tapping these coated surfaces 500 times, the antibacterial properties remained unchanged, showing that the coating obtained by the presented method is very robust. In contrast to the above findings, the coatings are unstable when toluene is not a solvent for the substrate.     

The Impact of Apple Variety and the Production Methods on the Antibacterial Activity of Vinegar Samples

Apple vinegar is a natural product widely used in food and traditional medicine as it contains many bioactive compounds. The apple variety and production methods are two factors that play a major role in determining the quality of vinegar. Therefore, this study aims to determine the quality of apple vinegar samples from different varieties (Red Delicious, Gala, Golden Delicious, and Starking Delicious) prepared by three methods using small apple pieces, apple juice, and crushed apple, through determining the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of these samples. The antibacterial activity was studied against five pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli (ATB: 57), Escherichia coli (ATB: 97), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using two methods, disk diffusion and microdilution, for determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations. The results of this study showed that the lowest pH value was 3.6 for Stark Delicious, obtained by liquid fermentation, and the highest acetic acid values were 4.7 and 4% for the vinegar of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious, prepared by solid fermentation, respectively. The results of the antibacterial activity showed considerable activity of apple vinegar on the tested strains. Generally, the Staphylococcus aureus strain appears less sensitive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be very sensitive against all samples, while the other strains have distinct sensitivities depending on the variety studied and the method used. A higher antibacterial activity was found in vinegar obtained by the apple pieces method and the Red Delicious variety, with a low MIC and MBC recorded, at 1.95 and 3.90 µL/mL, respectively. This study has shown that the choice of both apple variety and production method is therefore an essential step in determining and aiming for the desired quality of apple vinegar.     

Synthesis and characterization of zinc chloride containing poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel by gamma irradiation

In this study, the characterization of zinc chloride incorporated into a poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) hydrogel prepared by gamma-ray irradiation was investigated. Zinc chloride powder with different concentrations was dissolved in the PAAc solution, and it was crosslinked with gamma-ray irradiation. The effects of various parameters such as zinc ion concentration and irradiation doses on characteristics of the hydrogel formed were investigated in detail for obtaining an antibacterial wound dressing.In addition, the gel content, pH-sensitive (pH 4 or 7) swelling ratio, and UV–vis absorption spectra of the zinc particles in the hydrogels were characterized. Moreover, antibacterial properties of these new materials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains were observed on solid growth media. The antibacterial tests indicated that the zinc chloride containing PAAc hydrogels have good antibacterial activity.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver–PVA Nanocomposite for Sensor and Antibacterial Applications

Silver–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite is synthesized by a simple chemical reduction method in aqueous media and characterized by various techniques such as UV–Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the obtained silver nanoparticles is spherical in shape with an average diameter of 24 nm. The prepared silver–PVA nanocomposite is demonstrated to detect the concentration of heavy metal contaminant cadmium in water based on linear change in surface plasmon resonance absorption strength. The antibacterial tests show the inhibiting action of this nanocomposite against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative), Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive), which are found commonly in water. These observed optical and antibacterial properties, suggest the possible utilization of prepared silver–PVA nanocomposite in the water purification application.     

Efficient Synthesis of 2-Aminopyridine Derivatives: Antibacterial Activity Assessment and Molecular Docking Studies

A new and suitable multicomponent one-pot reaction was developed for the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives. Background: This synthesis was demonstrated by the efficient and easy access to a variety of substituted 2-aminopyridines using enaminones as key precursors under solvent-free conditions. Methods: A range of spectroscopic techniques was used to determine and confirm the chemical structures (FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR). The antimicrobial potency of synthesized compounds (2a–d) was tested using disk diffusion assays, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the active compounds was determined against a panel of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. Moreover, a docking analysis was conducted by Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software to provide supplementary information about the potential, as well as an ADME-T prediction to describe the pharmacokinetic properties of the best compound and its toxicity. Results: The results of the antimicrobial activity indicated that compound 2c showed the highest activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly S. aureus and B. subtilis whose MIC values were 0.039 ± 0.000 µg·mL⁻¹. The results of the theoretical study of compound 2c were in line with the experimental data and exhibited excellent antibacterial potential. Conclusions: On the basis of the obtained results, compound 2c can be used as an antibacterial agent model with high antibacterial potency.     

Thermal studies of some biological active oxadiazoles

A series of new unsymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (3a–d) has been synthesized to evaluate their antibacterial and thermal properties. All compounds have been tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Among the tested compounds, compound 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (3c) has been found to be most potent member having minimum inhibitory concentration. Thermal stability and melting point of compounds have been studied by TG and DSC analysis in air atmosphere at heating rate of 10 °C min^?1. Thermal degradation kinetics of the most potent antibacterial compound 3c has been carried out by multiple heating rate model free kinetic methods namely, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall, modified Coats-Redfern, and Kissinger.     

Synthesis of Cu-TiNT,characterization, and antibacterial properties evaluation

Copper ion–exchanged titanate nanotubes (Cu-TiNTs) had been prepared from a simple ion-exchange reaction between copper salt and sodium titanate nanotubes (Na-TiNT) which was synthesized by alkaline hydrothermal synthesis starting from titanium oxide of anatase phase. A thorough structural and morphological characterization of Cu-TiNT (and Na-TiNT) was done by using various material characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to reveal retention of tubular structure of titanate nanotubes with decoration of copper (II) oxide on the surface of the tubes as well as an exchange of Na⁺ ion by Cu²⁺ ion in the interlamellar space. The antibacterial properties of the Cu-TiNT were evaluated by broth macrodilution method using microtiter trays, with concentration ranging between 512 and 0.5 μg/mL. The Cu-TiNT demonstrated no clinically relevant antibacterial activity alone (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥ 1024 μg/mL), but when associated with gentamicin, this compound enhanced the antibiotic activity of this drugs against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The results were very promising to the utilization of the Cu-TiNT as an adjuvant to the antibiotic therapy.     

Enhanced Conductivity and Antibacterial Behavior of Cotton via the Electroless Deposition of Silver

In this study, the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) technique and electroless deposition of silver (Ag) were used to prepare a novel multi-functional cotton (Cotton-Ag), possessing both conductive and antibacterial behaviors. It was found that the optimal electroless deposition time was 20 min for a weight gain of 40.4%. The physical and chemical properties of Cotton-Ag were investigated. It was found that Cotton-Ag was conductive and showed much lower electrical resistance, compared to the pristine cotton. The antibacterial properties of Cotton-Ag were also explored, and high antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed.     

Preparation and properties of multifunctional cotton fabrics treated by phenolic acids

Phenolic acids are found in many plant-based natural antioxidants and are known to offer diverse health-promoting effects such as antimelanogenic, antioxidant, antineoplastic, and bacteriostatic properties. Furthermore, they not only inhibit pathogen growth but also have little toxicity to human beings. Therefore, in this study we treated cotton fabrics with two different phenolic acids, gallic acid (GA) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), through a pad-dry cure process, and investigated the properties such as mechanical properties, antibacterial ability, antioxidant ability, etc. Consequently, the phenolic acid treatment did not have significant influence on color, touch, and tensile strength of cotton fabrics. However, it was found that the cotton fabrics treated by both GA and 4-HBA showed high antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia; however, only the GA treated cotton fabrics showed reasonable antioxidant ability.