骨的微量元素代谢

雌激素可通过影响骨骼细胞的新陈代谢而促进微量元素在骨骼中的储存,微量元素代谢与骨质疏松的形成发展有密切关系。近年来不少学者对一些必需微量元素如硼(5B)、氟(9F)、钒(23V)、锰(25Mn)、铁(26Fe)、钴(27Co)、铜(29Cu)、锌(30Zn)、硒(34Se)、锶(38Sr)等和一些非必需微量元素如铝(13Al)、镓(31Ga)、锗(32Ge)、镉(48Cd)、铅(82Pb)等与骨质疏松关系的研究取得了令人瞩目的成果。     

尼尔雌醇对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响

用测定骨元素含量的方法，分析了尼尔雌醇对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠35只随机分成正常对照组、假去卵巢组、去卵巢组和去卵巢 尼尔雌醇组。结果表明，去卵巢大鼠骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn含量显著降低，P含量显著增加。尼尔雌醇可使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn含量显著回升，骨P含量显著回降。尼尔雌醇可纠正去卵巢所致的骨元素代谢紊乱。     

The Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Antioxidant Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted great attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential bioactivities. While the production of SeNPs has been long reported, there is little news about the influence of reaction conditions and clean-up procedure on their physical properties (e.g., shape, size) as well as their antioxidant activity. This study takes up this issue. SeNPs were synthesized by two methods using cysteine and ascorbic acid as selenium reductants. The reactions were performed with and without the use of polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer. After the synthesis, SeNPs were cleaned using various procedures. The antioxidant properties of the obtained SeNPs were investigated using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. It was found that their antioxidant activity does not always depend only on the nanoparticles size but also on their homogeneity. Moreover, the size and morphology of selenium nanoparticles are controlled by the clean-up step.     

运动对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响

用测定骨元素含量的方法，分析了运动对正常大鼠和切除双侧卵巢后的大鼠骨元素代谢的影响。将健康4个月龄雌性SD大鼠44只随机分成5组：（1）非去势非运动组；（2）非去势＋运动组；（3）假去势非运动组；（4）去势非运动组；（5）去势＋运动组。运动组用大鼠专用跑台中等运动强度训练，持续10周。结果表明，去卵巢大鼠骨Ca,Mg,S,Mn,Zn等含量显著降低，P含量显著增加。运动训练可使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca,Mg,S,Mn,Zn等含量显著回升，骨P含量显著回降。提示中等强度运动训练可对抗由于去卵巢所引起的骨元素代谢紊乱。     

Phage‐Enabled Nanomedicine: From Probes to Therapeutics in Precision Medicine

Both lytic and temperate bacteriophages (phages) can be applied in nanomedicine, in particular, as nanoprobes for precise disease diagnosis and nanotherapeutics for targeted disease treatment. Since phages are bacteria‐specific viruses, they do not naturally infect eukaryotic cells and are not toxic to them. They can be genetically engineered to target nanoparticles, cells, tissues, and organs, and can also be modified with functional abiotic nanomaterials for disease diagnosis and treatment. This Review will summarize the current use of phage structures in many aspects of precision nanomedicine, including ultrasensitive biomarker detection, enhanced bioimaging for disease diagnosis, targeted drug and gene delivery, directed stem cell differentiation, accelerated tissue formation, effective vaccination, and nanotherapeutics for targeted disease treatment. We will also propose future directions in the area of phage‐based nanomedicines, and discuss the state of phage‐based clinical trials.     

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 Activity as a Promising Biomarker of Bone Fragility in Postmenopausal Women

The dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (Dpp3) is a ubiquitous zinc-dependent aminopeptidase, participating in the activation or degradation of signaling peptides and in the Keap1–Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. The absence of Dpp3 in the Dpp3 knockout mouse model causes increased osteoclast activity, altered osteogenic function, sustained oxidative stress in the bone tissue, and bone loss. We aimed to assess the association of Dpp3 activity with bone fragility in postmenopausal osteoporosis and the impact of denosumab on enzymatic activity. We conducted a two-phase study including 69 postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis and 36 postmenopausal women without osteometabolic conditions, as controls (cross-sectional phase). Subjects with severe osteoporosis were assessed at baseline and 14 days after the first denosumab administration (prospective phase). The results showed significant reduction in serum Dpp3 activity (expressed as nmoles of formed product/mg proteins/min) in patients vs. controls (0.791 ± 0.232 vs. 1.195 ± 0.338; p < 0.001), and significant association with bone mass at the femoral neck (r = 0.28, p = 0.02) in patients prior to treatment. We found a negative correlation between C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) or N-terminal pro-peptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) levels and Dpp3 activity (respectively, r = −0.29, p = 0.012; and r = −0.2572, p = 0.033). Dpp3 activity did not change after denosumab injection. Our findings support a critical role played by Dpp3 in bone homeostasis as a potential bone protective factor. Additional clinical studies in larger cohorts might explore the implementation of Dpp3 assessment as a biomarker of bone health status.     

碳酸钙对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响

用测定骨元素含量的方法,分析了碳酸钙(CaCO3)对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠24只,用抽签法随机分成4组:正常对照组,假去卵巢组,去卵巢组,去卵巢 CaCO3组。去卵巢 CaCO3组大鼠于去卵巢手术后第2 d开始给予CaCO3灌胃,w(Ca)=20mg/kg,1次/d,持续11周。结果表明,去卵巢大鼠骨Ca、S、Mg、Mn等元素含量显著降低,Zn、Co含量降低,骨P含量增加;CaCO3可使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca、S、Mg、Zn、Co、Mn等元素含量显著回升,骨P含量显著回降;CaCO3可纠正去卵巢大鼠的骨元素代谢紊乱。提示补钙防治骨质疏松是通过纠正骨矿物元素代谢紊乱而实现的。     

硒蛋白的分子生物学及与疾病的关系*

硒蛋白是微量元素硒在体内存在和发挥生物功能的主要形式。因硒蛋白的活性中心硒代半胱氨酸由传统终止码TGA编码,故从基因组中预测硒蛋白以及用基因工程技术表达硒蛋白均很困难。有关硒抗氧化、对癌症、神经退行性疾病和病毒作用的报导较多,但结论并不一致。本文综述了硒蛋白基因预测、蛋白质表达调控以及硒和硒蛋白对癌症、神经退行性疾病和病毒的作用及机制等方面的近期进展,研究提高硒蛋白生物信息学预测准确率和基因工程表达量的方法,分析了解硒蛋白与疾病发生发展的关系和机制,探索不同硒蛋白作为预防药物开发、作为癌症治疗和药物筛选靶标的可能性。     

大豆异黄酮对骨质疏松模型大鼠骨量及微观结构的影响

为研究大豆异黄酮（SI）对骨质疏松模型大鼠骨量及微观结构的影响,将46只雌性SD大鼠双侧摘除卵巢,术后一周按血清总胆固醇水平随机分为5组,分别给予雌激素,低、中、高剂量SI干预并设正常对照组,实验周期为12周,灌胃给药,每周称质量一次,分别在去卵巢、给药4、8周处死时抽取尾静脉血,实验结束后分别测定血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性及骨密度等指标。结果表明,高剂量SI干预对维持大鼠骨密度的作用与雌激素相似,去卵巢后干预SI可提高碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性并能缓解因去卵巢造成的骨丢失,全视野下骨形态学以雌激素组、高剂量SI干预组与正常组结构最为接近。提示大豆异黄酮对骨质疏松模型大鼠的骨量及微观结构存在一定影响,中、高剂量干预可使骨质疏松模型大鼠血清AKP酶活性增加、逆转因去势造成的骨密度下降,考虑到植物雌激素与哺乳动物的雌激素受体（ER）结合能力低下,采用SI在临床开展干预的剂量与远期效果尚待进一步论证。     

硒在癌症治疗中的作用

通过对近几年国内外文献检索,综述了微量元素硒防癌抗癌作用的研究进展。近年来的研究表明,硒对癌症有明显的预防和治疗作用,适量补硒能使癌症的发病率和死亡率下降。硒的防癌抗癌机制是多方面的,硒能通过多种途径诱导肿瘤细胞发生调亡是其抗癌的重要机制之一。     

微量元素锶掺杂生物材料在骨修复领域的应用

临床研究证实雷奈酸锶可以通过改善骨形成同时减少骨吸收以抑制骨质疏松症.这些作用部分是通过锶对骨代谢的影响来介导的,微量元素锶能够促进成骨和血管生成.目前,在骨科相关领域对掺锶复合材料的研究日益增多.本文主要综述了锶对骨组织的主要作用机制,以及与骨之间的相互作用,亦着重介绍了不同锶掺杂生物材料在局部骨组织修复中的应用,尤...     

单独和合用硒化壳聚糖与阿霉素对K562细胞作用的研究

应用MTT法和AO／EB荧光染色法观察单独和合用硒化壳聚糖与阿霉素对K562细胞株的影响,结果发现硒化壳聚糖和阿霉素均可有效地抑制K562细胞生长。且两药联合使用效果更佳。硒化壳聚糖可诱导细胞凋亡。两药合用诱导细胞凋亡效果更好。     

硒对免疫功能的影响

硒可多方面影响机体的免疫功能。机体缺硒时，免疫细胞活性降低；给予适当剂量的硒，T、B淋巴细胞，NK细胞、吞噬细胞等免疫细胞活性增高，非特异性免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫都增强，从而有助于提高机体的免疫功能。     

Selenium: An Element of Life Essential for Thyroid Function

Selenium (Se), a microelement essential for life, is critical for homeostasis of several critical functions, such as those related to immune–endocrine function and signaling transduction pathways. In particular, Se is critical for the function of the thyroid, and it is particularly abundant in this gland. Unfortunately, Se deficiency is a very common condition worldwide. Supplementation is possible, but as Se has a narrow safety level, toxic levels are close to those normally required for a correct need. Thus, whether the obtaining of optimal selenium concentration is desirable, the risk of dangerous concentrations must be equally excluded. This review addressed the contribution by environment and food intake on Se circulating levels (e.g., geographical factors, such as soil concentration and climate, and different quantities in food, such as nuts, cereals, eggs, meat and fish) and effects related to its deficiency or excess, together with the role of selenium and selenoproteins in the thyroid pathophysiology (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease).     

去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱机制研究

测定了去卵巢大鼠骨元素含量和血清相关激素和细胞因子含量,分析了去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的机制。将健康4月龄SD大鼠18只随机分成3组：正常对照组,假去卵巢大鼠组和去卵巢大鼠组。结果表明,去卵巢大鼠骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn等含量显著降低,P含量显著升高,血清E2、P、CT、GH等含量显著降低,IL-6、FSH、LH等含量显著升高。提示去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱是雌激素水平下降与其他因素共同作用的结果。     

利骨素加强尼尔雌醇防治去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用

用测定骨元素含量的方法,分析了尼尔雌醇及联合应用尼尔雌醇和利骨素对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠32只随机分成4组。A组:假去卵巢组;B组:去卵巢组;C组:去卵巢 CCE3(全量)组;D组:去卵巢 CCE3(半量) 利骨素。结果表明,去卵巢大鼠骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn等含量显著降低,P含量显著增加。单纯应用CCE3或联合应用CCE3和利骨素均可使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn等含量显著回升,P含量显著回降,而后者使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca、Mg、Zn、Co等含量回升的作用优于单纯应用CCE3,说明联合应用CCE3和利骨素对抗去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用强于单纯应用CCE3。提示利骨素可加强尼尔雌醇防治去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用。     

运动加强尼尔雌醇抗去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用

用测定骨元素含量的方法．研究了运动加强尼尔雌醇抗去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠40只随机分成4组：A组为假去卵巢组;B组为去卵巢组;C组为去卵巢 CCE3组;D组为去卵巢 CCE3 运动组。运动用大鼠专用跑台中等强度训练,持续10周。结果表明,去卵巢大鼠骨Da、Mg、S、Mn、Zn等含量显著降低,P含量显著增加。CCE3使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn等含量显著回升,P含量显著下降。联合应用CCE3和运动使去卵巢大鼠骨Ca、Mg、S、Mn、Zn等含量增加的作用较单纯使用CCE3的作用显著加强。但两者对骨P含量的影响无显著差异。提示运动可加强CCE3对抗由于去卵巢引起的大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用。     

土壤环境中的硒对人和动物健康的影响

硒是人和动物必需的微量元素之一。土壤中的硒含量过多或过低，人和 动物都会出现地方性疾病。土壤中硒的含量与土壤母质、地形、气候条件和土壤条件性质等有关，调节土壤性质可以改善作物的含硒量。防治硒缺额症和硒中毒症，每天必需摄入适量的硒，以100－200μg为宜，但人体对硒的需要量也与食物成分有关。     

运动加强氟化钠对去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响效应

用测定骨元素含量的方法,观察了运动对氟化钠（NaF）抗去卵巢大鼠骨元素代谢的影响效应。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠30只,用抽签法随机分成5组：正常对照组,假去卵巢组,去卵巢组,去卵巢＋NaF组和去卵巢＋NaF＋运动组;去卵巢＋NaF组和去卵巢＋NaF＋运动组大鼠于去卵巢手术后第2天开始给予NaF溶液灌胃,1mg／（kg·BW）,1次／d,持续11周;去卵巢＋NaF＋运动组大鼠于去卵巢术后第7天开始运动训练,每周5d,每天连续匀速跑45min,16m／min,跑道倾角0。,持续10周。结果表明,去卵巢大鼠骨Ca、S、Mg、Zn、Co、Mn等元素含量显著降低,骨P含量增加;NaF可使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨Ca、S、Mg、Co、Mn等元素含量回升,骨P含量回降;运动与NaF联合应用能使骨Ca、S、Mg、Zn、Co、Mn等元素含量显著回升,骨P含量显著回降。提示运动可加强NaF对抗由于去卵巢引起的大鼠骨元素代谢紊乱的作用。     

Evaluation of Diabetes Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized from a Mixture of Luteolin and Diosmin on Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Mice

The absence of a treatment efficient in the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus requires more functional products to assist treatment. Luteolin (LU) and diosmin (DIO) have been known as bioactive molecules with potential for the treatment of diabetes. This work aimed to establish the role that a combination of LU and DIO in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) played in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetes mice. Green synthesis of Se NPs was performed by mixing luteolin and diosmin with the solution of Na₂SeO₃ under continuous stirring conditions resulting in the flavonoids conjugated with SeNPs. The existence of flavonoids on the surface of SeNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and DLS graphs via Zetasizer. The average diameter of GA/LU/DIO-SeNPs was 47.84 nm with a PDI of −0.208, a zeta potential value of −17.6, a Se content of 21.5% with an encapsulation efficiency of flavonoids of 86.1%, and can be stabilized by gum Arabic for approximately 175 days without any aggregation and precipitation observed at this time. Furthermore, The C57BL/6 mice were treated with STZ induced-diabetes and were exposed to LU/DIO, SeNPs, and GA/LU/DIO-SeNPs for six weeks. The treatment by nanospheres (GA/LU/DIO-SeNPs) in the mice with diabetes for a period of 6 weeks restored their blood glucose, lipid profile, glycogen, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin levels. At the same time, there were significant changes in body weight, food intake, and water intake compared with the STZ- untreated induced diabetic mice. Moreover, the GA/LU/DIO-SeNPs showed good antioxidant activity examined by catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and kidney and can prevent the damage in the liver evaluated by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. The nanospheres exhibited a significant anti-diabetic activity with a synergistic effect between the selenium and flavonoids. This investigation provides novel SeNPs nanospheres prepared by a high-efficiency strategy for incorporating luteolin and diosmin to improve the efficiency in type 2 diabetes.