微量元素硒的临床应用新进展

综述了近年来国内外微量元素硒生理功能及临床应用的进展,包括：硒抗氧化、提高机体免疫力和延缓衰老、养颜的生理功能,硒在防治心血管疾病、癌症、白内障、糖尿病、大骨节病、克山病、白血病、类风湿性关节炎等方面的临床应用。可见硒是人体延缓衰老、预防疾病、健康长寿的重要微量元素和迄今发现的最重要的抗衰老元素。     

骨的微量元素代谢

雌激素可通过影响骨骼细胞的新陈代谢而促进微量元素在骨骼中的储存,微量元素代谢与骨质疏松的形成发展有密切关系。近年来不少学者对一些必需微量元素如硼(5B)、氟(9F)、钒(23V)、锰(25Mn)、铁(26Fe)、钴(27Co)、铜(29Cu)、锌(30Zn)、硒(34Se)、锶(38Sr)等和一些非必需微量元素如铝(13Al)、镓(31Ga)、锗(32Ge)、镉(48Cd)、铅(82Pb)等与骨质疏松关系的研究取得了令人瞩目的成果。     

The Role of Vitamin C,Vitamin D,and Selenium in Immune System against COVID-19

Low levels of micronutrients have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during viral infections. Therefore, to maximize the nutritional defense against infections, a daily allowance of vitamins and trace elements for malnourished patients at risk of or diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be beneficial. Recent studies on COVID-19 patients have shown that vitamin D and selenium deficiencies are evident in patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D improves the physical barrier against viruses and stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides. It may prevent cytokine storms by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. Selenium enhances the function of cytotoxic effector cells. Furthermore, selenium is important for maintaining T cell maturation and functions, as well as for T cell-dependent antibody production. Vitamin C is considered an antiviral agent as it increases immunity. Administration of vitamin C increased the survival rate of COVID-19 patients by attenuating excessive activation of the immune response. Vitamin C increases antiviral cytokines and free radical formation, decreasing viral yield. It also attenuates excessive inflammatory responses and hyperactivation of immune cells. In this mini-review, the roles of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in the immune system are discussed in relation to COVID-19.     

含微量元素的中药对老年病的治疗

微量元素摄取过多或不足，会引发老年病．中药含有微量元素，根据不同药物含的微量元素不同．来治疗因微量元素缺乏发生的老年病有一定价值．本文综合报道了一些老年病治疗．     

仿硒酶研究进展

硒是人体中必需的微量元素,它与各种疾病和人类健康息息相关。硒在生物体内以硒代半胱氨酸形式表现其生理活性和功能。为了探索硒在硒蛋白中结构和功能关系并可能发展成硒相关的适用药物,人们付出许多努力来发展硒蛋白模拟化学。由于硒酶—谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）重要的抗氧化作用以及潜在的药用价值,国际上广泛开展了对它的人工模拟研究。本文对近年来硒酶模拟化学和生物学相关研究进展进行了综述。     

Analytical and bioanalytical approaches to unravel the selenium–mercury antagonism: A review

Mercury is a well-known risk to ecosystems and human health. Considering that no effective treatment is available to counteract mercury toxicity, the effectiveness of different trace elements, agents and nutrients with antioxidant properties to protect or reverse mercury toxicity is crucial. In this article we present the main analytical and bioanalytical strategies that have been used to study the potential of selenium as a protective agent against mercury-induced toxicity. We review the different seleno-species and routes of administration tested, and consider the analytical approaches used to evaluate the influence of selenium on the uptake and assimilation of mercury by model animals. In addition, we describe a variety of methods for toxicity assessment that have been used to elucidate the antagonism mercury–selenium, and critically review the main results obtained to date. Future potential research interests that could provide a clearer picture of this phenomenon are also presented.     

The Application on Determination of Se by Continus Flow Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Zhangjiakou Low Se Area of China

Selenium is an essential nutrient trace element for human with established recommended dietary intake levels for different age groups. Low Se status has been reported to be a contributing factor in a number of deficiency diseases, of which the best doucumented is Keshan disease, a cardiomyopathy occurring in certain regions of China. By now,there are still new Keshan disease patients occuring in some area of China such as Zhangjiakou district. In order to assess and monitor the selenium nutrient status in human health, it is necessary to precisely quantify selenium in environment materials especially low Se level materials. This paper reports the analysis method on determination Se in low Se grain samples by continuous flow hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS).     

中国硒研究历史回顾（上）

过去50年中,中国微量元素科学和营养科学中最重要的发现,就是认识了硒对人体健康的重要性。在诸多微量元素中,没有哪一个元素能像硒那样对人类产生如此深刻而又广泛的影响。从硒的生物必需性、硒的生物效应两面性、硒的抗癌性、硒的延寿作用及富硒产品开发五个方面回顾了中国的硒研究历程。     

中国硒研究历史回顾（下）

过去50年中,中国微量元素科学和营养科学中最重要的发现之一,就是认识了硒对人体健康的重要性。在诸多微量元素中,没有哪一个元素能像硒那样对人类产生如此深刻而又广泛的影响。从硒的生物必需性、硒的生物效应两面性、硒的抗癌性、硒的延寿作用及富硒产品开发五个方面回顾了中国的硒研究历程。     

硒对呼吸系统感染的防治作用

介绍了硒的免疫作用机制及在呼吸系统感染性疾病防治中的作用。硒是一种重要的人体必需微量元素。适量的硒可增强细胞免疫、体液免疫及非特异免疫功能 ,缺硒会损害免疫系统的功能 ,硒在呼吸系统感染性疾病防治方面亦有诸多报道     

Selenium concentrations of selected medicinal and aromatic plants in Turkey

Recent scientific studies have proven the importance of trace elements on human health. The main food supplies are plants and animals, which are significant sources of these minerals. Studies on determining mineral compositions of herbs, spices and some other crops have increased all over the world. Published works revealed that spices, herbs and medicinal plants should be consumed to obtain beneficial trace elements. Selenium (Se), one of the most vital trace elements, has a significant role in human diet acting as a preventative agent against some serious illnesses. Despite numerous scientific works on mineral compositions of medicinal and aromatic plants, investigations of selenium content in these foods could not be successfully studied until recently due to the lack of suitable analytical methods for selenium analysis. Thus, publications on selenium concentrations of foods are recent. In this regard, selenium contents of some medicinal and aromatic plants commonly used as spices, herbal teas and traditional medicines in Turkey were studied in the present research. Selenium contents of the most used parts of these plants were analyzed by ICP-OES (Varian Vista-Pro, Australia). Of the analyzed 26 medicinal and aromatic plants, the highest Se concentration (1133 microg kg-1) was found in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and the lowest in sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits (11 microg kg(-1)).     

硒、钙等元素在四川省阿坝州大骨节病区人发中的含量特征

大骨节病是一种地方性骨关节疾病,国内外学者经历160年的研究,病因假说上百种,但至今仍无定论。四川省阿坝州是中国大骨节病发病率较高的病区之一,为了查明病区人体中元素含量特征,采用人发作为测量介质进行对比研究,样本采集包含了健康、大骨节病Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类等人群。通过对比人发样品硒、钙、镉、氟分析结果,发现发病人群人发中硒、钙含量随着患病程度的加重,呈现下降的趋势,而镉、氟含量随着病情的加重呈现上升的趋势。与男性患病者相比,女性病人人发中钙、镉、氟略高,而硒元素较低。不同年龄段人发样品对比发现,随着年龄的增大,人发中钙、硒含量略有降低。建议合理调节大骨节病区人们的饮食结构,以高钙、硒等食物为主。     

Trace elements in human bone determined by neutron activation analysis

There is an evidence that some of the essential trace elements are crucial determinants of bone health. Excess or deficiency of these elements has a role in the development of bone diseases, therefore research on trace elements in bone is very important. Iliac crest bone biopsies were optioned from twelve persons undergoing orthopedic surgery due to any reason than osteoporosis. Cortical and trabecular parts were separated, and blood and fats were removed. Up to 30 minor and trace elements were determined in these samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis and other techniques and their relations were discussed.     

Resveratrol in management of bone and spinal cancers

Bone cancer is a malignant primary tumour of the bone with different typing, such as, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Despite the clinical efficacy of conventional therapies of bone cancer, most patients eventually relapse and the disease remains incurable. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed to improve patient outcome. In this review article, we have discussed the role of resveratrol in preventing bone and spinal cancers and therapeutics. Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a natural polyphenol, which has been widely reported as an anticancer molecule. Resveratrol exhibits multiple tumour-suppressing activities in bone cancer by affecting a series of critical events. It has the protective effects against oxidative injury, possesses antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Resveratrol might be a good option for the treatment of different types of bone and spinal cancers.     

血管硒蛋白与动脉粥样硬化*

动脉粥样硬化是一种严重危害人类健康的慢性炎症血管疾病,随着我国人民生活水平的不断提高和人口的老龄化,其发病率逐年增高。本文结合本课题组的工作,对血管硒蛋白与动脉粥样硬化的关系进行了介绍。主要的研究进展表明：动脉粥样硬化的发生与血管氧化性损伤有密切关系,硒作为一种重要的必需微量元素主要以硒蛋白的形式存在于血管之中,对氧化型固醇导致的血管损伤有明显的抑制作用;其机理可能与硒蛋白的抗氧化作用、调节血液前列环素和血栓素的比例改善血液流通、以及抑制氧化型固醇诱导的血管细胞凋亡等有关。     

Relationship between the cervical uterine cancer evolution and selenium concentration in urine determied by NAA

Neutron activation analysis of Se in urine reaches an optimum sensitivity (few ppb) and precision (±12%) when the traces are complexed without using a carrier by ammonium pryrrolidindithiocarbamate (APDC) at pH 1.5–2 and adsorbed on activated carbon filters. In this way the selenium traces analysis have been carried out through^77mSe in 45 urine samples on a pre-separation basis by cyclic activation ofthe carbon filters. The selenium concentration in our blanks is virtually zero, because APDC proved to be selnium free and selenium mass in 50 mg of activated carbon used as a filter is 20 times below our qualitative detection limit and 144 times below our quantitative detection limit. The samples were first of day urine from healthy and ill women suffering cervical uterine cancer, at different evolution stages: incipient, intemediate and advanced, with no treatment, and surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combined treatment. The results show a consistent tred to increase the selenium trace concentration during the intemediate stage, whereas it is the same than nomal for incipient cases, and it decreases to the lowest concentrations for advanced cases.     

Selenium speciation analysis using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Selenium exists in several oxidation states and a variety of inorganic and organic compounds, and the chemistry of selenium is complex in both the environment and living systems. Selenium is an essential element at trace levels and toxic at greater levels. Interest in speciation analysis for selenium has grown rapidly in this last decade, especially in the use of chromatographic separation coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Complete characterization of selenium compounds is necessary to understand selenium's significance in metabolic processes, clinical chemistry, biology, toxicology, nutrition and the environment. This review describes some of the essential background of selenium, and more importantly, some of the currently used separation methodologies, both chromatographic and electrophoretic, with emphasis on applications of selenium speciation analysis using ICP-MS detection.     

Measurement of gut microbial metabolites in cardiometabolic health and translational research

The human gut microbiota is a functioning endocrine organ and stands at the intersection between dietary components and health or disease. There are very many microbial metabolites with numerous structures and functions arising from the gut microbial fermentation of foods and become signals for biological communication in the human body. These small molecules can be absorbed and delivered to distant organs through the circulatory system to build the gut–systemic axis. The gut microbial metabolomes are thus believed to play important roles in regulating cardiometabolic health and provide opportunities in mechanistic research and new drug discovery. Measurement of these novel microbial metabolites in clinical samples may serve as a tool for investigating disease biomarkers. In the past decade, the development of untargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches using NMR, LC/MS, and GC/MS has contributed to the exploration of gut microbial metabolomes in cardiometabolic health and disease. Some important targets are currently being translated into clinical applications. In this review article, we introduce an oral carnitine challenge test developed as an example to demonstrate the potential applications in personalized nutrition based on the function of gut microbiota. It is a method taking the gut microbiota as a bioreactor and provides fermentable materials as inputs and measures the outputs of targeted microbial byproducts in the blood or urine. This challenge test may be extended to measure metabolites from microbial fermentation related to other endocrinological or inflammatory diseases. We review current gut metabolome research approaches and propose a gut microbial functional measurement using a challenge test. We suggest that the maturation in measuring gut microbial metabolites may provide an important piece to complete the puzzle of precision medicine.     

从稀土对骨代谢的影响看稀土的药用及安全性

骨骼的正常代谢涉及多种金属离子,随着稀土的应用,通过环境和经由食物链等渠道进入人体内的稀土量也有所增加, 并且在骨组织中相对富集且难排出;由于稀土与钙离子的相似性,它们将干预和调控骨的形成与再造。一方面,稀土被设想可以用来作为治疗骨疾病的药物, 另一方面,它对骨代谢的影响产生负面作用。因此, 稀土的药用和安全性日益成为人们关注的问题。本文回顾了稀土离子对骨代谢影响的研究进展,探讨了其药用和安全性问题, 主要从以下三个方面进行综述: (1)稀土离子对成骨细胞细胞和破骨细胞的分化和功能表达的影响; (2)稀土离子对骨髓基质细胞成骨分化和成脂分化的影响; (3)稀土离子对动物骨矿物相的影响。此外,还指出了该研究领域的不足以及今后应该加强的研究方向。     

Inorganic arsenic: A dangerous enigma for mankind

Human being have been using inorganic arsenic for a long time. Many reports on arsenic poisoning have been published: eg case reports, examination reports, post mortem reports, and epidemiological studies. Several aspects and features of arsenic poisoning are discussed in this report. Methods of inferring arsenic-related disease, disease classification according to acute or chronic criteria, exposure route, interaction, confounding factors, and the oxidation state of arsenic are all discussed. The effects of arsenic are classified into skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, cardiovascular system, nervous system, and bone marrow effects. Carcinogenicity is an important chronic effect of arsenic poisoning, so special attention is paid to it in this review. In Japan, there have been many incidents of arsenic poisoning. In this review, we often use data from these cases, such as the Morinaga powdered-milk poisoning case, the Ube soy-sauce poisoning case, the Toroku mine incident, and the Nakajo well-water poisoning case. We emphasize here the necessity of planning follow-up studies and total health care for patients exposed to arsenic.