Theoretical investigation on RuO2 nanoclusters adsorbed on TiO2 rutile (110) and anatase (101) surfaces

Minimizing the energy of an $N$ -electron system as a functional of a two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM), constrained by necessary $N$ -representability conditions (conditions for the 2-RDM to represent an ensemble $N$ -electron quantum system), yields a rigorous lower bound to the ground-state energy in contrast to variational wave function methods. We characterize the performance of two sets of approximate constraints, (2,2)-positivity (DQG) and approximate (2,3)-positivity (DQGT) conditions, at capturing correlation in one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional (ladder) Hubbard models. We find that, while both the DQG and DQGT conditions capture both the weak and strong correlation limits, the more stringent DQGT conditions improve the ground-state energies, the natural occupation numbers, the pair correlation function, the effective hopping, and the connected (cumulant) part of the 2-RDM. We observe that the DQGT conditions are effective at capturing strong electron correlation effects in both one- and quasi-one-dimensional lattices for both half filling and less-than-half filling.     

Computational investigation of the adsorption and reactions of SiHx (x = 0–4) on TiO2 anatase (101) and rutile (110) surfaces

The adsorption and reactions of the SiH_x (x = 0–4) on Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) anatase (101) and rutile (110) surfaces have been studied by using periodic density functional theory in conjunction with the projected augmented wave approach. It is found that SiH_x (x = 0–4) can form the monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate adsorbates, depending on the value of x. H coadsorption is found to reduce the stability of SiH_x adsorption. Hydrogen migration on the TiO₂ surfaces is also discussed for elucidation of the SiH_x decomposition mechanism. Comparing adsorption energies, energy barriers, and potential energy profiles on the two TiO₂ surfaces, the SiH_x decomposition can occur more readily on the rutile (110) surface than on the anatase (101) surface. The results may be used for kinetic simulation of Si thin‐film deposition and quantum dot preparation on titania by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced CVD, or catalytically enhanced CVD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Computational study of ethanol adsorption and reaction over rutile TiO(2) (110) surfaces

Studies of the modes of adsorption and the associated changes in electronic structures of renewable organic compounds are needed in order to understand the fundamentals behind surface reactions of catalysts for future energies. Using planewave density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the adsorption of ethanol on perfect and O-defected TiO(2) rutile (110) surfaces was examined. On both surfaces the dissociative adsorption mode on five-fold coordinated Ti cations (Ti(4+)(5c)) was found to be more favourable than the molecular adsorption mode. On the stoichiometric surface E(ads) was found to be equal to 0.85 eV for the ethoxide mode and equal to 0.76 eV for the molecular mode. These energies slightly increased when adsorption occurred on the Ti(4+)(5c) closest to the O-defected site. However, both considerably increased when adsorption occurred at the removed bridging surface O; interacting with Ti(3+) cations. In this case the dissociative adsorption becomes strongly favoured (E(ads) = 1.28 eV for molecular adsorption and 2.27 eV for dissociative adsorption). Geometry and electronic structures of adsorbed ethanol were analysed in detail on the stoichiometric surface. Ethanol does not undergo major changes in its structure upon adsorption with its C-O bond rotating nearly freely on the surface. Bonding to surface Ti atoms is a σ type transfer from the O2p of the ethanol-ethoxide species. Both ethanol and ethoxide present potential hole traps on O lone pairs. Charge density and work function analyses also suggest charge transfer from the adsorbate to the surface, in which the dissociative adsorptions show a larger charge transfer than the molecular adsorption mode.     

Emerging polymorphism in nanostructured TiO2: Quantum chemical comparison of anatase,rutile, and brookite clusters

Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT calculations have been performed on a set of 34 titanium dioxide clusters ((TiO2)_n with n ≤ 125) to investigate structural and electronic properties of nanostructured TiO₂ (nano‐TiO₂) materials. The investigated clusters include models of the three low‐energy polymorphic forms of TiO₂ anatase, rutile, and brookite. A systematic comparison of clusters of increasing size show clear trends for emerging bulk properties in the investigated systems as the surface‐to‐bulk ratio changes from small clusters dominated by undercoordinated surface atoms to more realistic model nanocrystals with significant bulk components. Differences and similarities in terms of atomic coordination, structural stability, and electronic properties for the three different polymorphic forms of nano‐TiO₂ are discussed. The calculations provide evidence for emerging polymorphism with increasing cluster sizes so that the different TiO₂ forms can be clearly distinguished based on structural characteristics associated with the local bonding environment of the constituent atoms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Chemical reactions on rutile TiO2(110)

Understanding the surface chemistry of TiO2 is key to the development and optimisation of many technologies, such as solar power, catalysis, gas sensing, medical implantation, and corrosion protection. In order to address this, considerable research effort has been directed at model single crystal surfaces of TiO2. Particular attention has been given to the rutile TiO2(110) surface because it is the most stable face of TiO2. In this critical review, we discuss the chemical reactivity of TiO2(110), focusing in detail on four molecules/classes of molecules. The selected molecules are water, oxygen, carboxylic acids, and alcohols-all of which have importance not only to industry but also in nature (173 references).     

Criegee自由基CH2O2与H2O反应机理及动力学的理论研究

在6-311＋G(2d,2p)水平下, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 研究了Criegee 自由基CH₂O₂与H₂O的反应. 结果表明反应存在三个通道: CH₂O₂＋H₂O®HOCH₂OOH (R1); CH₂O₂＋H₂O®HCO＋OH＋H₂O (R2); CH₂O₂＋H₂O®HCHO＋H₂O₂ (R3), 各通道的势垒高度分别为43.35, 85.30和125.85 kJ/mol. 298 K下主反应通道(R1)的经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)的速率常数k^TST与k^CVT均为2.47×10^－17 cm³•molecule^－1•s^－1, 而经小曲率隧道效应模型(SCT)校正后的速率常数k^CVT/SCT为 5.22×10^－17 cm³•molecule^－1•s^－1. 另外, 还给出了200～2000 K 温度范围内拟合得到的速率常数随温度变化的三参数Arrhenius方程.     

A DFT study of acetonitrile adsorption and decomposition on the TiO2 (110) surface

The adsorption and decomposition of acetonitrile on the TiO₂ (110) surface have been investigated with first principles calculations. Our results reveal that both C?N and C? C bonds of acetonitrile become weakened after adsorption. Acetonitrile behaves as an electron donor, and electrons transfer from acetonitrile to substrate is obvious. The reaction mechanism of further decomposition of acetonitrile on TiO₂ (110) surface is also investigated, and the result shows that acetonitrile can decompose into CH₃ and CN fragments and form OCH₃ and NCO groups on the TiO₂ (110) surface, which consists with the experimental results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

CuOx/TiO2光催化水蒸气还原CO2

以商品TiO2-P25为原料,通过浸渍法负载一定量过渡金属Cu,得到一系列不同含量的CuOx/TiO2光催化剂。利用X射线衍射（XRD）,X－射线光电子能谱（XPS）,BET,高分辨率透射镜（HRTEM）,X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和光致发光光谱（PL）等方法对催化剂进行了详细表征,在自建的光催化反应器中评价了气态水光催化还原CO2反应的活性和CH4收率。结果表明负载CuOx后的TiO2纳米材料光催化性能显著提高,其中1%CuOx/TiO2样品紫外光照72 h后,CH4生成量达到了24.86 µmol•gTi-1。同时,CuOx负载量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对CH4收率均有显著影响。     

Adsorption configurations and energetics of BClx (x=0-3) on TiO2 anatase (101) and rutile (110) surfaces

This study investigates the adsorption and reactions of boron trichloride and its fragments (BClx) on the TiO2 anatase (101) and rutile (110) surfaces by first-principles calculations. The results show that the possible absorbates on the TiO2 anatase and rutile surfaces are very similar. The single- and double-site adsorption configurations are found for both anatase and rutile surfaces. The particular adsorbate feature on the anatase surface is its in-plane double-site adsorption by Ti and O from its sawtooth surface. The potential energy surface shows that BCl3 can be adsorbed on the O site for both the anantase and rutile surfaces and the most of the BClx reaction on both anatase and rutile surfaces are endothermic, except for the dissociative reaction on the rutile surface. The energy levels of the BClx reactions between the anatase and rutile surfaces show that the rutile surface has lower energy levels than those of anatase surface. This result reveals that the BClx dissociative adsorption more easily occurs on rutile surface than on anatase surface.     

贵金属对TiO2悬浮液光照过程中H2O2形成的促进作用

众所周知,TiO₂是一种能进行光能-化学能转换的半导体材料.70年代初期,日本的Fujishima等人[1]发现TiO₂电极能利用光能将水分解为氢气和氧气.从此,TiO₂作为光能转换材料,在太阳能利用,环境保护,卫生医疗等许多领域逐渐引起研究人员的注目并相继在许多基础和应用方面得到了大量的研究^[2～5].     

纳米复合材料H_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)/TiO_2(P123)微波增强光催化降解染料

采用非离子表面活性剂(C3H6O·C2H4O)x(P123)作为模板剂,通过溶胶-凝胶与程序升温溶剂热一步法在较低温度下制备了具有锐钛矿晶型结构的有序复合孔材料-H6P2W18O62/TiO2(P123)。通过FT-IR、X-射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、透射电子显微镜、N2吸附-脱附测定以及扫描电子显微镜配合X-射线能量色散谱仪等测试手段对其组成、结构、表面形貌进行了表征。结果表明,复合材料中多酸的Dawson结构未发生明显变化,与母体多酸和TiO2相比,复合材料H6P2W18O62/TiO2(P123)的BET比表面积显著增大,高达414.6m2/g,且孔径有序性大幅度提高。光催化反应实验结果显示,H6P2W18O62/TiO2(P123)在微波场作用下,催化活性显著增强,可有效降解多种染料。     

H_2O_2氧化N_2生成N_2O和H_2O机理的研究

采用量子化学计算方法研究了Ｈ２Ｏ２ 氧化Ｎ２ 生成Ｎ２Ｏ 和Ｈ２Ｏ 的机理．结果发现, Ｈ２Ｏ２ 氧化Ｎ２ 先通过１ 个四元环过渡态形成中间体Ｈ２Ｎ２Ｏ２ 分子,Ｈ２Ｎ２Ｏ２ 再通过一个五元环过渡态形成Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｈ２Ｏ．根据计算得到的每步反应的活化能,得知Ｈ２Ｏ２ 氧化Ｎ２ 生成中间体Ｈ２Ｎ２Ｏ２ 分子是整个反应的控制步骤．     

CuOx/TiO2光催化水蒸气还原CO2反应研究

以商品TiO2-P25为原料,通过浸渍法负载一定量过渡金属Cu,得到一系列不同含量的CuOx/TiO2光催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD),X-射线光电子能谱(XPS),BET,高分辨率透射镜(HRTEM),X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和光致发光光谱(PL)等方法对催化剂进行了详细表征,在自建的光催化反应器中评价了气态水光催化还原CO2反应的活性和CH4收率.结果表明负载CuOx后的TiO2纳米材料光催化性能显著提高,其中1%CuOx/TiO2样品紫外光照72 h后,CH4生成量达到了24.86μmol.gTi-1.同时,CuOx负载量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对CH4收率均有显著影响.     

An ONIOM and DFT study of water adsorption on rutile TiO2 (110) cluster

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed at ONIOM DFT B3LYP/6‐31G**‐MD/UFF level are employed to study molecular and dissociative water adsorption on rutile TiO₂ (110) surface represented by partially relaxed Ti₂₅O₃₇ ONIOM cluster. DFT calculations indicate that dissociative water adsorption is not favorable because of high activation barrier (23.2 kcal/mol). The adsorption energy and vibration frequency of both molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed water molecule on rutile TiO₂ (110) surface compare well with the values reported in the literature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

微波增强H3PW12O40／TiO2光催化降解染料和水杨酸的研究

以孔雀石绿为模型分子, 考察了微波无极灯的形状、微波功率和溶液初始浓度对光催化降解效果的影响. 并且在最佳微波反应条件下, 考察了通过溶胶-凝胶再结合程序升温水热法制备的复合材料H3PW12O40/TiO2对刚果红、酸性黑、酸性品红和水杨酸的光催化降解情况. 结果表明, 微波无极灯具有更好地增强H3PW12O40/TiO2光催化降解有机污染物的作用.     

TiO2/H2O2/超声波协同降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液

采用经过处理的锐钛矿型TiO2作为催化剂,在H2O2存在下,以TiO2/H2O2/超声波协同降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚反应为模型,探讨了TiO2催化剂用量、H2O2用量、超声波功率、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液初始浓度、初始pH值对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解率的影响。结果表明,在一定的超声波功率和一定的TiO2用量范围内,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解率随超声波功率和TiO2用量的增大而增大,达到一定值后保持平稳;当H2O2浓度介于一定范围内,增大H2O2用量可提高壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的降解率,但H2O2用量过多时,反而会使壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的降解率下降;pH<5时,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解效果较好,且pH值越小,降解率越高;pH>5时,降解率越来越低。TiO2/H2O2/超声波体系降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚产生了较强烈的协同效应,在同一时刻三者协同体系的降解率比其3种单独体系的降解率之和高出约60%;在TiO2催化剂用量0.4g/L、H2O2用量0.2g/L、超声波功率600W、降解时间120min的条件下,对初始质量浓度为80mg/L,pH=1的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液进行降解,其降解率达98%以上。     

Density functional theory study of CO catalytic oxidation on Co_2B_2/TiO_2（110） surface

Titanium dioxide with CoB amorphous alloys nanoparticles deposited on the surface is known to exhibit higher catalytic activity than the CoB amorphous. A study of the structure of such system is necessary to understand this effect. A quantum chemical study of Co2B2 on the TiO2 (110) surface was studied using periodic slab model within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The results of geometry optimization indicated that the most stable model of adsorption was Co2B2 cluster adsorbed on the hollow site of TiO2.The adsorption energy calculated for Co2B2 on the hollow site was 439.3 kJ/mol.The adsorption of CO and O2 was further studied and the results indicated that CO and O2 are preferred to adsorb on the Co2 site. Co-adsorption of CO and O2 shows that Co2B2/TiO2 is a good catalyst for the oxidation of CO to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen.     

First-principles calculations of hydrogen diffusion on rutile TiO2(110) surfaces

Density functional calculations are performed to study the H-atom diffusion on titanium dioxide (110) surface in the cases of water-molecule dissociation and splitting of the adjacent hydroxyl OH pair. It is shown that, when a water molecule is adsorbed at a surface oxygen-vacancy site, a fragment H atom of the water molecule tends to diffuse toward the nearest-neighboring bridging-oxygen sites by using a straight-line or relay-point path. As the result, a pair of surface hydroxyl OH is formed on the same oxygen row. In a thermal process, on the other hand, such OH pair favorably splits only by using a relay-point path, i.e., by transferring one H atom from a bridging-oxygen site to a next-neighboring one along the same oxygen row by way of another in-plane oxygen site. We found that the latter splitting reaction is activated around room temperature.     

TiO2(110)表面负载W3O10团簇构型和电子结构的理论研究

采用基于第一性原理的分子动力学和量子力学相结合的方法, 对非化学计量比富氧型钨氧化物团簇W₃O₁₀在TiO₂(110)表面负载的构型和电子结构进行了系统研究. 研究结果表明, 热力学最稳定的负载构型为W₃O₁₀团簇通过端氧原子和W原子形成四根Ti-O键和两根W-O键吸附在TiO₂(110)表面. 负载W₃O₁₀团簇后, 有较多电子从TiO₂表面转移到团簇上, TiO₂表面不再保持半导体性质, 相应地, 表面功函上升. 比较负载前后团簇的稳定性可知, 可以通过沉积在合适的固体表面来稳定气相中的不稳定构型.     

Theoretical study of adsorption of O((3)P) and H(2)O on the rutile TiO(2)(110) surface

The adsorption of oxygen atoms O(3P) on both ideal and hydrated rutile TiO(2)(110) surfaces is investigated by periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the revised Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (RPBE) generalized gradient approximation and a four Ti-layer slab, with (2 x 1) and (3 x 1) surface unit cells. It is shown that upon adsorption on the TiO(2) surface the spin of the O atom is completely lost, leading to stable surface peroxide species on both in-plane and bridging oxygen sites with O-binding energies of about 1.0-1.5 eV, rather than to the kinetically unstable terminal Ti-O and terminal O-O species with smaller binding energies of 0.1-0.7 eV. Changes in O-atom coverage ratios between 1/3 and 1 molecular layer (ML) and coadsorption of H(2)O have only minor effects on the O-binding energies of the stable peroxide configurations. High O-atom diffusion barriers of about 1 eV are found, suggesting a slow recombination rate of adsorbed O atoms on TiO(2)(110). Our results suggest that the TiOOTi peroxide intermediate experimentally observed in photoelectrolysis of water should be interpreted as a single spinless O adatom on TiO(2) surface rather than as two Ti-O* radicals coupled together.