Response of an open curved thin shell to a random pressure field arising from a turbulent boundary layer

A method is presented to predict the root mean square displacement response of an open curved thin shell structure subjected to a turbulent boundary-layer-induced random pressure field. The basic formulation of the dynamic problem is an efficient approach combining classic thin shell theory and the finite element method, in which the finite elements are flat rectangular shell elements with five degrees of freedom per node. The displacement functions are derived from Sanders’ thin shell theory. A numerical approach is proposed to obtain the total root mean square displacements of an open curved thin structure in terms of the cross spectral density of random pressure fields. The cross spectral density of pressure fluctuations in the turbulent pressure field is described using the Corcos formulation. Exact integrations over surface and frequency lead to an expression for the total root mean square displacement response in terms of the characteristics of the structure and flow. An in-house program based on the presented method was developed. The total root mean square displacements of a curved thin blade subjected to turbulent boundary layers were calculated and illustrated as a function of free stream velocity and damping ratio. A numerical implementation for the vibration of a cylinder excited by fully developed turbulent boundary layer flow was presented. The results compared favorably with those obtained using software developed by Lakis and Païdoussis (J. Sound Vib. 25 (1972) 1–27) using cylindrical elements and a hybrid finite element method.     

基于光谱连接空间的彩色相机光谱重构研究

针对彩色相机三通道响应值重构光谱反射率精度低的问题,提出了基于光谱连接空间的彩色相机光谱反射率重构方法。首先通过光谱反射率已知的训练样本集和多项式拟合方法建立相机响应值到光谱连接空间的转换矩阵,然后利用该矩阵将待重构样本的相机响应值映射到光谱连接空间,最后选用合适的光谱重构算法在光谱连接空间内实现光谱反射率重构,并利用色度误差和光谱误差两个指标对重构结果进行评价。在上述过程中,鉴于转换矩阵的重要性,采用了基于反距离加权的最小二乘法计算转换矩阵以提高相机响应值到光谱连接空间的转换精度。实验结果表明:本文方法切实可行且精度可靠,与基于彩色相机三通道响应值的光谱重构方法相比,色度重构精度和光谱重构精度均显著提高,平均色差和谱差分别为1.145 2和0.010 3,可在较大程度上满足数字典藏、高保真颜色复制等的需要。     

可见光/近红外光谱分析的木材树种与密度同时预测

光谱分析已经在木材特性参数（例如木材树种、气干密度、强度、含水率、表面粗糙度等）检测中得到应用,但是,现有的木材检测研究都只是针对上述某一项参数做数学建模和预测。如果需要检测木材多项参数,那么需要进行多次建模,并且每次建模预测时使用的数学模型类型（例如神经网络的类型）和内部结构参数一般各不相同。为了提高木材质量检测效率,提出了一种基于可见光/近红外光谱的木材树种和密度同时预测方法,它只需要一次建模和预测就可以实现这两项参数的同时输出。对东北5种常见木材（杨木、桦木、樟子松、白松和落叶松）进行检测,首先,采用K/S算法划分样本集,保证了训练集和预测集具有一定的代表性。然后,使用主成分分析和小波变换两种光谱降维方法,分别与BP神经网络和偏最小二乘支持向量机相结合建立了4种木材树种和密度同时预测模型和预测精度对比。 采用美国海洋公司的Ocean Optics USB2000-VIS-NIR微型光纤光谱仪采集样本的可见光/近红外光谱并进行预测处理,光谱范围为350～1 100 nm。结果表明,这四种模型都可实现对木材树种和密度的同时预测,其中小波变换降维方法结合偏最小二乘支持向量机所建立的模型预测效果相对较好,树种正确识别率为100%,训练集密度的R为0.973 4,预测集密度的R为0.940 8,训练集密度的RMSE为0.026 13,预测集密度的RMSE为0.038 46,它为同时对木材多项特性参数进行预测的便携式多功能一体化木材光谱检测仪器的开发奠定了理论基础。此外,还采用该公司生产的另一款光谱范围为900～1 650 nm的FLAME-NIR型微型光纤光谱仪进行了同样的实验。对比发现,利用FLAME-NIR型光谱仪所得出的结果整体比利用USB2000-VIS-NIR型光谱仪所得到的结果好,但是相差并不是很大。这说明该方法可用于对木材种类与密度的同时预测,而且具有一定的稳定性和精度,也节约了仪器的成本。     

基于提升小波变换的阈值改进去噪算法在紫外可见光谱中的研究

在紫外可见光谱定量分析中,由于分光光度计内部的光学系统、光源、检测器、电子元器件,电路设计以及外部环境干扰等因素产生的随机噪声,严重影响光谱定量分析结果的准确性,为提高紫外可见光谱分析精度,需要对光谱数据进行去噪预处理。由于小波分析具有多分辨率,低熵性、去相关性等特点,基于小波分析的去噪算法优于传统的去噪算法,目前基于小波去噪的方法主要有模极大值去噪算法,系数相关去噪算法,阈值去噪算法,工程实际应用以Donoho的阈值去噪法最为常用。根据Donoho阈值消噪原理,提出一种基于提升小波变换的阈值改进算法,一方面使用提升小波变换,提升小波变换是第二代小波变换,继承了小波的多分辨率特性,并且不需要进行傅里叶变换,从而具有算法简单,速度快,实现简单的优点;另一方面提出了一种新的阈值函数,克服了硬阈值函数在阈值处不连续以及软阈值函数存在恒定偏差的问题,同时对阈值估计进行了调整,有利于信号小波系数的保留和噪声小波系数的剔除。对三组多金属离子混合溶液的实测紫外可见光谱信号,添加随机噪声后使用该方法进行去噪处理,并使用信噪比(SNR)和均方根误差(RMSE)进行去噪性能评价。试验结果表明,提出的算法优于Donoho的软硬阈值去噪算法,能够有效提高光谱信噪比和降低均方根误差,从而更好地消除光谱信号中的噪声和保留光谱信号中一些重要的细节特征,比较适合用于紫外可见光谱数据建模之前的去噪预处理,在紫外可见光谱信号分析中具有较好的应用前景。     

Stochastic period-doubling bifurcation analysis of a R?ssler system with a bounded random parameter

This paper aims to study the stochastic period-doubling bifurcation of the three-dimensional R?ssler system with an arch-like bounded random parameter. First, we transform the stochastic R?ssler system into its equivalent deterministic one in the sense of minimal residual error by the Chebyshev polynomial approximation method. Then, we explore the dynamical behaviour of the stochastic R?ssler system through its equivalent deterministic system by numerical simulations. The numerical results show that some stochastic period-doubling bifurcation, akin to the conventional one in the deterministic case, may also appear in the stochastic R?ssler system. In addition, we also examine the influence of the random parameter intensity on bifurcation phenomena in the stochastic R?ssler system.     

西范坪矿区土壤铜元素的高光谱响应与反演模型研究

为解决传统的土壤地球化学测量方法成本高、效率低等问题,研究了利用可见-近红外光谱技术检测土壤重金属含量的简易方法。研究对西范坪矿区土壤反射光谱进行微分、连续统去除等六种变换,利用逐步回归法和皮尔逊相关系数选出对土壤铜含量敏感的特征波段,组成综合特征变量集,再应用不同的特征变量选取方法和参数建立估算模型并检验。结果表明：不同的光谱变换方法对土壤铜含量信息提取能力不同,每种光谱变换都对应特定的敏感波谱区间;基于综合光谱变换信息建立的土壤铜含量反演模型精度优于基于单种光谱变换信息建立的模型;利用综合光谱变换信息建立土壤铜含量反演模型,后向剔除法优于前向引入法和逐步回归法,当Removal取0.20时得到最优回归模型,其模型决定系数R2和预测模型决定系数R2_pre分别达到了0.851和0.830,建模均方根误差RMSEC和预测均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.349和0.468 mg·kg-1,能较好地检测土壤铜含量,同时为其他土壤重金属元素的光谱检测提供了思路。     

Mean square response of a duffing oscillator to a modulated white noise excitation by the generalized method of equivalent linearization

The non-stationary random response of non-linear systems is considered. The technique of equivalent linearization is generalized for application to non-stationary non-linear random systems and several approximate methods of solution are presented. The example of a Duffing oscillator is studied in detail and its mean square response is evaluated and discussed.     

传统光谱变换与连续小波耦合定量反演潮土有机质含量

以北京地区的96个潮土土样的有机质含量为研究对象,以传统光谱变换为参照,研究分析传统光谱变换与连续小波的耦合在估测土壤有机质含量的可行性;首先采用传统光谱变换与连续小波处理土壤光谱数据,然后将处理后的光谱数据与土壤有机质含量进行相关性分析,提取敏感波段,并采用偏最小二乘法构建土壤有机质含量估测模型。结果表明：耦合传统光谱变换技术与连续小波技术可大幅提升光谱对有机质含量的敏感性,其相关系数R2最高可达0.714,这表明耦合传统光谱变换技术与连续小波技术可深入挖掘光谱内的有益信息;与传统光谱变换技术相比,基于耦合传统光谱变换技术与连续小波技术构建的模型精度更高,稳定性更好,其中以微分变换构建的模型最优,其R2=0.772,RMSE=0.223,这表明耦合传统光谱变换技术与连续小波技术可有效压制噪声的负面影响,提升光谱的稳定性。     

Stationary response of combined linear dynamic systems to stationary excitation

The stationary response of a broad class of combined linear systems to stationary random excitation is determined by the normal mode method. The systems are characterized by a viscously damped simple beam (or string, membrane, thin plate or shell, etc.) connected at discrete points to a multiplicity of viscously damped linear oscillators and/or masses. The solution of the free vibration problem by way of Green functions and the deterministic forced vibration problem by modal analysis for both proportional and non-proportional damping is reviewed. The orthogonality relation for the natural modes of vibration is used to derive a unique relationship between the cross-spectral density functions of the applied forces and the cross-spectral density functions of the generalized forces. Finally, the response spectral density functions and the mean square responses of the beam and oscillators are derived in closed form, exact for the proportionally damped system and approximate for the non-proportionally damped system.     

Sound source localization in an ocean waveguide

A robust algorithm for sound source localization in shallow sea based on a 2D Fourier transform of source motion interference patterns is developed. A spectrogram in time-frequency coordinates obtained after a Fourier transform contains localized areas of spectral density intensity of constructively interfering modes and a distributed area of noise spectral density. Signal spectral density is localized in an area whose linear sizes are determined by the lowest frequency and spatial scales of field variability. The peak input signal-to-noise ratio is estimated for a single receiver when robust detection is ensured and estimates of speed and initial distance to the receiver are close to the actual values. The high robustness of the algorithm is based on the coherent summation of mode amplitudes occurring at different times. Experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the algorithm are presented. For higher than peak signal-to-noise ratios, random estimates of the parameters are close to their statistically average values.     

The non-stationary freefield response for a moving load with a random amplitude

This paper presents a stochastic solution procedure for the calculation of the non-stationary freefield response due to a moving load with a random amplitude. In this case, a non-stationary autocorrelation function and a time-dependent spectral density are required to characterize the response at a fixed point in the freefield. The non-stationary solution is derived from the solution in the case of a moving load with a deterministic amplitude. It is shown how the deterministic solution can be calculated in an efficient way by means of integral transformation methods if the problem geometry exhibits a translational invariance in the direction of the moving load. A key ingredient is the transfer function between the source and the receiver that represents the fundamental response in the freefield due to an impulse load at a fixed location. The solution in the case of a moving load with a random amplitude is formulated in terms of the double forward Fourier transform of the non-stationary autocorrelation function. The solution procedure is illustrated with an example where the non-stationary autocorrelation function and the time-dependent standard deviation of the freefield response are computed for a moving harmonic load with a random phase shift. The results are compared with the response in the deterministic case.     

基于FFT奇异值分解的光谱信号去噪算法

微型光谱仪在采集光谱信号过程中,光谱数据经常受到来自仪器光学系统和电子电路中的干扰出现噪声和光源特征峰,严重干扰了真实光谱信号的图谱特征,因此需要使用合理的预处理方法保留光谱信号中有用信号并尽可能过滤噪声信号同时将光源特征峰滤除,从而提高光谱信息定量分析的稳健性和准确性。并且在线检测系统要求尽可能减少人为参数选择对去噪效果的影响,奇异值分解经常应用于由系统电路引起的噪声去噪,奇异值降噪阶次的选取对提高信号信噪比十分关键,但是往往参数选取主要依赖经验调试和实验验证。因此,提出了一种基于奇异值重构信号分量频率的光谱信号去噪算法。该算法首先重构原始光谱信号单个奇异值分量信号,然后对每个奇异值分量信号作快速傅里叶变换,得到每个奇异值分量信号快速傅里叶变换结果中振幅最大所对应的频率值,最后按照奇异值递减方式对相应分量信号频率值进行一阶滞后差分,得到频率差分谱,研究表明,差分谱第一个谱峰值在大于设定阈值处所对应的奇异值即为奇异值分解降噪的有效阶次。结果表明：对包含多种重金属离子的溶液在线测量的紫外可见光谱信号,添加不同强度的随机噪声,并进行去噪处理,使用信噪比和均方根误差两个性能指标进行对比。所提算法相较于SG滤波算法和小波变换去噪算法信噪比分别提高了22.05%,10.88%,均方根误差分别降低了74.28%,41.29%。所提算法完全基于数据驱动,在处理真实紫外可见光谱信号中不仅抑制了噪声影响,而且将微型光谱仪的光源特征峰有效滤除,在紫外可见光谱信号的定量分析中具有较好的应用前景。     

Spatial-temporal correlation of a diffuse sound field

The spatial correlation function of the sound in a diffuse field is a quantity widely used in many reverbrant room acoustic applications. Although results for the spatial and temporal correlation for pure-tone and band-limited diffuse fields have already been developed, these have not been generalized for other signal types. This work presents a generalized derivation of the diffuse field spatial-temporal correlation which can be used for stationary random signals with given power spectral density. It is shown that the spatial-temporal correlation depends entirely on the temporal correlation of the signal exiting the diffuse field, or alternatively on its power spectral density. A simulation using the plane wave model is presented for tonal and broadband diffuse sound fields.     

Identification of acoustic emission source mechanisms by energy spectrum spectrum analysis

The purpose of energy spectrum analysis is to calculate random signal parameters which, when considered statistically, may show characteristic differences between similar signals and hence indicate different source mechanisms generating the signals. A computer programme has been written to compute mean and median frequency, mean amplitude spectral density, mean energy spectral density and amplitude spectrum variance. Plots of amplitude spectra, normalized energy spectra and energy difference spectra (the difference between pairs of spectra) may also be selectively generated by the programme.The results obtained were from real data, from specially prepared reactor-grade zirconium test pieces.     

Denoising of quadrature ultrasound Doppler signal from bi-directional flow based on matching pursuit

Denoising of Doppler signal is a preliminary and important step in medical ultrasound imaging. To denoise quadrature Doppler signal from bi-directional flow, we propose a novel method based on matching pursuit in this paper. The proposed method is an iterative decomposition algorithm which decomposes the original Doppler signal into a linear expansion of atoms in a time-frequency dictionary. The time-frequency dictionary is similar to Fourier transform domain and the atoms are similar to orthogonal bases in Fourier transform. In each step of the iteration, the atom which gives the largest inner product with the analyzed signal is selected from the dictionary, and the contribution of this atom is subtracted from the Doppler signal. This process is repeated on the residue until the SNR reaches the maximum. The linear expansion of the selected atoms is the denoised signal. Simulations were conducted on a simulation model with a sampling rate of 12.8 kHz. When the original SNRs are 0 dB, 2 dB, 4 dB, 6 dB, 8 dB, 10 dB, the proposed method can improve the SNR for 7.9 dB, 7.8 dB, 7.5 dB, 7.3 dB, 7.05 dB, 6.8 dB respectively, reduce the root mean square error (RMSE) of the mean frequency waveform to 0.0441 kHz, 0.0303 kHz, 0.0245 kHz, 0.0215 kHz, 0.0161 kHz, 0.0125 kHz respectively, and suppress the RMSE of the spectral width waveform to 0.1774 kHz, 0.0591 kHz, 0.0486 kHz, 0.0170 kHz, 0.0145 kHz, 0.0117 kHz respectively. Preliminary in vivo evaluation was also carried out on a healthy 33-year-old male using B-K medical A/S 3535 ultrasound scanner, and the results showed that the proposed method can effectively enhance the Doppler spectrogram.     

一种改进的奇异值降噪阶次选取方法用于紫外光谱信号去噪的研究

光谱去噪是光谱检测的重要环节。针对光谱信号易受光谱仪热噪声、现场机械振动以及随机噪声等因素影响,而在线监测系统要求减少人为参数选择对去噪效果的影响,提出利用奇异值分解(SVD)理论对光谱信号去噪。提出一种改进的降噪阶次选取方法：指定奇异值差分谱最大峰值点θ₁为所选阶次下界;利用奇异值、奇异值差分谱综合信息选取阶次上界θ₂;将区间θ₁～θ₂定义为模糊区域,通过模糊C均值聚类求取隶属度,赋予模糊区域内奇异值相应的权重系数。用所提方法对不同信噪比下SO₂紫外光谱信号去噪,将信噪比、均方根误差、波形相似系数、平滑度指标用于去噪效果的评价。去噪结果表明：所提方法完全基于数据驱动,具有较好的去噪效果,能够真实的恢复原始信号。     

改进的双曲等效法用于双站合成孔径雷达前视成像

双站合成孔径雷达(SAR)前视成像有着很多的潜在应用,比如在能见度很低的天气实现飞机的导航和盲降,提高飞机飞行的安全度等.然而实现双站SAR前视成像的难点在于其距离历程的双根式性,直接采用驻定相位原理对其分解将得到复杂的解析式,从而后续算法的推导变得困难.现有的双曲等效法可以将双根式距离历程等效为单根式,但由于该方法为距离历程的二阶近似,当用于双站SAR前视成像时,由于其较大的前视角,未完全等效的距离历程高次项造成的误差已经超出可以接受的范围.针对以上问题,本文首先提出了一种改进的双曲等效法,该方法通过引入新的补偿变量来提高距离历程的等效精度;然后在此基础上推导回波信号的二维频谱解析式,并给出了一种适用于双站SAR前视成像的距离多普勒算法;最后通过仿真实验,将原双曲等效法与改进方法的等效误差以及成像结果做对比,验证了本文算法的有效性和优越性.     

Uncertainty quantification in the catalytic partial oxidation of methane

This work focuses on uncertainty quantification of eight random parameters required as input for 1D modelling of methane catalytic partial oxidation within a highly dense foam reactor. Parameters related to geometrical properties, reactor thermophysics and catalyst loading are taken as uncertain. A widely applied 1D heterogeneous mathematical model that accounts for proper transport and surface chemistry steps is considered for the evaluation of deterministic samples. The non-intrusive spectral projection approach based on polynomial chaos expansion is applied to determine the stochastic temperature and species profiles along the reactor axial direction as well as their ensemble mean and error bars with a confidence interval of 95%. Probability density functions of relevant variables in specific reactor sections are also analysed. A different contribution is noticed from each random input to the total uncertainty range. Porosity, specific surface area and catalyst loading appear as the major sources of uncertainty to bulk gas and surface temperature and species molar profiles. Porosity and the mean pore diameter have an important impact on the pressure drop along the whole reactor as expected. It is also concluded that any trace of uncertainty in the eight input random variables can be almost dissipated near the catalyst outlet section for a long-enough catalyst, mainly due to the approximation to thermodynamic equilibrium.     

The stochastic collocation method for radiation transport in random media

Stochastic spectral expansions are used to represent random input parameters and the random unknown solution to describe radiation transport in random media. The total macroscopic cross section is taken to be a spatially continuous log-normal random process with known covariance function and expressed as a memoryless transformation of a Gaussian random process. The Karhunen-Loève expansion is applied to represent the spatially continuous random cross section in terms of a finite number of discrete Gaussian random variables. The angular flux is then expanded in terms of Hermite polynomials and, using a quadrature-based stochastic collocation method, the expansion coefficients are shown to satisfy uncoupled deterministic transport equations. Sparse grid Gauss quadrature rules are investigated to establish the efficacy of the polynomial chaos-collocation scheme. Numerical results for the mean and standard deviation of the scalar flux as well as probability density functions of the scalar flux and transmission function are obtained for a deterministic incident source, contrasting between absorbing and diffusive media.     

离子束抛光轨迹段划分及进给速度求解

针对光学元件高精度确定性加工,提出并实现了基于自适应步长算法实现离子束抛光轨迹段划分及进给速度求解。首先,对常规的等步长算法实现抛光轨迹段划分所存在的诸多问题进行了重点分析。其次,针对这些问题,提出了等效驻留时间轮廓计算方法及自适应步长算法,有效地避免了等步长法所存在的问题。然后,采用新算法对f600 mm平面反射元件进行了实例计算,经加工后,元件98%口径内的面形精度峰谷（PV）值由110.22 nm（/5.7,=632.8 nm）收敛至4.81 nm（/131.6）。最后,基于自研的离子束抛光设备,实现了光学元件在100 mm口径内面形PV值小/70的超高面形精度。