Core noise from gas turbine exhausts

There is abundant evidence to show that the exhaust noise from gas turbines contains components which exceed the jet mixing noise at low jet velocities. This paper describes results of a theory developed to calculate the acoustic power produced by temperature fluctuations from the combustor entering the turbine. With the turbine Mach numbers and flow directions at blade mid-height, and a typical value for the fluctuation in temperature, as parameters it has been possible to predict the acoustic power due to this mechanism for three different engines. In all three cases the agreement with measurements of acoustic power at low jet velocities is very good. Similarly, based on a measured spectrum of the temperature fluctuation, the prediction of the acoustic power spectrum agrees quite well with that measured.     

Exergy analysis for greener gas turbine engine arrangements

Exergy analysis is a method that uses the conservation of mass and conservation of energy principles together with the second law of thermodynamics for the analysis, design, and improvement of energy and other systems. The exergy method is a useful tool for furthering the goal of more efficient energy-resource use, for it enables the locations, types, and magnitudes of wastes and losses to be identified and meaningful efficiencies to be determined. The exergy analysis of two-shaft gas turbine arrangements is presented and discussed in this paper. Two configurations (in parallel and series free turbine) are presented here and analyzed separately to identify and quantify the energy and exergy losses. Comparison between the two configurations is presented in terms of work output, efficiency, SFC, exergy destruction, and second-law efficiency for the design conditions. The percentage ratio of the exergy destruction in the individual components to total exergy destruction was found maximum in the combustion chambers (above 90%). The second-law efficiency of series configuration is found to be higher than parallel.     

Cogeneration by combining gas turbine engine with organic rankine cycle

The gas turbine engine is known by its relatively low efficiency especially at part load. Therefore, to conserve energy and reduce the operating cost, waste heat is recovered by combining a heat-exchange gas turbine cycle with closed organic Rankine cycle. A computer programme was made to calculate parametrically the individual and combined cycle performances, namely the work and efficiency of each. The parameters considered were: gas turbine pressure ratio; maximum cycle temperature; fluid-air mass ratio; and type of working fluid.This analytical study shows that R113 is the optimum choice because it gives the smallest, hence the most economical, size of turbo-expander. Maximum cycle temperature and pressure ratio are relatively the most important parameters. Economic analysis indicates very good rate of return on investment, related with heat recovery by cogeneration.     

A numerical procedure to design internal cooling of gas turbine stator blades

The continuing need to improve both the efficiency and the specific power of gas turbines requires to progressively increase the temperatures of the turbine inlet.Because the first stator blades are heavily thermally loaded, efficient blade cooling is necessary.The cooling system is particularly delicate and its design must follow these guidelines:

• •minimum thermodynamic and fluid dynamic losses;
• •limited blade temperature even for reduced cooling mass flow.

Although the problem is important, analyses of possible designs are not common in literature and many constructors refer to practical experience and to various experimental results.This paper presents a comparative investigation to determine the effects of internal and external cooling in the same blade, on the basis of different combined solutions as it often happens. The cooling model will be considered one-dimensional: the limitation in the accuracy of the results is by far overcome by the simplicity and versatility of the approach. Finally, practical hints for designing an effective cooling system are derived, with particular attention to impingement. Then, global cooling parameters and medium blade will be determined in off-design condition.     

Comparative performance of closed cycle gas turbine engine with heat recovery using different gases

The unique features of the closed cycle gas turbine engine have been recently contributing towards its adoption in a multiplicity of applications such as power plants, space, and marine power supplies. Therefore, research is reactivated to serve its future developments.In this work, a performance analysis is carried out using different gases such as air, combustion gases, CO₂ and helium. Operating variables are turbine inlet temperature T₀₃, compressor pressure ratio R_c and inlet temperature T₀₁. A computer program is taioored to calculate specific work W_s and overall efficiency η_o over a wide range of operating variables. Results show that helium gives relatively higher W_s, but η_o starts to drop early after a low optimum R_c. Air and combustion gases offer nearly equal performance.     

Matter-wave amplification and collective internal excitations in a trapped Bose gas

Received: 23 May 1997/Revised version: 29 July 1997     

Convective Brillouin amplification in a homogeneous plasma slab

The coupled-mode Brillouin backscatter equations, describing weakly nonlinear decay of a damped pump into two damped daughter waves, are solved analytically in the convective instability regime, yielding the convective instability threshold and backward amplification of a noise source.     

A comparison between exposure-response relationships for wind turbine annoyance and annoyance due to other noise sources

Surveys have shown that noise from wind turbines is perceived as annoying by a proportion of residents living in their vicinity, apparently at much lower noise levels than those inducing annoyance due to other environmental sources. The aim of the present study was to derive the exposure-response relationship between wind turbine noise exposure in L(den) and the expected percentage annoyed residents and to compare it to previously established relationships for industrial noise and transportation noise. In addition, the influence of several individual and situational factors was assessed. On the basis of available data from two surveys in Sweden (N=341, N=754) and one survey in the Netherlands (N=725), a relationship was derived for annoyance indoors and for annoyance outdoors at the dwelling. In comparison to other sources of environmental noise, annoyance due to wind turbine noise was found at relatively low noise exposure levels. Furthermore, annoyance was lower among residents who received economical benefit from wind turbines and higher among residents for whom the wind turbine was visible from the dwelling. Age and noise sensitivity had similar effects on annoyance to those found in research on annoyance by other sources.     

Shadowing of directional noise sources by finite noise barriers

The present study investigates the shadowing effect of barriers of infinite or finite length in the presence of directional noise sources. The diffraction model termed [Directive Line Source Model (DLSM) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107 (2000) 2973-2986] is employed. DLSM is appropriately modified and extended to include the effects of ground reflection, diffraction by the side edges of a finite length barrier, and diffraction by directional noise sources. Results obtained are shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data and known analytical solutions. An application of the enhanced DLSM is illustrated using helicopter type noise, which is highly directive. The noise source is modeled as a directional point source with far field directivity data and the enhanced DLSM is employed to compare the noise field with and without the barrier present for three different directivity patterns, various source locations and orientations, as well as, for various barrier lengths.     

Convective noise in molecular electronic transducers of diffusion type

Noise in molecular electronic transducers is experimentally studied in the absence of a working fluid integral flow in the channel. It is concluded that noise in these systems is of a convective nature at low frequencies. It is found that the noise reduced to the input noise signal is independent of differences in the design of the electrode unit of the transducer.     

Optical parametric amplification from quantum noise

A treatment of optical parametric amplification (OPA) starting from quantum noise is presented. In order to describe the experimental situation the quantum theoretical approach is related to the propagation phenomenon taking into account the multimode character of the parametric radiation. An expression for the initial intensity occurring in the classical formula is derived.     

Photoinduced noise amplification in semiconductor structures

To explain the noise amplification found experimentally in semiconductor structures under optical illumination, a physical model of this phenomenon has been considered for which the spectral power density of the surface potential fluctuations in the Schottky diodes and MIS structures has been calculated. Procedures for measuring low-level noise in a semiconductor structure have been proposed with its integral illumination and scanning of the surface of the structure with an optical beam to detect the positions of noise sources. Tomsk State University for Control Systems and Radio Electronics. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 49–58, May, 1999.     

A case study of localization and identification of noise sources from a pitch and a stall regulated wind turbine

We have experimentally identified the noise-generation mechanisms of large modern upwind wind turbines (WTs). First, the sound measurement procedures of IEC 61400-11 were used in the field test, and noise emissions from two WTs were evaluated: a stall-controlled WT with powers of 1.5 MW and a pitch-regulated WT with powers of 660 kW. One-third octave band levels were normalized using the scale law for the velocity dependence of the inflow broadband noise and airfoil self-noise. The results showed that for the 1.5 MW WT, inflow turbulence noise was dominant over the whole frequency range. For the 660 kW WT, the inflow broadband noise did not contribute across the whole audible frequency range. The distribution of noise sources in the rotor plane was visualized using a beam-forming measurement system (B&K 7768, 7752, and WA0890) consisting of 48 microphones. The array results for the 660 kW WT indicated that all noise was produced during the downward movement of the blades. This finding was in good agreement with theoretical results obtained using an empirical formula that includes the effects of the convective amplification, directivity, and flow-speed dependence of the turbulence boundary-layer trailing edge noise. This agreement implies that this trailing edge noise is dominant over the whole frequency range in the case of the 660 kW WT.     

Imaging of directional distributed noise sources

This study relates to the acoustic imaging of noise sources that are distributed and strongly directional, such as in turbulent jets. The goal is to generate high-resolution noise source maps with self-consistency, i.e., their integration over the extent of the noise source region gives the far-field pressure auto-spectrum for a particular emission direction. Self-consistency is possible by including a directivity factor in the formulation of the source cross-spectral density. The resulting source distribution is based on the complex coherence, rather than the cross-spectrum, of the measured acoustic field. For jet noise, whose spectral nature changes with emission angle, it is necessary to conduct the measurements with a narrow-aperture array. Three coherence-based imaging methods were applied to a Mach 0.9 turbulent jet: delay-and-sum beamforming; deconvolution of the beamformer output; and direct spectral estimation that relies on minimizing the difference between the measured and modeled coherences of the acoustic field. The delay-and-sum beamforming generates noise source maps with strong spatial distortions and sidelobes. Deconvolution leads to a five-fold improvement in spatial resolution and significantly reduces the intensity of the sidelobes. The direct spectral estimation produces maps very similar to those obtained by deconvolution. The coherence-based noise source maps, obtained by deconvolution or direct spectral estimation, are similar at small and large observation angles relative to the jet axis.     

Effectiveness of combined aircraft engine noise suppressors

We consider the design features of fan noise suppressors in application to air intakes and the bypass duct of a turbofan engine. A combined liner is developed that has increased acoustic efficiency in comparison to conventional honeycomb liner. We demonstrate the important role of the area of the sound-absorbing liner between fan Rotor and Stator ensuring significant noise reduction.