Visualization and force measurement of high-temperature,supersonic impulse jet impinging on baffle plate

The flow visualization and force measurement of a supersonic impinging jet on a center-holed vertical baffle plate were investigated. Center-holed baffle plates of 2d to 5d in diameter, with a 1d center hole were tested, where d is the bore of the launch tube. The standoff distance of the baffle plates from the open end of the launch tube were varied to be from 2d to 5d. The supersonic impulse jet, with an incident shock wave of Mach 2.89 was produced by a high-enthalpy blast-wave simulator. The direction-indicating color schlieren method produced a two-dimensional density gradient of the flow field around the baffle plate. In addition, the flow fields were numerically analyzed, using two-dimensional asymmetric Euler equations. The results of the numerically-analyzed and the experimentally-visualized flow field agreed well. The visualized flow field indicates that the baffle plate should be at least 3.5d in diameter to deflect the supersonic impinging jet at an angle greater than a right angle. We have concluded that the representative method of designing muzzle brakes for military purpose accurately predicts the force yielded by the supersonic impinging impulse jet on the vertical baffle plate only when there is a large ratio of the baffle-plate diameter to the bore of the launch tube.     

旋转筒内黑索今和铝颗粒混合与分离的计算机模拟

采用分子动力学方法对旋转圆筒内黑索今和铝二元颗粒体系进行模拟.模拟结果表明,混合均匀度与填料方式无关.当圆筒壁无挡板时,圆筒的旋转可以使黑索今和铝颗粒发生相分离现象,当有挡板时,可以增加混合效应.另外,对上述混合与分离现象给予了一定的理论解释.     

STUDY OF THE IMPINGEMENT OF IMPULSE WAVE UPON A FLAT PLATE

The impulse wave is made by the weak normal shock discharge from an open end of a shock tube. In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of the impulse wave impinging upon a flat plate, experiments are performed over the shock Mach number range from 1·01 to 1·20. A flat plate is placed downstream, normal to the axis of the shock tube, to simulate the impulse wave impingement on an object. The distance between the exit of the shock tube and flat plate is changed. The baffle plate is installed at the exit of the shock tube. The sizes of the baffle plate and impinging flat plate are varied to investigate the magnitude of the impulse wave impinging upon the flat plate. Computational analysis is applied to model the flow field subject to unsteady, axisymmetric, inviscid, compressible, equations. Computational results well predict the experimented dynamic behavior of the impinging impulse wave. The impulse wave impinging upon the flat plate has a sharp peak of very short rising time and its magnitude decreases with distance from the center of the flat plate. The magnitude of the impulse wave impinging upon the flat plate can be predicted by the empirical equations that are developed in the present study.     

ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONS AND ENERGY FLOWS IN SANDWICH PLATES BEARING CONCENTRATED MASSES AND SPRING-LIKE INCLUSIONS IN HEAVY FLUID-LOADING CONDITIONS

Vibrations of and the energy propagation in an infinitely long fluid-loaded sandwich beam (a plate of the sandwich composition in one-dimensional cylindrical bending) bearing concentrated masses and supported by springs are described in the framework of the sixth order theory of multilayered plates coupled with the standard theory of linear acoustics. A sandwich plate is loaded by a layer of a compressible fluid which is bounded opposite to a plate side by a rigid baffle. The dispersion equation for a fluid-loaded sandwich plate is derived. The wave numbers (complex, pure real and pure imaginary) and relevant normal modes (both the travelling and the evanescent ones) are obtained. Their dependence on the parameter of a fluid's depth is studied. Then the Green matrix is constructed analytically as a linear combination of normal modes to describe the response of a plate and an acoustic medium to the point loading by a force or a moment. Continuity conditions at the loaded cross-section of a plate and in a fluid are formulated. Attention is focused at the selection of roots of the dispersion relation for the formulation of the continuity condition for a fluid at the loaded cross-section. The convergence rate of an approximate solution based on the modal composition of the Green matrix is estimated. The parametric study of the “structural” and the “fluid” energy flows in a fluid-loaded sandwich plate without inclusions is performed for various excitation conditions. Then the Green matrix method is applied to analyze the influence of a pair of identical inclusions on localization of vibrations (modal trapping) and energy flows. Conditions of localization of flexural waves at these inhomogeneities are explored.     

Impedance of pistons on a two-layer medium in a planar infinite rigid baffle

An integral transform technique is used to develop a general solution for the impedance of rigid pistons acting on a two-layer medium. The medium consists of a semi-infinite acoustic fluid on a viscoelastic thick plate in a rigid infinite baffle. The stresses acting on the planar baffle, as a result of piston motion, are determined using theory of linear elasticity and are therefore unrestricted in terms of applicable frequency range. The special case of a circular piston is considered and expressions for the self-and mutual impedances are developed and evaluated numerically. Numerical results are compared with classical piston impedance functions and finite-element model results. At low frequencies (k(0)a<1), the self-impedances vary significantly from the classical piston impedance functions due to the shear properties of the viscoelastic medium. In the midfrequency range (1相似文献   

Analysis and design of pod silencers

Parallel baffle mufflers or split silencers are used extensively in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for increased attenuation of noise within a short or given length. Acoustic analysis of rectangular parallel baffle mufflers runs on the same lines as that of a rectangular duct lined on two sides. This simplification would not hold for circular configurations. Often, a cylindrical pod is inserted into a circular lined duct to increase its attenuation (or transmission loss), thereby making the flow passage annular and providing an additional absorptive layer on the inner side of this annular passage. This configuration, called a pod silencer, is analyzed here for the four-pole parameters as well as transmission loss, making use of the bulk reaction model.The effect of thin protective film or a highly perforated metallic plate is duly incorporated by means of a grazing-flow impedance. Use of appropriate boundary conditions leads to a set of linear homogeneous equations which in turn lead to a transcendental frequency equation in the unknown complex axial wave number. This is solved by means of the Newton-Raphson method, and the axial wave number is then used in the expressions for transmission loss as well as the transfer matrix parameters. Finally, results of a parametric study are reported to help the designer in optimization of a pod silencer configuration within a given overall size for minimal cost.     

Radiation efficiency of a baffled circular plate in flexural vibration

The radiation efficiency of an edge-clamped circular plate, which is vibrating flexurally in one of its natural modes and is mounted in an infinite baffle, is theoretically determined from the total power radiated to the far field. The vibrations of the plate are investigated both by the classical plate theory and by the improved plate theory (Mindlin plate theory). Approximation formulae for the low frequency region are derived, and curves covering the entire frequency range for the first fifteen modes are obtained through numerical calculation. Except for frequencies much higher than the critical frequency, there exist some differences in the radiation efficiencies between the results obtainedby the two theories. The difference increases with the thickness of the plate and with the mode numbers, especially for modes having many nodal diameters.     

Scattering of sound by an elastic plate with flow

An elastic plate, set in an infinite baffle and immersed in a fluid moving with a uniform subsonic velocity, is excited by an acoustic source. The scattered sound field is analyzed when fluid-plate coupling is large, and a solution is found by the use of matched asymptotic expansions. The far field is found to approximate to the solution obtained when the elastic plate is absent. At a plate resonance, however, the outer field must include eigensolutions with singularities at the plate edges, and close to the plate the dominant terms are travelling plate waves. These plate waves are found to have a wavelength independent of the frequency of the source. It is also shown that a plate resonance corresponds to a divergence instability of aerodynamic flutter theory and that the stability results found in this paper are in agreement with those obtained by using modal expansions. The limit as the Mach number goes to zero is found to be singular, suggesting an analysis of the model for small flow velocity. This calculation is performed and the results match smoothly to the respective solutions for a stationary fluid and for a large subsonic flow.     

Transient far field waveform on the axis of an elastic circular plate excited by a pulsed axial point source

The transient waveform radiated from a thin elastic clamped circular plate set in a baffle is investigated when the plate is excited axisymmetrically by a spherical single triangular sound pulse. An expression for the on-axis transient waveform in the far field is obtained in the time domain. Some numerical calculations are made for a circular plate of duralumin, and then the deformation of the waveform due to the spherical excitation is discussed and compared with that in the case of plane wave excitation.     

Radiation efficiency of unbaffled and perforated plates near a rigid reflecting surface

The accurate prediction of sound radiation from plate-like structures remains a challenging problem. Although the case of a plate set in a rigid baffle can be solved analytically, when the plate radiates sound into free space the problem is more difficult to solve; nevertheless, several approaches have been proposed to determine the sound radiation from an unbaffled plate. The present study extends the consideration to the situation of an unbaffled plate which is located close to a rigid reflecting surface. For this purpose, Laulagnet's model for the radiation efficiency of an unbaffled plate is extended by modifying the Green's function to include an image source due to the reflecting surface. The results show that, depending on the distance between the plate and the rigid surface, the radiation efficiency is considerably reduced at low frequencies. Additional reduction of sound radiation can be achieved by introducing perforation to the plate. However, at higher frequencies, the radiation efficiency is amplified relative to that for the plate in the absence of the rigid surface, both with and without perforation. These results have also been validated experimentally.     

Sound radiation from rectangular baffled and unbaffled plates

The radiation efficiency of a flat rectangular plate is often used as a basis on which to represent the sound radiation from more complex plate-like structures. The solution for a plate set in a rigid baffle is well known, including the radiation efficiency for multi-modal response of the plate. In this case the assumption is usually made that each mode within a given frequency band has equal modal vibration energy. This paper explores a number of limitations of this simple result. First, the extent to which the radiation efficiency for a particular forcing point deviates from the modal-average result is investigated. Second, the difference is shown between the results for a baffled plate and an unbaffled plate. For a multi-modal response, an empirical formula is also presented which allows the radiation efficiency to be estimated for the unbaffled case. Finally, the effect of different boundary conditions on both baffled and unbaffled results is demonstrated by comparing the results for guided boundaries with those for simply supported boundaries.     

平面声波由空气经加肋板向水中传输的数值计算研究

采用有限元法和边界元法计算研究了平面声波由空气经加肋板向水中的声传输。数值计算表明:板的刚度对声传输的影响只有在板的刚度较大时才是重要的,当板的刚度较小时,空气和水之间的声阻抗失配对声传输起支配作用;板厚或肋骨惯性矩的变化会引起结构传声损失曲线上隔声低谷位置的变化;增大板厚或肋骨惯性矩可增大结构的传声损失,特别是当激励频率低于结构基频时,可通过增大板厚或肋骨惯性矩来增大结构刚度进而明显增大结构的传声损失。     

一种内置条状金属板的双层金属腔体屏蔽效能的理论模型

针对复杂屏蔽腔体往往是由多个空间构成的实际情况, 本文构建了内置条状金属板的双层金属腔体物理解析模型, 将外层腔体的近场电磁干扰等效为电偶极子, 基于Bethe小孔耦合理论并利用推广的腔体格林函数推导了内腔体的电磁场分布的近似表达式. 利用该解析模型计算分析了条状金属板的位置和方向对屏蔽效能的影响. 通过计算结果与全波仿真软件CST仿真结果的对比, 证实了本文所建理论模型的有效性, 为复杂腔体屏蔽效能的快速计算提供了理论参考.     

Near field measurement of the complex radiation impedance presented to a vibrating plate in a reverberant room containing a rotating diffuser

The radiation impedance presented by the field of a reverberant room to a rectangular plate mounted in a large baffle and vibrating in its fundamental simply supported edge mode is experimentally investigated. It is shown that a large diffuser rotating at 30 rpm causes large variations in both the real and imaginary parts of the radiation impedance but the average values agree very well with values obtained in the free field of an anechoic room. The real part of the radiation impedance is in good agreement with theoretical prediction. The experimental method makes use of a time average hologram of the mode stored in computer memory, a single point acceleration measurement on the plate, and a surface pressure scan. The method allows investigation of side band frequencies generated by the plate in the presence of the rotating diffuser. It is shown that these side band frequencies contain negligible energy and that they are the result of the cyclic amplitude modulation of the power radiated by the plate.     

新型高效汽水分离器的试验研究

汽水分离装置是核电站蒸汽发生器净化蒸汽的重要部件,其性能不仅会影响蒸汽发生器的上筒体尺寸、水循环性能及水位的稳定性,而且还会影响汽轮机的正常运行。由于波形板内的两相流动过程很复杂,目前国外对汽水分离器的研究仍以实验为主。本文则针对冷态条件下新型波形板汽水分离器的分离性能进行了试验研究,验证了二次携带现象的存在,并测量了双钩波形板汽水分离器的分离效率和压降,分析了挡板对分离效率的影响,获得了计算双钩波形板分离效率的经验公式,为波形板分离器的优化设计奠定了基础。     

Radiation from modes of a rectangular panel into a coupled fluid layer

Modal radiation efficiencies are evaluation for a rectangular panel which is simply supported in an infinite baffle and coupled to a fluid layer. The analysis is based on the calculation of the acoustic power radiated into the layer by the panel vibrating in one of its in vacuo natural modes. At low frequencies, the efficiency is inversely proportional to the layer depth; at high frequencies, it exhibits a complex, multiple peak characteristic, associated with the acoustic field of the layer. Comparison with the modal radiation efficiencies of a panel coupled to a fluid half-space shows a similar dependence on mode order and panel dimensions.     

太赫兹金属器件电铸工艺中电流密度研究

微电铸工艺是太赫兹全金属光栅器件成型的关键工序。金属光栅质量取决于电铸工艺中金属离子沉积的均匀性, 而电铸槽阴极附近电流密度的分布直接影响金属离子沉积的均匀性。在阳极与阴极间添加开孔的绝缘玻璃挡板可以改善阴极电流密度分布的均匀性, 研究了挡板与阴极的距离以及挡板开孔大小对阴极电流密度分布的影响, 仿真结果表明: 添加开孔绝缘挡板有助于改善阴极处的电流密度分布; 当添加的玻璃挡板开孔大小与阴极尺寸一致时, 挡板距离阴极越近, 阴极的电流密度分布越均匀。根据仿真结果设计了相应的挡板, 电铸工艺获得了较好质量的均匀金属层, 从而验证了上述仿真分析的有效性。     

FREE-VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF LIQUID-FILLED TANK WITH BAFFLES

The natural frequencies of liquid in a liquid-filled cylindrical rigid tank without and with baffles are evaluated. An annular plate is used as a baffle, which is fitted to the inner periphery of a cylindrical tank. Both rigid and flexible baffles are considered. Finite elements are used to discretize both the liquid and the structural domain. The slosh frequencies of liquid are computed for different dimensions, thicknesses and positions of baffles, both rigid and flexible considering the circumferential wave number as one. The axisymmetric and other asymmetric modes are not studied. The results obtained for rigid baffle case are comparable with the existing results. The coupled vibration frequencies of the tank-flexible-baffle system are computed considering the effect of sloshing of liquid.     

Sound radiation from perforated plates

A practical engineering noise control measure that can often be used for plate-like structures is to construct them from perforates. This can dramatically reduce the sound radiation from such structures. Here, a prediction model is developed to quantify this effect. It is an extension of Laulagnet's model for the radiation from an unbaffled plate, which expresses the surface pressure difference as well as the plate velocity as a sum over plate modes. The perforation is included in terms of a continuously distributed surface impedance, which for moderately sized holes is predominantly inertial. Results show that the radiation efficiency reduces, not only as the perforation ratio increases but also as the hole size reduces for a given perforation ratio. Experimental validation is given which shows a good agreement with the predictions. An approximate formula is also proposed for the effect of perforation which corresponds well with the analytical calculations up to half the critical frequency and could be used for an engineering application to predict the noise reduction due to perforation. A model for the case of a perforated plate embedded in an equally perforated baffle is also discussed for comparison.