吩噻嗪-Corrole 镓(III)配合物的合成、荧光及其光断裂DNA性质

合成了吩噻嗪(PTZ)-corrole二元体1-3及其镓(III)配合物4-6.采用稳态吸收与稳态发射及时间分辨的瞬态光谱技术研究了这几种化合物的光物理特性.结合荧光量子产率和荧光寿命计算得到它们的辐射和无辐射速率常数.稳态吸收光谱表明:几种二元体中,corrole镓(III)单元表现出更强的Soret带和Q带.化合物1-3的荧光量子产率分别是0.156、0.134和0.139,辐射速率常数分别为4.02′107、3.47′107和2.89′107s-1.化合物4-6的荧光量子产率分别是0.502、0.443和0.494,辐射速率常数分别为20.90′107、16.78′107和21.11′107s-1.可见,化合物4-6的荧光量子产率和辐射速率常数均高于化合物1-3.然而,化合物4-6的荧光寿命分别是2.40、2.64和2.34ns,低于自由corrole1-3.琼脂糖凝胶电泳实验表明:在光照的条件下,这些吩噻嗪-corrole镓(III)二元体化合物能够把超螺旋DNA(formI)切割成缺刻型DNA(formII).     

DNA‐binding,antibacterial and spectral investigations of drug–Fe(II) complexes

The antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin is well known for its drug design and coordinating ability towards metal ions. Iron(II) complexes of ciprofloxacin with various neutral bidentate ligands have been prepared. The structure of complexes has been investigated using spectral, physicochemical and elemental analyses. Antibacterial activity has been carried out using agar plate technique against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. The results show a significant increase in antibacterial activity compared with parental ligands, metal salt and standard drugs (ofloxacin, levofloxacin). The DNA binding and cleavage efficacy were determined using absorption titration and gel electrophoresis techniques, respectively. The DNA binding and cleavage efficacy were increased in complexes compared with parental ligands and metal salt. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polymeric Copper(II) Paddlewheel Carboxylate: Structural Description,Electrochemistry, and DNA‐binding Studies

A polymeric complex of copper(II) was isolated and purified from the self‐assembly of CuSO₄ and 2‐phenyl acetate in aqueous medium. It was characterized through FT‐IR, UV/Vis, electron spin resonance, electrochemical solution studies, and powder and single crystal XRD techniques. The structure was revealed to consist of directly interconnected dimeric paddlewheel building units without any intervening ligand. This type of polymeric paddlewheel structures are found very rarely. Each copper is lying in a CuO₅ square pyramid coordinated by four oxygen atoms in the square base while the axial oxygen belongs to the neighboring paddlewheel. Purity and uniform crystalline nature of the complex was assessed from matching theoretical and experimental powder XRD spectra. ESR spectrum consisted of a broad signal with g value = 2.2427, whereas electrochemical studies revealed diffusion controlled electron transfer processes with diffusion co‐efficient = 1.628 × 10^–7 cm² · s^–1. The results of spectroscopic techniques support each other. The complex afforded mixed binding mode with DNA yielding DNA‐binding constant values of 1.384 × 10⁴ m ^–1 and 8.845 × 10⁴ m ^–1 using absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The complex also exhibited significant activity against anti‐fungal strain Helminthosporium solani by inhibiting its 75 % ± 2.5 growth. The preliminary studies heralded excellent biological potential of the synthesized complex.     

Synthesis,DNA‐Binding and Photocleavage Studies of the Ruthenium(II) Complexes [Ru(phen)2(ppd)]2+ and [Ru(phen)(ppd)2]2+ (ppd=Pteridino[6,7‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline‐11,13(10H,12H)‐dione,phen=1,10‐Phenanthroline)

Two new complexes, [Ru(phen)₂(ppd)]²⁺ ( 1 ) and [Ru(phen)(ppd)₂]²⁺ ( 2 ) (ppd=pteridino[6,7‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline‐11,13(10H,12H)‐dione, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized by ES‐MS, ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The intercalative DNA‐binding properties of 1 and 2 were investigated by absorption‐spectroscopy titration, luminescence‐spectroscopy studies, thermal denaturation, and viscosity measurements. The theoretical aspects were further discussed by comparative studies of 1 and 2 by means of DFT calculations and molecular‐orbital theory. Photoactivated cleavage of pBR322 DNA by the two complexes were also studied, and 2 was found to be a much better photocleavage reagent than 1 . The mechanism studies revealed that singlet oxygen and the excited‐states redox potentials of the complex may play an important role in the DNA photocleavage.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure,DNA‐binding Properties and Antioxidant Activity of a Copper(II) Complex with Naphthalimide Schiff Base

The Schiff N‐allylamine‐4‐(ethylenediamine‐5‐methylsalicylidene)‐1,8‐naphthalimide (H₂L) and its copper(II) complex, [Cu(HL)₂] · 0.5DMF, were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of the Cu^II complex reveals a slightly distorted square‐planar arrangement provided by two N and O donors from two deprotonated ligands. In addition, the DNA‐binding properties of the ligand and Cu^II complex were investigated by fluorescence spectra, electronic absorption, and viscosity measurements. The experimental studies of the DNA‐binding properties indicated that the ligand and Cu^II complex reacted with DNA via intercalation binding mode, and binding affinity for DNA takes the order: ligand > Cu^II complex. The antioxidant assay in vitro suggested that both exhibited potential intensely antioxidant properties, and the ligand is more effective than its Cu^II complex.     

DNA binding and nuclease activity of cationic iron(IV) and manganese(III) corrole complexes

Cationic meso(4‐N‐methylpyridyl)‐based metallocorroles, μ‐oxo iron corrole dimer ( 1b ) and manganese corrole monomer ( 2b ), were synthesized and characterized. The interactions of these two metal corrole complexes with CT‐DNA were studied by UV–visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic methods, as well as by viscosity measurements. The results revealed that 1b interacts with CT‐DNA in a difunctional binding mode, i.e. non‐classical intercalation and outside groove binding with H‐aggregation, while 2b can interact with CT‐DNA via an outside groove binding mode only. The binding constants K_b of 1b and 2b were 4.71 × 10⁵ m ^?1 and 2.17 × 10⁵ m ^?1, respectively, indicating that 1b can bind more tightly to CT‐DNA than 2b . Furthermore, both complexes may cleave the supercoiled plasmid DNA efficiently in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), albeit 1b exhibited a little higher efficiency. The inhibitor tests suggested that singlet oxygen and high‐valent (oxo)iron(VI) corrole or (oxo)manganese(V) corrole might be the active intermediates responsible for the oxidative DNA scission. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrophoretic behavior of DNA‐methyl‐CpG‐binding domain protein complexes revealed by capillary electrophoreses laser‐induced fluorescence

The free solution electrophoretic behavior of DNA‐protein complexes depends on their charge and mass in a certain experimental condition, which are two fundamental properties of DNA‐protein complexes in free solution. Here, we used CE LIF to study the free solution behavior of DNA‐methyl‐CpG‐binding domain protein (MBD2b) complexes through exploring the relationship between the mobilities, charge, and mass of DNA‐protein complexes. This method is based on the effective separation of free DNA and DNA‐protein complexes because of their different electrophoretic mobility in a certain electric field. In order to avoid protein adsorption, a polyacrylamide‐coated capillary was used. Based on the evaluation of the electrophoretic behavior of formed DNA‐MBD2b complexes, we found that the values of (μ₀/μ)‐1 were directly proportional to the charge‐to‐mass ratios of formed complexes, where the μ₀ and μ are the mobility of free DNA probe and DNA‐protein complex, respectively. The models were further validated by the complex mobilities of protein with various lengths of DNA probes. The deviation of experimental and calculated charge‐to‐mass ratios of formed complexes from the theoretical data was less than 10%, suggesting that our models are useful to analyze the DNA‐binding properties of the purified MBD2b protein and help to analyze other DNA‐protein complexes. Additionally, this study enhances the understanding of the influence of the charge‐to‐mass ratios of formed DNA‐protein complexes on their separation and electrophoretic behaviors.     

DNA Binding Studies and Cytotoxicity of Ethylenediamine 8‐Hydroxyquinolinato Palladium(II) Chloride

Interaction between ethylenediamine 8‐hydroxyquinolinato palladium(II) chloride and calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) in aqueous solution were studied by UV‐Visible absorption, fluorescence spectroscopic techniques and gel chromatography at temperatures of 300 K and 310 K. The complex bound strongly and intercalatively to the CT‐DNA. The results of the cytotoxicity assay of the Pd(II) complex on the leukemia cell line, K562 indicated lower cytotoxicity than cisplatin. The Pd(II) complex is considered an agent with potential antitumor activity. The calculation of several binding and thermodynamic parameters of the inclusion Pd(II) complex with CT‐DNA may provide deeper insights into the mechanism of action of these types of complexes with nucleic acids.     

Two Lanthanide(III) Complexes based on the Schiff Base N,N′‐Bis(salicylidene)‐1,5‐diamino‐3‐oxapentane: Synthesis,Characterization, DNA‐binding Properties,and Antioxidation

The Schiff base N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,5‐diamino‐3‐oxapentane (H₂L) and its lanthanide(III) complexes, PrL(NO₃)(DMF)(H₂O) ( 1 ) and Ho₂L₂(NO₃)₂ · 2H₂O ( 2 ), were synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Single crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealed that complex 1 is a discrete mononuclear species. The Pr^III ion is nine‐coordinate, forming a distorted capped square antiprismatic arrangement. Complex 2 is a centrosymmetric dinuclear neutral entity in which the Ho^III ion is eight‐coordinate with distorted square antiprismatic arrangement. The DNA‐binding properties of H₂L and its Ln^III complexes were investigated by spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that the ligand H₂L and its Ln^III complexes both connect to DNA in a groove binding mode; the complexes bind more strongly to DNA than the ligand. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of the Ln^III complexes were in vitro determined by superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods, which indicate that complexes 1 and 2 have OH ^· and O₂^{– ·} radical scavenging activity.     

Dicoumarol complexes of Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III): preparation,characterization, in‐vitro antibacterial and DNA binding activity

3‐3′‐Benzylidenebis[4‐hydroxycoumarin] or 4‐nitro,3‐3′‐benzylidenebis[4‐hydroxycoumarin] or 4‐methoxy,3‐3′‐benzylidenebis[4‐hydroxycoumarin] and their complexes with Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) were synthesized and characterized using ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, IR spectra, electronic spectra, magnetic measurements and elemental analyses. The ligands, metal salts, complexes, control and standard drug were tested for their in‐vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Serratia marcescens. The metal complexes exhibit good activity against bacterial strains compared with parental compounds and moderate compared with the standard drug (ciprofloxacin). In‐vitro DNA‐binding activity was carried out using agarose gel electrophoresis. The synthesized compounds show effective DNA‐binding activity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cytotoxic half-sandwich rhodium(III) complexes: Polypyridyl ligand influence on their DNA binding properties and cellular uptake

The DNA binding of polypyridyl (pp) (η⁵-C₅Me₅)Rh^III complexes of the types [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)RhCl(pp)](CF₃SO₃) (2-6) (pp = bpy, phen, dpq, dppz, dppn), [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)Rh{(Me₂N)₂CS}(pp)](CF₃SO₃)₂ (7-9) (pp = dpq, dppz, dppn) and [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)Rh(L)(pp)](CF₃SO₃) (10) (L = C₆H₅S⁻) and (11) (L = C₁₀H₇S⁻) has been studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy, circular dichroismus and viscosity measurements. Complexes 3-11 are cytotoxic towards the human MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines and exhibit IC₅₀ values in the range 0.56-10.7 μM. Stable intercalative binding into CT-DNA is indicated for the dpq and dppz complexes by large increases ΔT_m of 6-12 °C in the DNA thermal denaturation temperature for r = [complex]/[DNA] = 0.1 and by induced CD bands and large viscosity increases. In contrast, significant DNA lengthening is not observed after incubation of the biopolymer with the dppn complexes 2 and 9 at molar ratios of r < 0.08. Pronounced hypochromic shifts for the π-π^∗ transitions of the dppn ligands in the range 320-425 nm indicate the possible presence of surface stacking. The in vitro cytotoxicities of the chloro complexes 4-6 and the (Me₂N)₂CS complexes 7-9 are dependent on the size of the polypyridyl ligand with IC₅₀ values decreasing in the order dpq > dppz > dppn. For instance, IC₅₀ values of 5.3, 1.5 and 0.91 μM were determined for 7-9 against MCF-7 cells. Rapid Cl⁻/H₂O exchange leads the formation of aqua dications for 4-6, whose levels of cellular uptake and cytotoxicities are similar to those established for 7-9. Intramolecular interactions between the aromatic thiolate and dppz ligands of 10 and 11 prevent significant DNA intercalation. X-ray structural determinations have been performed for 2-7 and 11.     

Synthesis,structure and DNA cleavage of mononuclear Fe(III) complexes with 1,2,4‐triazole‐base ligand

Two new mononuclear iron(III) complexes, [Fe(HL)₂](ClO₄) · (H₂O)_1.75· CH₃CN (1) and [Fe(HL)Cl₂] · DMF (2) [H₂L = 3‐(2‐phenol)‐5‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazole] have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis. The single crystal X‐ray crystallographic studies reveal that the central iron atom has a distorted octahedral environment for 1 and a distorted square pyramidal geometry for 2. The DNA cleavage activity of the iron(III) complexes was measured, indicating that the six‐coordinated iron(III) (complex 1) was cleavage inactive and only five‐coordinated complex 2 effectively promoted the cleavage of plasmid DNA in the presence and/or absence of activating agents (peroxide oxygen) at physiological pH and temperature. The mechanism of plasmid DNA cleavage was also studied by adding standard radical scavengers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectroscopic studies,structural characterization and electrochemical studies of two cobalt (III) complexes with tridentate hydrazone Schiff base ligands: Evaluation of antibacterial activities,DNA‐binding,BSA interaction and molecular docking

Co(III) complexes of tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from N‐(2‐hydroxybenzylideneamino)benzamide (H ₂ L ¹ ) and 2‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine‐1‐carboxamide ( H ₂ L ² ) were synthesized and characterized using IR, Raman, ¹H–NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopies. X‐ray single crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 have also been determined, and it was indicated that these Co(III) complexes are in a distorted octahedral geometry. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the complexes indicates an irreversible redox behavior for both complexes 1 and 2 . The antibacterial effects of the synthesized compounds have been tested by minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods, which suggested that the metal complexes exhibit better antibacterial effects than the ligands against Gram‐positive bacteria. The effects of the drug (drug  =  ligands and complexes) on bovine serum albumin (BSA) were examined using circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry, and it was revealed that the BSA (BSA, as a carrier protein) secondary structure changed in the presence of the drug. Interaction of the drug with calf‐thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) was investigated by UV–Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, CV and CD spectroscopy. Binding constants were determined using UV–Vis absorption. The results indicated that the studied Schiff bases bind to DNA, with the hyperchromic effect and non‐intercalative mode in which the metal complexes are more effective than ligands. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation was used to obtain the energetic and binding sites for the interaction of the complexes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA), and results showed that complex 1 has more binding energy.     

A Tri‐copper(II) Complex Displaying DNA‐Cleaving Properties and Antiproliferative Activity against Cancer Cells

A new disubstituted terpyridine ligand and the corresponding tri‐copper(II) complex have been prepared and characterised. The binding affinity and binding mode of this tri‐copper complex (as well as the previously reported mono‐ and di‐copper analogues) towards duplex DNA were determined by using UV/Vis spectroscopic titrations and fluorescent indicator displacement (FID) assays. These studies showed the three complexes to bind moderately (in the order of 10⁴ M ^?1) to duplex DNA (ct‐DNA and a 26‐mer sequence). Furthermore, the number of copper centres and the nature of the substituents were found to play a significant role in defining the binding mode (intercalative or groove binding). The nuclease potential of the three complexes was investigated by using circular plasmid DNA as a substrate and analysing the products by agarose‐gel electrophoresis. The cleaving activity was found to be dependent on the number of copper centres present (cleaving potency was in the order: tri‐copper>di‐copper>mono‐copper). Interestingly, the tri‐copper complex was able to cleave DNA without the need of external co‐reductants. As this complex displayed the most promising nuclease properties, cell‐based studies were carried out to establish if there was a direct link between DNA cleavage and cellular toxicity. The tri‐copper complex displayed high cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines. Of particular interest was that it displayed high cytotoxicity against the cisplatin‐resistant MOLT‐4 leukaemia cell line. Cellular uptake studies showed that the tri‐copper complex was able to enter the cell and more importantly localise in the nucleus. Immunoblotting analysis (used to monitor changes in protein levels related to the DNA damage response pathway) and DNA‐flow cytometric studies suggested that this tri‐copper(II) complex is able to induce cellular DNA damage.     

Two silver(I) complexes with bis(benzimidazole)‐2‐oxopropane ligands: Syntheses,crystal structures and DNA binding studies

Two Ag(I) complexes, [Ag₂(bobb)₂]⋅(NO₃)₂ ( 1 ) and [Ag₂(crotonate)₂(aobb)]_n ( 2 ) (bobb =1,3‐bis(1‐benzylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxapropane; aobb =1,3‐bis(1‐allylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxopropane), have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, electrical conductivities, infrared and UV–visible spectral measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 is binuclear and three‐coordinated by two N atoms from two bobb ligands, while complex 2 is a unique metal organic compound with diamond‐like multinuclear Ag centers with each Ag bridged by two aobb ligands and two crotonate ions to form one‐dimensional single polymer chain structures and extended into two‐dimensional frameworks through π–π and intermolecular C─H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. The adjacent Ag(I) centers are bridged by allyl from aobb which is not only a σ‐bonding ligand, but also a π‐acid ligand. The DNA binding modes of complexes 1 and 2 were investigated using electronic absorption titration, fluorescence spectra and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that the two complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode, and their binding affinity for DNA follows the order 2  >  1 . This is due to the chelating effects which can enhance the planar functionality of the metal complexes.