测定血清中Na 含量不确定度的评定

对血清中Na离子含量的测量不确定度进行评定。不确定度的来源主要包括Na离子标准工作液的配制过程、血清样品的定容消化制备、标准曲线拟合、钠离子各分量不确定度的合成等引入的不确定度计算出各分量的不确定度,通过合成得到测量结果的合成不确定度、扩展不确定度及测试结果的报告形式。     

ICP-AES测定铀污染土壤植物中铀的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)对铀污染土壤植物中铀的测定方法进行了研究.在λU385.958 nm处,选择了仪器的最佳工作条件,考察了酸度和常见共存元素对测定的干扰情况,并且对比了干灰化消解和湿式消解对测定的影响.研究发现2%硝酸溶液为最佳介质,干扰离子对测定没有显著影响,干灰化消解比湿式消解得彻底.在选定条件下,方法检出限为0.18 mg·L-1,测定下限为0.61 mg·L-1,5.0000 mg·L-1的铀标准溶液的相对标准偏差RSD(n=10)为0.81%,方法回收率为96.2%～106.2%.该方法操作简单,快速.结果表明,用ICP-AES测定铀污染土壤植物样品中的铀是可行的.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

茶叶中高氯酸盐检测方法研究进展

茶叶中新型污染物高氯酸盐在近年来受到越来越多的关注,相应的检测技术也在不断加强.参考国内外文献,综述了茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测方法.目前,茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测方法主要有离子色谱法（IC）、离子色谱-质谱法（IC-MS）和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS-MS）.比较了不同检测方法的局限性和优越性,重点比较了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法不同前处理方法、净化小柱和检测条件的优劣,对茶叶高氯酸盐检测技术的发展和研究进行了展望,为检测茶叶中高氯酸盐的新材料研发和检测新标准的建立提供理论依据.     

Effect of vibration in processes of structure formation in polymers

It was shown that the strength characteristics of the samples produced from thermoplastics (low density polyethylene, polyamide 6, Armamid, and polyethylene terephthalate) increase as a result of short vibration treating with a frequency close to that of natural vibrations of the structural elements.     

成都西部金马地区土壤微量元素特征研究

对成都平原西部金马镇深层土壤取样分析,研究了具有指示意义的几种微量元素富集情况,揭示了土壤原生地球化学环境质量;通过异常信息的筛选,分析了各元素异常反映的地球化学及地质信息.     

Assessment of performance of laboratories in determining acrylamide in crispbread

A proficiency testing round was undertaken to assess the performance of laboratories to measure acrylamide in a sample of crispbread. Retail samples of crispbread were ground to a fine powder and after thorough mixing were packed in 40 g units for distribution. Ten samples were selected at random and analyzed in duplicate for acrylamide by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Standard statistical tests showed that the material was homogeneous for the purposes of proficiency testing. Test samples were distributed to 55 laboratories in 16 countries in Europe, North America, Australia, and the Middle East. The results were analyzed by standard proficiency testing statistical procedures, and laboratories were awarded z-scores on the basis of their reported results. Based on a target standard deviation (sigmap value) taken from the Horwitz equation, for a robust mean value of 1.2 mg/kg acrylamide, satisfactory results (z-score within +/- 2 for those between 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg) were obtained by 86% of the 37 laboratories that returned results. Only 1 laboratory was unsatisfactory and 4 had questionable results. About equal numbers of laboratories used gas chromatography (GC)/MS and LC/MS procedures with about 25% using MS/MS and one using GC with electron capture detection. There was no evident trend in performance or bias in results. GC/MS and LC/MS data were evenly distributed across the population of laboratories reporting results.     

锅炉水总碱度测量不确定度的评估

对锅炉水中总碱度测量不确定度的来源进行分析,评定了总碱度测定过程中测量重复性、天平、标准物质纯度、滴定管和移液管等因素对总碱度测量不确定度的影响,计算得到炉水水样总碱度为26．00mmol／L时,扩展不确定度为0．12mmol／L。在总碱度的测量过程中,滴定管和移液管的准确度是影响总碱度测量不确定度的主要因素。     

Use of NAA in marine environment and in archaeology in Greece

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a very sensitive and accurate multielement analytical method that is widely applied to the investigation of environmental and archaeological problems. The first part of this paper is a review of pollution studies of toxic trace elements in sediments, seawater and marine organisms of Saronikos Gulf, Greece by NAA. The second part of this paper is a review of provenance studies based on minor and trace element research in ancient ceramics, obsidian, flint, limestone, marble and lead by Instrumental NAA, performed at the NCSR Demokritos.     

Increase in the para selectivity in the nitration of alkylbenzenes in the presence of aryl iodides

Conclusions Additives of iodobenzene, para-iodotoluene, and ortho-iodotoluene increase the relative yield of the para isomer in the nitration of toluene, ethylbenzene, and cumene as well as the yield of 4-nitro-o-xylene in the KNO₃/CF₃CO₂H system.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 714–716, March, 1988.     

Variation in the accumulation levels of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in micropropagated trees and in in vitro cultures of Mimosa tenuiflora

The present article reports the accumulation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and its metabolic precursors (tryptophan, tryptamine) in different organs of micropropagated Mimosa tenuiflora trees (leaves, flowers and bark) subjected to seasonal variations (January and June), as well as in in vitro cultures (plantlets and calluses) of this plant species. The accumulation of all the tested compounds varied according to the organ, the month of collection, and age of the plant material. In all cases, the neurotoxic compound N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was detected with the lowest concentration 0.01% dry weight (DW) in flowers, and the highest 0.33% DW in bark. For the in vitro cultures, DMT was present in high yields in plantlets (0.1-0.2% DW), while in calluses this compound was initially detected but its concentration decreased significantly in the subsequent subcultures.     

鸡肉中兽药残留检测技术研究进展

鸡肉中兽药残留检测是食品安全检测关注的热点,作为目前普遍发展的样品前处理技术,超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取、毛细管固相微萃取及其与色谱质谱联用检测兽药残留受到广泛关注。以鸡肉为主要检测基质对这些新技术的基本原理、特点及在兽药残留分析中的应用进行了综述,同时对兽药残留分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

The in situ determination of iron and of copper in wine

The improved determination of both iron and copper in red and white wines has been developed which avoids the preliminary process of ashing the sample before processing the ash for the actual evaluation of these two troublesome impurities. The new procedure employs bathocuproine and bathophcnanthroline as completing ligands with spectrophotometric determination of the Cu and the Fe in situ. The new method is economical in required analysis time, manipulative details and in quantity of sample involved. It has been shown that the new method is comparable in accuracy to previous published procedures, and as control analyses substitute wet ashing technique, the HNO₃-HCIO₄ destruction of organic matter, was applied.     

Influence of polarity of medium on formation of intermediates in photolysis of alkylaminobenzophenones in solutions

Flash photolysis has been used in a study of the absorption spectra and decay kinetics of the intermediates in photolysis of 4,4′-bis-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4,4′-bis-diethylaminobenzophenone, and 4-dimethylamino-benzophenone in various types of solvents. It has been established that flash photolysis of solutions of alkylaminobenzophenones in polar solvents produces not only alkylamine or ketyl radicals, but also an intermediate that absorbs in the 470 nm region, the decay curves of which are described by first-order kinetic equations. In the presence of tertiary amines, the yield of this product is lower. The addition of sodium perchlorate to the solution increases the lifetime of this intermediate species. L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 31 Nauka Prospect, 252039 Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 27–31, January–February, 1997.     

Highlights in the history of quantitation in chemistry

Summary Although the early analysts and assayers achieved quantitative results it was only much later via the atomic theory and its symbolic representation that these results can be discussed in modern terms. Quantitative analysis covers the whole of recorded history. The highlights selected for discussion are, use of the touchstone, R. Boyle's contribution to the quantitative analysis of solutions, J. Black's researches on the alkalis and J. Dalton's indroduction of symbolic notation for the composition compounds.     

Kinetics of craze initiation in polystyrene in N-alcohols

The kinetics of craze initiation has been investigated for unmodified and rubber-modified polystyrenes in n-alcohols. The dependence on time and temperature of the critical strain at which crazes could be detected visually was determined with a Bergen elliptical strain device. Sorption studies were also conducted at room temperature on films exposed to the saturated vapor of n-alcohol. The analysis of crazing data in terms of the Eyring model gave activation energies from 9.4 to 17.4 kcal/mole, increasing with increasing chain length of n-alcohol and increasing rubber content. The activation volume multiplied by a stress concentration factor decreased with increasing rubber content and was nearly independent of the chain length of the n-alcohol. The larger the diffusion coefficient, which we measured by sorption experiments, the smaller was the activation energy for craze initiation. The values of diffusion coefficients, estimated from the experimental data on craze initiation, were found to be comparable with those from the sorption experiments. It was concluded that the rate of craze initiation on exposure to liquids is controlled by the diffusion of the molecules of liquid into polymer.     

Formation of disperse ferromagnetic nanoparticles in zeolites in the course of thermal activation in oxygen

Samples of synthetic high-silica zeolites after high-temperature activation in oxygen are studied by ferromagnetic resonance. Observation of the fine structure of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR FS) indicates the formation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the course of thermal treatment of zeolites in oxygen. Features of the formation of a dispersed ferromagnetic phase in zeolites, geometric and magnetic characteristics of constituent nanoparticles are discussed.     

Changes in degree of polymerization in the thermal degradation of polystyrene

The chain scission and volatilization processes which occur in the thermal degradation of polystyrene have been simulated by Monte Carlo procedures and the results have been compared with the degrees of polymerization, determined experimentally, of polystyrene samples degraded to different extents. The results of the calculations agree with random scission of the polymer chains at temperatures at which volatilization of simple molecules does not occur and with a degradation mechanism involving extensive deactivation of radicals through hydrogen abstraction from the body of polymer chains at temperatures at which volatilization does occur. The calculations also show that the molecularity index, i.e. the ratio between the weight average and the number average degrees of polymerization, tends to 2, independently of the degradation mechanism.     

Production of radicals in the ozonolysis of propene in air

Radical production in the ozonolysis of propene in air was monitored directly by a peroxy radical chemical amplification (PERCA) instrument at room temperature (298±2 K) and atmospheric pressure (1×105 Pa). The ozonolysis reactions were conducted in a flow tube under pseudo-first-order conditions for ozone. The decay in ozone was calculated based on reaction time tr and effective rate constant keff (keff = k1[C3H6]0)) for the ozone-propene reaction. The total radical yields relative to consumed ozone were d...     

Spectroscopic properties of protochlorophyllide analyzed in situ in the course of etiolation and in illuminated leaves

The spectroscopic properties of photoactive (i.e. flash-transformable) and nonphotoactive protochlorophyll(ide)s (Pchl(ide)) were reinvestigated during the development of bean leaves in darkness. Two phases in the process of Pchl(ide) accumulation were apparent from quantitative measurements of pigment content: a lag phase (first week) during which photoactive Pchl(ide) accumulated faster than nonphotoactive Pchl(ide); and a fast phase (second week), showing parallel accumulation of both types of Pchl(ide). 'Flashed-minus-dark' absorbance difference spectra recorded in situ at 77 K showed that P650-655 was the predominant form of photoactive protochlorophyllide regardless of developmental stage. Quantitative analysis of energy migration processes between the Pchl(ide) forms showed the existence of energy transfer units containing a 1:8 ratio of nonphotoactive and photoactive Pchl(ide)s during development. Gaussian deconvolution of in situ 77 K fluorescence spectra indicated that the 633 nm band of nonphotoactive Pchl(ide) was made of four bands, at 625, 631, 637 and 643 nm, whose relative amplitudes only slightly changed during development. The emission band of photoactive Pchlide was also analyzed using the same method. Three components were found at 644, 652 and 657 nm. The emission band of P650-655 included the last two components, which become predominant only in fully etiolated plants. Photoactive Pchlide with an emission maximum at 653 nm was detected in the light during development of leaves of photoperiodically grown plants.