The Effect of Discounted Cash Flow on Replacement Analysis

In this paper, the effect of discounted cash flow (DCF) on replacement policy is expressed in terms of the undiscounted quantities normally used in standard replacement analysis. This is useful to an operator who already uses the standard analysis and wishes to know quickly what effect DCF will have on his policy. Simple formulae are provided to determine the optimum delay in replacement required by DCF, and the consequent saving in real costs. A numerical example illustrates the application of the formulae to vehicle replacement.     

Economic Order Quantity and Quantity Discounts under Date-terms Supplier Credit: A Discounted Cash Flow Approach

This paper examines economic order quantity and optimal order quantity under both all-units and incremental-quantity discounts when purchase cost, order cost, and carrying cost are all incurred on date-terms supplier credit. Payment dates for the three cost components need not be the same. The traditionally-used periodic-cost minimization methodology which is insensitive to differences in the timing of various within-period cash flows is replaced with a discounted cash flow methodology. Differences in the characteristics of day-terms and date-terms solutions to the quantity discount case are high-lighted.     

Project Scheduling with Discounted Cash Flows and Progress Payments

In all large scale projects, there correspond cash flows that incur throughout the life of the project. The scheduling of these projects to maximize the present value of the cash flows has been a topic of recent research. The basic assumption of earlier research is that the cash flows are mainly associated with some events of the project and they occur at the event realization times. However, in several real life projects, the cash inflows do not occur at the event realization times, rather they occur at the end of some time periods, like months, as progress payments. In this article, maximizing the present value of the cash flows in such projects is considered and a mixed-integer formulation of the problem is presented. In this formulation, activity profit curves are defined and used. Computational experience on some randomly generated test problems provides promising results especially when the Benders Decomposition technique is employed for solving the problem.     

管控“现金流”

目前我国企业的现金流量管理还处于极低的水平。绝大多数企业实行的还是根据国家规定的现金开支范围和银行结算制度办理往来收付结算,以经验和内部牵制制度为主体的管理办法。可以采取以下措施来提高我国企业的现金流管理水平。     

Four Payment Models for the Multi-Mode Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem with Discounted Cash Flows

In this paper, the multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem with discounted cash flows is considered. The objective is the maximization of the net present value of all cash flows. Time value of money is taken into consideration, and cash in- and out-flows are associated with activities and/or events. The resources can be of renewable, nonrenewable, and doubly constrained resource types. Four payment models are considered: lump sum payment at the terminal event, payments at prespecified event nodes, payments at prespecified time points and progress payments. For finding solutions to problems proposed, a genetic algorithm (GA) approach is employed, which uses a special crossover operator that can exploit the multi-component nature of the problem. The models are investigated at the hand of an example problem. Sensitivity analyses are performed over the mark up and the discount rate. A set of 93 problems from literature are solved under the four different payment models and resource type combinations with the GA approach employed resulting in satisfactory computation times. The GA approach is compared with a domain specific heuristic for the lump sum payment case with renewable resources and is shown to outperform it.     

具有随机资金流的一类效用优化问题研究

现实的金融市场上,当有重大信息出现时,会对股价产生冲击,使得股价产生跳跃,同时投资过程会有随机资金流的介入,考虑股价出现跳跃与随机资金流介入的投资组合优化问题,通过构造倒向-前向随机微分方程并结合随机最优控制理论研究了一般效用函数下的投资组合选择问题,获得最优投资组合策略,然后针对二次效用函数,给出显式表示的最优投资组合策略.     

净现金流量的一种经验估计方法

研究净现值计算公式的拓展问题.净现值计算中关于项目未来的净现金流量的估计问题至今未能得到很好的解决.本文就此问题,从经验的而非理论论证的角度,利用统计分组的思想,给出了一种估算未来净现金流量的方法,这种方法要比直接估计所得到的未来净现金流量更为接近实际,而此方法操作方便且便于应用,文中给出了算例.     

现金流不确定性、研发投入与企业价值

本文运用2010-2016年全部A股上市公司样本,系统考察了现金流不确定性对于企业研发投入和企业价值的影响及对于研发投入与企业价值相关关系的调节作用。随后,依据企业生命周期理论和融资约束理论将样本分组,进一步的验证企业生命周期和融资约束程度差异对于现金流不确定性调节作用的效果差异。研究发现,在当前"赢家效应"较强的背景下,现金流的不确定性能够促进企业研发投入,显著提升企业价值,且能够对研发投入与企业价值的关系起到正向调节作用。进一步的,本文发现现金流不确定性发挥的正向调节作用在成长期企业和融资约束程度高的企业作用显著,而在成熟期和融资约束程度低的企业不显著。本文的研究结论不仅丰富了有关现金流和研发创新领域的相关文献,而且可以为我国资本市场的完善和企业的研发创新行为提供参考。     

A Decision Analysis Approach to Cash Flow Management

We propose a method of applying the Hespos and Strassmann "stochastic decision tree" framework, originally intended for investment decisions, to cash flow management. Sequences of uncertain events, such as a strike, affecting forecast cash flows are represented by a probability tree. Forecasts of constituent cash flows such as sales and costs are represented by Beta distributions dependent on paths through the tree. Monte Carlo simulations sample these distributions, and equations provided in the model convert the sampled cash flows to cash balances in each period. Frequencies of cash balances weighted by probabilities along paths through the tree yield a combined relative frequency distribution of cash balances for each period. These and related results may be used by management to plan financing arrangements to meet cash requirements in the future.     

理解自由现金流代理问题的显示性偏好方法研究

与投资现金流敏感性等常用指标不同,管理层期望回报率与股东期望回报率的偏离程度是评价自由现金流代理问题严重程度的直接指标。但该指标难以观测,为此Robert和Huntley^([1])通过构建结构化方程,提出根据公司的投资支出估算上述指标的方法,并称之为显示性偏好方法.针对Robert和Huntley([1])通过构建结构化方程,提出根据公司的投资支出估算上述指标的方法,并称之为显示性偏好方法.针对Robert和Huntley^([1])的结构化方程忽略公司融资决策信息的缺点,推导同时包含投资支出、融资成本、融资规模(可观测变量)和管理层期望回报率与股东期望回报率偏离程度(待估参数)的新的结构化方程,并应用J统计量和多组研究样本对新方程的有效性加以验证,同时与原方程比较。最后以过度投资为例说明管理层期望回报率与股东期望回报率偏离程度估计结果的应用价值。     

The Discounted Limit Theorems

The large deviation theorems, exponential inequalities and a non-uniform estimate of the Berry–Esséen theorem in a discounted version are proved.Dedicated to Professor Vytautas Statulevičius on the occasion of his 75th birthday.     

中国非金融行业上市公司现金流风险研究

本文研究了我国非金融行业上市公司经营净现金流的风险状况,建立了风险现金流(Cash-Flow-at-Risk)的POT模型,在可比公司估计的分析框架下,度量并分析经营净现金流风险。实证结果表明:第一、房地产业和综合类风险现金流级别相对最高,而采掘业、交通运输仓储业、电力煤气及水的生产与供应业的风险现金流相对最低;第二、除房地产业和综合类业外,其他行业ST公司风险现金流值均比同行业正常公司值要高;第三、受金融危机的影响,与2006、2007年同期相比,2008年经营净现金流为负值公司数目及超出风险现金流值的公司数目均明显增加。     

随机参数和随机资金流环境下基于二次效用函数的投资组合优化

研究完全市场下基于二次效用最大化的带有随机资金流的动态投资组合选择问题,其中假设无风险利率、股票收益率和波动率矩阵都是一致有界随机过程.通过应用线性二次控制方法和向后随机微分方程理论得到了最优投资组合的解析表达式.     

基于随机活动工期的多模式现金流均衡项目调度优化

承包商在项目执行过程中的现金流均衡是保证项目成功的关键因素。本文研究基于随机活动工期的多模式现金流均衡项目调度问题,旨是在项目工期及鲁棒性阈值约束下合理安排活动执行模式与开始时间,实现承包商现金流均衡。本文通过构建整数规划优化模型对研究问题进行刻画,随后设计模拟退火算法进行求解,最后进行案例分析。结果表明:鲁棒性阈值虽然可以保证基准进度的稳定性,但是提高鲁棒性阈值水平反而不利于承包商的现金流均衡,该值过高时甚至得不到可行解。本文研究可为随机活动工期背景下承包商的现金流控制提供定量化决策支持。     

邹志英：“三四四”法则

自2008年金融危机以后,国内外许多知名企业难逃破产厄运,著名的有美国第四大投资银行雷曼兄弟公司、全美第一大汽车制造商通用汽车公司、美国第三大汽车公司克莱斯勒等等,分析其破产原因,竟惊人的相似：资金链断裂。资金链断裂导致企业失败．只是问题的表象,其实质是企业缺乏财务风险防范和现金管理的能力。     

非负费用折扣半马氏决策过程

本文考虑可数状态非负费用的折扣半马氏决策过程.首先在给定半马氏决策核和策略下构造一个连续时间半马氏决策过程,然后用最小非负解方法证明值函数满足最优方程和存在ε-最优平稳策略,并进一步给出最优策略的存在性条件及其一些性质.最后,给出了值迭代算法和一个数值算例.     

Partially Observable Semi-Markov Games with Discounted Payoff

Abstract

We study partially observable semi-Markov game with discounted payoff on a Borel state space. We study both zero sum and nonzero sum games. We establish saddle point equilibrium and Nash equilibrium for zero sum and nonzero sum cases, respectively.     

现金管理的前世今生

没有什么比“现金”更能牵动CFO的神经; 没有什么比“现金管理”更能将企业与银行联系得如此紧密……