Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Pimpinella anagodendron Bolle and Pimpinella rupicola Svent., two endemic species to the Canary Islands, Spain

The essential oils from the aerial parts of Pimpinella anagodendron Bolle and Pimpinella rupicola Svent., two endemic species growing in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, were studied by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components of the flowering tops (flowers+unripe fruits) of P. rupicola (PRFT) were found to be beta-bisabolene (34.8%), limonene (10.9%) and alpha-zingiberene (10.5%), whereas in the flowering tops of P. anagodendron (PAFT), the main constituents were alpha-zingiberene (32.9%), beta-bisabolene (17.9%), beta-pinene (15.8%) and ar-curcumene (11.5%). The major compounds found in the stems+leaves of P. rupicola (PRSL) were beta-bisabolene (31.6%), alpha-zingiberene (11.4%) and limonene (10.8%), whereas those of P. anagodendron (PASL) were alpha-zingiberene (32.3%), beta-bisabolene (14.0%) and ar-curcumene (12.6%). In all the oils were found the characteristic constituents of genus Pimpinella, the pseudoisoeugenol esters. In accordance with the morphological, chorological and chemical differences between both species, we suggest that P. rupicola Svent. is a good taxon and not a synonym of P. anagodendron.     

Evaluation of volatile constituents of Cochlospermum angolense

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the leaves and roots of Cochlospermum angolense (Welw) growing wild in Angola was analyzed for the first time by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The investigation led to the identification of 67 and 130 compounds from the leaves and roots, respectively. Both oils were strongly characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenoids (68.8% in the leaves and 53.2% in the roots), while monoterpenoids were present in minor percentages (9.8% in the leaves and 26.2% in the root). The main constituents of the leaves were germacrene D (9.4%), alpha-cadinol (7.4%) and 10-epi-cubenol (6.2%), while the most abundant compounds in the root essential oil were the sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene (19.7%) and isoborneol (6.6%). The analysis by HS-SPME of the roots, leaves, fruits and seeds were also reported for the first time. Different volatile profiles were detected.     

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oils from Pimpinella species gathered from Central and Northern Turkey

Essential oils from 15 Pimpinella species were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. One species, Pimpinella anisum, in which only fruits were evaluated, was also included in the study. A total of 140 different compounds were identified and significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among the samples. Pimpinella essential oils were characterized as having mono-, sesqui- and trinorsesquiterpenoids, propenylphenols, and pseudoisoeugenols. Trinorsesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids appear to be chemical markers of Pimpinella species analyzed thus far. Essential oils obtained from Pimpinella roots share the same principal compound, epoxypseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrate at concentrations from 20 to 82.6%.     

稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干挥发油化学成分的分析

采用气相色谱．质谱联用技术,对稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干挥发油进行了成分分析。首次从稠李果、茎、叶、皮及树干分别鉴定出了29、31、35、29和21种化合物,已鉴定挥发油成分占总挥发油含量分别为98.14％、96．96％、94．34％、99．16％及96．73％。5个部位中挥发油化学组成各有异同,但其主要成分均是苯甲酸和苯甲醛。皮中苯甲酸相对含量高达64．43％,因苯甲酸具有防腐作用,故认为稠李木材是天然的防腐木材。本研究结果为稠李的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

Chemical composition of the essential oils from the flower, leaf and stem of Lonicera japonica

The essential oils from different aerial parts of Lonicera japonica have been extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Quantitative and qualitative differences were found between the analyzed plant parts. A total of eighty-nine compounds were identified. The main constituents were (Z,Z)-farnesole (16.2%) and linalool (11.0%) for the flowers fraction, hexadecanoic acid (16.0%) and linalool (8.7%) for the leaves fraction, and hexadecanoic acid (31.4%) for the stems. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were absent from all the oils, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were not identified in the essential oil of the stem.     

Antibacterial activity and GC/MS analysis of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Origanum vulgare ssp. viride growing wild in north-west Iran

Essential oils obtained from flowers, leaves and stems of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek., growing wild in Ardabil Province (north-west Iran), were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. beta-Caryophyllene was the major constituent in all three oils (48.1%, 50.1% and 60.2%, respectively). Of the 19 components detected in the flower oil, comprising 96.3% of the total, the major components were 1,8-cineole (11.6%), alpha-pinene (6.9%), and gamma-cadinene (4.8%). 1-Octen-3-ol (23.8%), and 1,8-cineole (8.5%) predominated in the leafoil. In the stem oil, other main constituents were bicyclogermacrene (9.8%), 1,8-cineole (6.4%), borneol (5.1%), and pinocarvone (4.4%). The essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against 10 selected microorganisms. The data obtained contribute to the future use of certain essential oils as natural preservatives for food products, due to their safety and positive effect on shelf life.     

Composition of the essential oils and antibacterial activities of Hymenocrater yazdianus, Stachys obtusicrena and Nepeta asterotricha three Labiatae herbs growing wild in Iran

Water-distilled essential oils from leaves of Hymenocrater yazdianus Rech.f., flowers of Stachys obtusicrena Boiss., and stems and flowers of Nepeta asterotricha Rech.f., which are endemic to Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-five components of the leaf oil of H. yazdianus were characterized, representing 95.1% of the total components detected. The major constituents were identified as 1,8-cineole (17.6%), beta-caryophyllene (13.9%), alpha-pinene (10.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.4%). Germacrene-D (37.5%) and alpha-bisabolol (23.5%) were the main components among the twenty constituents characterized in the flower oil of S. obtusicrena, representing 90.8% of the total components detected. Thirty-five compounds representing 93.0% of the stem oil of N. asterotrica were identified among which terpinen-4-ol (22.8%) and gamma-terpinene (14.1%) were the major ones. The flower oil of the species was characterized by higher amounts of terpinen-4-ol (24.8%), 4a alpha, 7a beta-nepetalactone (18.2%) and 1,8-cineole (11.6%) among the thirty-three components comprising 98.5% of the total oil detected. The antibacterial activity of the stem, leaf and flower oils of Hymenocrater yazdianus, Stachys obtusicrena and Nepeta asterotricha against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were determined using the MIC method. The growth inhibitory zone (mm) was also measured.     

Comparison of MAHD with UAE and Hydrodistillation for the Analysis of Volatile Oil From Four Parts of Perilla frutescens Cultivated in Southern China

Three different isolation techniques, specifically microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional hydrodistillation (HD) were employed to obtain essential oils from whole plants, leaves, roots, and stems of Perilla frutescens. The essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Variations in chemical composition were observed; these were attributed to differences in plant organs. Variations in the percentages of the main constituents of the oils extracted based on plant organ were irregular and affected the quantity and composition of the oils. Oil yields were affected by the method of extraction and extraction organ variation. The maximum volume of oil was extracted from leaves via MAHD and the minimum was extracted from roots via UAE. Oil yields ranged from 0.05% to 0.53%. The contents of essential oil varied significantly with the plant organ. In the essential oils of the plant parts studied were showed a predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes. Variation of extraction methods and organs may influence the oil components either qualitatively or quantitatively.     

Variability of essential oils of Betonica officinalis (Lamiaceae) from different wild populations in Kosovo

The aerial parts and roots of Betonica officinalis were collected from three localities characterized by different ecological conditions to study the natural variability of the chemical composition of the essential oils in this plant. The leaves and inflorescences were collected during the flowering time, whereas the roots were collected at the end of the vegetative period. The plant material was dried at room temperature. The essential oils were obtained by micro-steam hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, 69 constituents were identified in all localities and plant parts. The main compositions of the leaves in all localities were alpha-pinene, 1-octen-3-ol, beta-bourbonene, (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene D. The essential oil of the inflorescences was characterized by these main constituents: alpha-pinene, (E)-caryophyllene and trans-beta-farnesene. In all localities, the percentages of alpha-pinene and (E)-caryophyllene were higher in the inflorescences than in the leaves, whereas nonane was the main constituent in the roots.     

Essential oil composition of the different parts of Eryngium bourgatii Gouan from Spain

The essential oil extracted from the different parts of Eryngium bourgatii Gouan: stems + leaves (E.b.SL), inflorescences (E.b.I) and roots (E.b.R), have been extracted by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative but not qualitative differences have been found between the analysed parts. The principal compounds from the inflorescences oil were found to be phyllocladene (37.6%) and bicyclogermacrene (15.1%), while the oil from stems and leaves showed phyllocladene (20.4%), gamma-muurolene (11.8%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.1%) as main ones. The oil from the roots presented gamma-muurolene (15.4%) and phyllocladene (15.0%) as major constituents. It is worth mentioning the presence of a diterpene, phyllocladene, as main compound of the essential oil. This is the first report on the essential oil of this species.     

Comparative essential oil composition of aerial parts of Tanacetum dumosum Boiss. from Southern Zagros,Iran.

The essential oils of leaves and flowers of Tanacetum dumosum Boiss., an endemic medicinal shrub, were extracted by using hydrodistillation method and analysed using GC and GC–MS. A total of 43 and 44 compounds were identified in the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of T. dumosum, respectively. The major chemical constituents of leaves oil were borneol (27.9%), bornyl acetate (18.4%), 1,8-cineol (17.5%), α-terpineol (5.3%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (3.3%), camphene (2.7%) and terpinene-4-ol (1.9%), while the main components of the flower oil were isobornyl-2-methyl butanoate (41.1%), trans-linalyl oxide acetate (11.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.7%), thymol (4.2%), linalool (3.9%), camphor (2.9%), isobornyl propanoate (2.9%), α-terpineol (2.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.0%). Major qualitative and quantitative variations for some main chemical compounds among different aerial parts of T. dumosum were identified. High contents of borneol, bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineol and linalool in the leaves and flowers of T. dumosum show its potential for use in the food and perfumery industry.     

Eucalyptus oleosa essential oils: chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the oils from different plant parts (stems, leaves, flowers and fruits)

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts (stems, adult leaves, immature flowers and fruits) of Eucalyptus oleosa were screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and their chemical composition. According to GC-FID and GC-MS, the principal compound of the stem, immature flowers and the fruit oils was 1,8-cineole, representing 31.5%, 47.0% and 29.1%, respectively. Spathulenol (16.1%) and γ-eudesmol (15.0%) were the two principal compounds of adult leaves oil. In the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, the oils of the four parts showed moderate antioxidant activity. In the ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) assay, the most active part was the adult leaves, with a IC(50) value 13.0 ± 0.6 mg/L, followed by stems (IC(50) = 43.5 ± 1.4 mg/L). The essential oils showed a better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and a significant antifungal activity also was observed against yeast-like fungi. A strong correlations between oxygenated monoterpenes and antimicrobial activity (especially 1,8-cineole) were noted (R2 = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.79 for B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, respectively).     

Comparison of the components of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of Grammosciadium platycarpum

The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from dried leaves and fruits of Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. were determined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five compounds (87.0%) and sixteen constituents (96.2%) were identified in the leaf and fruit oils, respectively. Linalool (26.1 and 53.9%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (24.1 and 20.4% ) and (Z)-β-santalol (10.6 and 10.9%) were the major components in the leaf and fruit oils. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 559–560, November–December, 2006.     

Volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of flowers, stems and leaves of Nasturtium officinale R. Br

GC-MS analyses of the essential oils of leaves, stems and flower of Nasturtium officinale resulted in the identification of 9, 8 and 15 compounds, representing 97%, 100% and 94.7% of the oils, respectively. The main compounds of the oil of leaves were myristicin (57.6%), α-terpinolene (8.9%) and limonene (6.7%). Caryophyllene oxide (37.2%), p-cymene-8-ol (17.6%), α-terpinolene (15.2%) and limonene (11.8%) were the main components in stems, whereas limonene (43.6%), α-terpinolene (19.7%), p-cymene-8-ol (7.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.7%) were the major constituents in the oil of flowers. All the samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the above tests, methanol extracts of leaves showed higher antioxidant activity than the oils and methanol extracts of stems and flowers.     

Essential oil composition of the different parts of Eryngium corniculatum Lam. (Apiaceae) from Spain

The essential oil from the different parts (inflorescences, stems+leaves and roots) of E. corniculatum Lam. gathered in Guadalajara (Spain) has been extracted by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Quantitative and qualitative differences have been found between the analysed parts, although all of them contained the same principal compound, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde, representing the 50.8%, 50.0%, and 29.8% of the total oil for inflorescences, stems+leaves and roots, respectively. Other representative constituents of the oil were similar in the different fractions: in the inflorescences compounds were found to be alpha-pinene (4.0%), chrysanthenyl acetate (4.0%), 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (3.3%), (2Z,6E)-farnesol (2.0%), (E)-nerolidol (2.1%) and (Z)-beta-ocimene (2.1%), while the stems+leaves oil showed 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (3.8%), alpha-pinene (3.4%), (E)-nerolidol (2.4%) and (2Z,6E)-farnesol (2.1%), and in the roots oil a phyllocladene isomer (13.0%), (E)-nerolidol (9.4%), beta-eudesmol (4.1%) and (2Z,6E)-farnesol (2.1%) were found. The presence of C-10 compounds as the main fraction for an Eryngium species is worth mentioning. This is the first report on the chemical composition of this Mediterranean endemic species.     

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from leaves, stems and flowers of Salvia reuterana Boiss. grown in Iran

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems and flowers of Salvia reuterana (Lamiaceae) were analysed by GC and GC/MS. Germacrene D and beta-caryophyllene were the major constituents in all the three oils: (28.5, 27.7 and 32.5%) and (15.5, 11.4 and 16.6%), respectively. Bicyclogermacrene (10.2 and 13.2%) was also prodominated in the stem and flower oils. The composition of the oils was mostly quantitativel rather than qualitatively different. All the oils consisted mainly of sesquiterpenes and a small percentage of non-terpenoid compounds. In all the three oils, monoterpenes were in a concentration less than 0.5%. Antibacterial activity was determined by the measurement of growth inhibitory zones.     

Components of Essential Oils in Different Parts of Daucus carota L. var. sativa Hoffm

Introduction Carrots,avegetablewithabundantnutrition,are therootsofDaucuscarotaL.var.sativaHoffm[1],whichisanumbelliferaeplant.Carrotsshowanti can cerandanti oxidationactivities.Theycanalsobeused topreventeyediseasesandimproveimmunity[2—11],thefactsareun…     

Comparison of mild extraction procedures for determination of arsenic compounds in different parts of pepper plants (Capsicum annum,L.)

Eight extraction agents (water, methanol–water mixtures in various ratios, methanol, a 20 mmol l^?1 ammonium phosphate buffer, and a methanol–phosphate buffer) were tested for the extraction of arsenic compounds from fruits, stems + leaves, and roots of pepper plants grown on soil containing 17.2 mg kg^?1 of total arsenic. The arsenic compounds in the extracts were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography–hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Whereas pure water was the most effective extraction agent for fruits (87 ± 3.3% extraction yield) and roots (96 ± 0.6% extraction yield), the 20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer at pH 6 extracted about 50% of the arsenic from stems + leaves. Decreasing extractability of the arsenic compounds was observed with increasing methanol concentrations for all parts of the pepper plant. In pepper fruits, arsenic(III), arsenic(V), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were present (25%, 37%, and 39% respectively of the extractable arsenic). Arsenic(V) was the major compound in stems + leaves and roots (63% and 53% respectively), followed by arsenic(III) representing 33% and 42% respectively, and small amounts (not exceeding 5%) of DMA and methylarsonic acid were also detected. Hence, for a quantitative extraction of arsenic compounds from different plant tissues the extractant has to be optimized individually. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A myristicin-rich essential oil from Daucus sahariensis growing in Algeria

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and fruits of Daucus sahariensis Murb. were analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents of the essential oil from the leaves were myristicin (34.3%), alpha-pinene (5.4%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (5.3%) and epi-alpha-bisabolol (4.8%), and those from the fruits myristicin (43.9%), alpha-pinene (13.1%), limonene (9.4%), and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.4%). Myristicin, the main constituent of both essential oils, is generally absent in the oils from other Daucus species, permitting the hypothesis that this compound is a chemical marker of this Saharan species.     

Essential oil composition of four endemic Ferulago species growing in Turkey

The essential oils from aerial parts of Ferulago pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss., F. platycarpa Boiss. & Bal., F. isaurica Penmen, and F. longistylis Boiss. (Apiaceae) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The highest oil yield (1.50%) was obtained from F. pachyloba followed by F. longistylis (0.16%), F. isaurica (0.08%) and F. platycarpa (0.07%). Fifty-three compounds were identified in the oil of F. pachyloba with (Z)-beta-ocimene (25.7%) and alpha-pinene (9.8%) as main constituents; sixty-seven in the oil of F. platycarpa with 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (29.8%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (24.2%) as main components; seventy-eight in the oil of F. isaurica with nonacosane (25.5%) and hexadecanoic acid (14.8%) as main constituents; and fifty-nine in the oil of F. longistylis with 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (32.7%) and bornyl acetate (12.6%) as main components. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the oil compositions of these four species were observed.